Inflammatory biomarkers to guide diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in children presenting with fever without apparent source

References

• IshimineP. The evolving approach to the young child who has fever and no obvious source. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2007;25:1087–115, vii.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HershAL, ShapiroDJ, PaviaAT, ShahSS. Antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory pediatrics in the United States. Pediatrics. 2011;128:1053–1061.10.1542/peds.2011-1337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den BruelA, Haj-HassanT, ThompsonM, BuntinxF, MantD. Diagnostic value of clinical features at presentation to identify serious infection in children in developed countries: a systematic review. Lancet. 2010;375:834–45.10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62000-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feverish illness in children: assessment and initial management in children younger than 5 years. In: National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK), editor. London: Royal College of Obstetricians &Gynaecologists (UK); 2013. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines.
   Google Scholar
• YoudenWJ. Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer. 1950;3:32–5.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DíazMG, GarcíaRP, GameroDB, González-ToméMI, RomeroPC, FerrerMM, et al. Lack of accuracy of biomarkers and physical examination to detect bacterial infection in febrile infants. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016;32:664–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KoolM, ElshoutG, KoesBW, BohnenAM, BergerMY. C-reactive protein level as diagnostic marker in young febrile children presenting in a general practice out-of-hours service. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016;29:460–8.10.3122/jabfm.2016.04.150315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MilcentK, FaeschS, Gras-Le GuenC, DubosF, PoulalhonC, BadierI, et al. Use of procalcitonin assays to predict serious bacterial infection in young febrile infants. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170:62–69.10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.3210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarkicJ, KovacevicT, KrzeljV, BosnjakN, SapunarA. Lab-score is a valuable predictor of serious bacterial infection in infants admitted to hospital. Wien KlinWochenschr. 2015;127:942–7.10.1007/s00508-015-0831-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZarkeshM, SedaghatF, HeidarzadehA, TabriziM, Bolooki-MoghadamK, GhesmatiS. Diagnostic value of IL-6, CRP, WBC, and absolute neutrophil count to predict serious bacterial infection in febrile infants. Acta Med Iran. 2015;53:408–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NijmanRG, MollHA, SmitFJ, GervaixA, WeerkampF, VergouweY, et al. C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and the lab-score for detecting serious bacterial infections in febrile children at the emergency department. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33:e273–e279.10.1097/INF.0000000000000466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KayaZ, KüçükcongarA, VurallıD, EmeksizHC, GürselT. Leukocyte populations and C-reactive protein as predictors of bacterial infections in febrile outpatient children. Turk J Haematol. 2014;31:49–55.10.4274/tjh
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MahajanP, GrzybowskiM, ChenX, KannikeswaranN, StanleyR, SingalB, et al. Procalcitonin as a marker of serious bacterial infections in febrile children younger than 3 years old. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21:171–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GomezB, BressanS, MintegiS, Da DaltL, BlazquezD, OlacireguiI, et al. Diagnostic value of procalcitonin in well-appearing young febrile infants. Pediatrics. 2012;130:815–22.10.1542/peds.2011-3575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YoCH, HsiehPS, LeeSH, WuJY, ChangSS, TasiKC, et al. Comparison of the test characteristics of procalcitonin to c-reactive protein and leukocytosis for the detection of serious bacterial infections in children presenting with fever without source: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60:591–600.10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.05.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BressanS, GomezB, MintegiS, Da DaltL, BlazquezD, OlacireguiI, et al. Diagnostic performance of the lab-score in predicting severe and invasive bacterial infections in well-appearing young febrile infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:1239–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThompsonM, Van den BruelA, VerbakelJ, LakhanpaulM, Haj-HassanT, StevensR, et al. Systematic review and validation of prediction rules for identifying children with serious infections in emergency departments and urgent-access primary care. Health Technol Assess. 2012;16:1–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luaces-CubellsC, MintegiS, García-GarcíaJJ, AstobizaE, Garrido-RomeroR, Velasco-RodríguezJ, et al. Procalcitonin to detect invasive bacterial infection in non-toxic-appearing infants with fever without apparent source in the emergency department. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:645–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LacourAG, ZamoraSA, GervaixA. A score identifying serious bacterial infections in children with fever without source. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:654–6.10.1097/INF.0b013e318168d2b4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JunkerR, SchlebuschH, LuppaPB. Point-of-care testing in hospitals and primary care. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107:561–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IvaskaL, NiemeläJ, LeinoP, MertsolaJ, PeltolaV. Accuracy and feasibility of point-of-care white blood cell count and C-reactive protein measurements at the pediatric emergency department. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0129920.10.1371/journal.pone.0129920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PapaevangelouV, PapassotiriouI, SakouI, FerentinosG, LiapiG, KyrkaA, et al. Evaluation of a quick test for C-reactive protein in a pediatric emergency department. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2006;66:717–21.10.1080/00365510600977869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VerbakelJY, AertgeertsB, LemiengreM, SutterAD, BullensDM, BuntinxF. Analytical accuracy and user-friendliness of the Afinion point-of-care test. J Clin Pathol. 2014;67:83–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AydinB, DilliD, ZenciroğluA, KayaO, BilaloğluE, OkumuşN, et al. Comparison of a rapid bed-side test with a central laboratory analysis for C-reactive protein in newborn infants with suspicion of sepsis. Clin Lab. 2013;59:1045–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MinnaardMC, van de PolAC, BroekhuizenBD, VerheijTJ, HopstakenRM, van DelftS, et al. Analytical performance, agreement and user-friendliness of five C-reactive protein point-of-care tests. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2013;73:627–34.10.3109/00365513.2013.841985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrouwerN, van PeltJ. Validation and evaluation of eight commercially available point of care CRP methods. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;439:195–201.10.1016/j.cca.2014.10.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KokkoE, KorppiM, HelminenM, Hutri-KähönenN. Rapid C-reactive protein and white cell tests decrease cost and shorten emergency visits. Pediatr Int. 2014;56:698–701.10.1111/ped.2014.56.issue-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SinghM, AnandL. Bedside procalcitonin and acute care. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2014;4:233–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KutzA, HausfaterP, OppertM, AlanM, GrolimundE, GastC, et al. Comparison between B·R·A·H·M·S PCT direct, a new sensitive point-of-care testing device for rapid quantification of procalcitonin in emergency department patients and established reference methods – a prospective multinational trial. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016;54:577–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VenturiniE, TersigniC, ChiappiniE, GalliL, De MartinoM. Use, abuse and misuse of biomarkers in paediatrics. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2016;30:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IvaskaL, EleniusV, MononenI, RuuskanenO, PeltolaV. Discrepancies between plasma procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels are common in acute illness. Acta Paediatr. 2016;105:508–13.10.1111/apa.13293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EnglandJT, Del VecchioMT, AronoffSC. Use of serum procalcitonin in evaluation of febrile infants: a meta-analysis of 2317 patients. J Emerg Med. 2014;47:682–8.10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.07.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuttnerB, GoossensH, VerheijT, HarbarthS. Characteristics and outcomes of public campaigns aimed at improving the use of antibiotics in outpatients in high-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:17–31.10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70305-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VodickaTA, ThompsonM, LucasP, HeneghanC, BlairPS, BuckleyDI, et al. TARGET Programme team. Reducing antibiotic prescribing for children with respiratory tract infections in primary care: a systematic review. Br J GenPract. 2013;63:e445–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CookeJ, ButlerC, HopstakenR, DrydenMS, McNultyC, HurdingS, et al. Narrative review of primary care point-of-care testing (POCT) and antibacterial use in respiratory tract infection (RTI). BMJ Open Respir Res. 2015;2:e000086.10.1136/bmjresp-2015-000086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AabenhusR, JensenJU, JørgensenKJ, HróbjartssonA, BjerrumL. Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in patients with acute respiratory infections in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 6; (11): CD010130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CioffiL, LimauroR, SassiR, BoccazziA, Del GaizoD. Decreased antibiotic prescription in an Italian pediatric population with nonspecific and persistent upper respiratory tract infections by use of a point-of-care white blood cell count, in addition to antibiotic delayed prescription strategy. Glob Pediatr Health. 2016 Feb 8;3: 2333794X15615771. eCollection 2016.
   Google Scholar
• RebnordIK, SandvikH, Batman MjelleA, HunskaarS. Out-of-hours antibiotic prescription after screening with C reactive protein: a randomised controlled study. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e011231.10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NabulsiM, HaniA, KaramM. Impact of C-reactive protein test results on evidence-based decision-making in cases of bacterial infection. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der DoesY, RoodPP, HaagsmaJA, PatkaP, van GorpEC, LimperM. Procalcitonin-guided therapy for the initiation of antibiotics in the ED: a systematic review. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34:1286–93.10.1016/j.ajem.2016.03.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LacroixL, ManzanoS, VandertuinL, HugonF, Galetto-LacourA, GervaixA. Impact of the lab-score on antibiotic prescription rate in children with fever without source: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e115061.10.1371/journal.pone.0115061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SandquistM, WongHR. Biomarkers of sepsis and their potential value in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Expert Rev ClinImmunol. 2014;10:1349–56.10.1586/1744666X.2014.949675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GomezB, MintegiS, BressanS, Da DaltL, GervaixA, LacroixL. European group for validation of the step-by-step approach. Validation of the “Step-by-Step” approach in the management of young febrile infants. Pediatrics. 2016;138. pii: e20154381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangX, LiZY, ZengL, ZhangAQ, PanW, GuW, et al.Neutrophil CD64 expression as a diagnostic marker for sepsis in adult patients: a meta-analysis. Critic Care. 2015 Jun 10;19:245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoffmannJJ. Neutrophil CD64 as a sepsis biomarker. Biochem Med. 2011;21:282–90.10.11613/issn.1846-7482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JiaLQ, ShenYC, HuQJ, WanC, WangT, ChenL, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of neutrophil CD64 expression in neonatal infection: a meta-analysis. J Int Med Res. 2013;41:934–43.10.1177/0300060513489799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WongHR, CvijanovichNZ, HallM, AllenGL, ThomasNJ, FreishtatRJ, et al. Interleukin-27 is a novel candidate diagnostic biomarker for bacterial infection in critically ill children. Crit Care. 2012;16:R213.10.1186/cc11847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HannaWJ, BerrensZ, LangnerT, LahniP, WongHR. Interleukin-27: a novel biomarker in predicting bacterial infection among the critically ill. Crit Care. 2015;19:378.10.1186/s13054-015-1095-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar