Mosaicism in somatic triploid specimens of the Bufo viridis complex in the Karakoram with examination of calls, morphology and taxonomic conclusions

References

• Altman , P. L. and Katz , D. D. 1976 . Biological handbook I, Cell biology , Bethesda, , Maryland : Fed. Amer. Soc. Exp. Biology .
   Google Scholar
• Bachmann , K. , Konrad , A. , Oeldorf , E. and Hemmer , H. 1978 . Genome size in the green toad (Bufo viridis group) . Experientia , 34 : 331 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• Baig , K. J. 1988 . Anurans (Amphibia) of Northern Pakistan with special reference to their distribution . Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 31 : 651 – 655 .
   Google Scholar
• Bickham , J. W. , Hanks , B. G. , Hale , D. W. and Martin , J. E. 1993 . Ploidy diversity and the production of balanced gametes in male twist‐necked turtles (Platemys platycephala) . Copeia , 1993 : 723 – 727 .
   Google Scholar
• Birstein , V. J. , Polataev , A. I. and Goncharov , B. F. 1993 . DNA content in Eurasian sturgeon species determined by flow cytometry . Cy‐tometry , 14 : 377 – 383 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogart , J. P. 1972 . “ Karyotypes. ” . In Evolution in the genus Bufo , Edited by: Blair , W. F. 171 – 232 . Austin, London : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bogart , J. P. and Klemens , M. W. 1997 . Hybrids and genetic interactions of mole salamanders (Ambystoma jeffersonianum and A. laterale) , Amphibia: Caudata 3218 78 New York and New England New York
   Google Scholar
• Borkin , L. Ya. and Kuzmin , S. L. 1988 . “ [Amphibians of Mongolia, species account]. ” . In Amphibians and reptiles of Mongolian Peoples Republic. General problems , Edited by: Munchbajar , Ch. , Vorob'eva , E. I. , Darevskij , I. S. and Semenov , D. V. 30 – 197 . Moskva : Nauka .
   Google Scholar
• Borkin , L. Ya. , Ch. , Terbish and Caune , I. A. 1986a . Tetraploidnaya i diploidnye populyacii zhab gruppy Bufo viridis iz Mongolii . Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR , 287 : 760 – 764 . (in Russian)
   Google Scholar
• Borkin , L. Ya. , Caune , I. A. , Pisanets , E. M. and Rozanov , Y. M. 1986b . “ Karyotype and genome size in the Bufo viridis‐group. ” . In Studies in herpetology , Edited by: Rocek , Z. 137 – 141 . Prague : Proceed. Ord. Gen. Meet. Soc. Europ. Herpetol .
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger , G. A. 1882 . Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the British Museum , 2nd ed. London
   Google Scholar
• Castellano , S. , Giacoma , C. , Dujsebayeva , T. , Odierna , G. and Balletto , E. 1998 . Morphological and acoustical comparisons between diploid and tetraploid green toads . Biol. J. linn. Soc , 63 : 257 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawley , R. M. and Bogart , J. P. , eds. 1989 . Evolution and ecology of unisexual vertebrates , Mus. Bull. 466. Univ. State New York, State Educ. Dep. Albany, New York : New York State Museum .
   Google Scholar
• Dawley , R. M. and Goddard , K. A. 1988 . Diploid‐triploid mosaics among unisexual hybrids of minnows Phoxinus eos and Phoxinus neogaeus . Evolution , 42 : 649 – 659 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois , A. 1998 . Lists of European species of amphibians and reptiles: will we soon be reaching “stability"? . Amphibia‐Reptil‐ia , 19 : 1 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois , A. and Martens , J. 1977 . Sur les crapauds du groupe de Bufo viridis (Amphibiens, Anoures) de l'Himalaya occidental (Cachmire et Ladakh) . Bull. Soc. Zool. France , 102 : 459 – 465 .
   Google Scholar
• Duda , P. L. and Opendar , K. 1971 . The karyotype of Bufo sp . from Kashmir. Chromosome Inform. Serv. , 12 : 18 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Dutta , S. K. 1997 . Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka (Checklist and bibliography) , 342 + xxii Bhubaneswar, Orissa : Odyssey . (ISBN 81–86854–01–0)
   Google Scholar
• Eiselt , J. and Schmidtler , J. F. 1973 . Froschlurche aus dem Iran unter Berücksichtigung außeriranischer Populationsgruppen., Ann . Naturhistor. Mus. Wien , 77 : 181 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , D. M. and Sessions , S. K. , eds. 1991 . Amphibian cytogenetics and evolution , Harcourt Brace Javanovich 456 San Diego, New York : Academic Press, inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Gruber , U. 1981 . Notes on the Herpetofauna of Kashmir and Ladakh . Brit. J. Herpetol. , 6 : 145 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Günther , R. 1975 . Zum natürlichen Vorkommen und zur Morphologie triploider Teichfrösche "Rana esculenta”, L., in der DDR (Anura, Ranidae). Mitt. Zool. Mus . Berlin , 51 : 145 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Günther , R. 1990 . Die Wasserfrösche Europas , Die Neue Brehm‐Bücherei, 600. 288 Wittenberg : A. Ziemsen .
   Google Scholar
• Hemmer , H. , Schmidtler , J. F. and Böhme , W. 1978 . Zur Systematik zentralasiatischer Grünkröten (Bufo viridis‐Komplex) (Amphibia, Salientia, Bufonidae) . Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden , 34 : 349 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• Holtfreter , H. B. and Cohen , N. 1990 . Fixation associated quantitative variations of DNA fluorescence observed in flow cytometric analysis of homopoietic cells from adult diploid frogs . Cytometry , 11 : 676 – 685 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ICZN . 1985 . “ International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Adopted by the Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences ” . In International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature in association with British Museum Natural History London , Third edition , 338 Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Inger , R. F. 1972 . “ Bufo of Eurasia. ” . In Evolution in the genus Bufo , Edited by: Blair , W. F. 171 – 232 . Austin, London : University Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Khan , M. S. 1980 . Affinities and Zoogeography of Herpetiles of Pakistan . Biologia (Lahore) , 26 : 113 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Khan , M. S. 1997 . A New toad of the Genus Bufo from the foot of Siachin Glacier, Baltistan, Northeastern Pakistan . Pakistan J. Zool. , 29 : 43 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• King , M. 1990 . “ Amphibia. Vol. 4. ” . In Animal cytogenetics , Edited by: John , B. , Kayano , Y. and Levan , A. Berlin, Stuttgart : Gebrüder Borntraeger . Chordata 2.
   Google Scholar
• Kudryavcev , B. N. , Ni , V. V. , Borkin , L. Ya. and Solov'eva , L. V. 1988 . Soderzhanie RNK i belka v kletkakh diploidnych i tetraploid‐nykh zhab gruppy Bufo viridis . Citologia , 11 : 1324 – 1331 . (in Russian)
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmin , S. L. 1995 . Die Amphibien Rußlands und angrenzender Gebiete. Neue Brehm‐Bücherei , 275 Magdeburg : Westarp Wissenschaften .
   Google Scholar
• Leviton , A. E. , Gibbsjr , R. H. , Heal , E. and Dawson , C. E. 1985 . Standards in herpetology and ichthyology: Part I. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology . Copeia , 1985 : 802 – 832 .
   Google Scholar
• Lörcher , K. and Schneider , H. 1973 . Vergleichende bio‐akustische Untersuchungen an der Kreuzkröte, Bufo calamita (LAUR.), und der Wechselkröte, Bufo v. viridis (LAUR.). . Z. Tierpsychol. , 32 : 506 – 521 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazik , E. Yu. , Kadyrova , B. K. and Tokotosunov , A. T. 1976 . Osoben‐nosti kariotipa zelenoi zhaby (Bufo viridis) v Kirgizii . Zool. Zhurnal , 55 : 1740 – 1742 . (in Russian)
   Google Scholar
• Mertens , R. 1971 . Die Amphibien und Reptilien West‐Pakistans . 2. Nachtrag. Senckenberg. biol. , 52 : 7 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Mezhzherin , S. V. and Pisanets , E. M. 1990 . Geneticheskaya struktura i proischozhdenie aziatskikh poliploidnikh zhab Bufo danaten‐sis Pisanets 1978. Doklady Akad. Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR . Ser. B, Geol., khim. i biolog, nauki , 8 : 71 – 73 . (in Russian)
   Google Scholar
• Mezhzherin , S. V. and Pisanets , E. M. 1995a . Genetic structure and origin of the tetraploid toad Bufo danatensis Pisanets, 1978 (Amphibia, Bufonidae) from Central Asia: Description of biochemical polymorphism and comparision of heterozygosity levels in diploid and tetraploid species . Genetica , 31 : 43 – 53 . (in Russian)
   Google Scholar
• Mezhzherin , S. V. and Pisanets , E. M. 1995b . Genetic structure and origin of the tetraploid toad Bufo danatensis Pisanets, 1978 (Amphibia, Bufonidae) from Central Asia: Differentiation of geographic forms and genetic relationship between diploid and tetraploid species . Genetica , 31 : 342 – 352 . (in Russian)
   Google Scholar
• Minton , S. A. 1967 . A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan . Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. , 134 : 29 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , R. W. , Lowcock , L. A. , Cheryl , S. , Darevsky , I. S. , Orlov , N. , MacCulloch , R. D. and Upton , D. E. 1997 . Flow cytometry in biodiversity surveys: methods, utility and constraints . Amphibia‐Rep‐tilia , 18 : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Nevo , E. and Schneider , H. 1976 . Mating call pattern of Green toads in Israel an its ecological correlate . J. Zool., Lond. , 178 : 133 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto , F. J. 1994 . “ High resolution analysis of nuclear DNA employing the fluorochrome DAPI. ” . In Methods in cell biology , Edited by: Z. , Darzynkiewicz , Robinson , J. P. and Crissman , H. A. 211 – 217 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pisanets , E. M. and Shcherbak , N. N. 1979 . Sistematika zelenykh zhab (Amphibia, Anura) fauny SSSR . Vestn. Zool. , 4 : 11 – 16 . (in Russian)
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , T. J. 1991 . The birds of Pakistan , Vol. 1 , 598 Karachi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , P. 1986 . “ An overview of the systematics of the Bufo viridis group in Middle and Central Asia. ” . In Studies in herpetology , Edited by: Rocek , Z. 127 – 130 . Prague : Proc. Ord. Gen. Meet. Soc. Europ. Herpetol .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , P. and Ráb , P. 1986 . “ Karyotype analysis of the Bufo viridis‐group: Systematic implications. ” . In Studies in herpetology , Edited by: Rocek , Z. 131 – 136 . Prague : Proc. Ord. Gen. Meet. Soc. Europ. Herpetol. .
   Google Scholar
• Schmid , M. 1978 . Chromosome banding in Amphibia. I. Constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions in Bufo and Hyla . Chromosoma , 66 : 361 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid , M. 1980 . Chromosome banding in Amphibia IV. Differentiation of GC‐ and AT‐rich chromosome regions in Anura . Chromosoma , 77 : 83 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , H. and Egiasaryan , E. M. 1995 . The mating call of the green toad, Bufo viridis viridis (Anura, Amphibia), in Kazakhstan . Russian J. Herpetol. , 2 : 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Schroer , T. 1996 . Morphologie und Ploidiegrade von Wasserfröschen aus unterschiedlichen Populationssystemen in Nordost‐Polen (Anura, Ranidae) . Z. Feldherp. , 3 : 133 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Stöck , M. 1997 . Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Mor‐phometrie di‐ und tetraploider Grünkröten (Bufo viridis ‐Komplex) in Mittelasien (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) . Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden , 49 : 193 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Stöck , M. 1998a . Mating call differences between diploid and tetraploid green toads iBufo viridis complex) in Middle Asia . Amphibia‐Reptilia , 19 : 29 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöck , M. 1998b . Tetraploid toads iBufo viridis complex) from north‐western China and preliminary taxonomic conclusions for Bufo nouettei Mocquard, 1910 . Z. Feldherp. (Bochum) , 5 : 139 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Stöck , M. and Grosse , W.‐R. 1997 . Erythrocyte size and ploidy determination in green toads iBufo viridis complex) from Middle Asia . Alytes (Paris) , 15 : 72 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Stöck , M. and Grosse , W.‐R. Der Bufo viridis ‐Komplex in Mittel‐ und Zentralasien: Eine Übersicht zu Verbreitung, Poly‐ploidie , Mertensiella : Paarungsrufen und Taxonomie .
   Google Scholar
• Stock , M. , Grosse , W.‐R. , Schmid , M. and Steinlein , C. 1998 . Ploidy level diversity in the Bufo viridis complex of Central Asia . Zoology , 101 ( Suppl. I ) : 76 1998
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich , W. , Fritz , B. and Fritz , J. P. 1988 . Durchflußzytophotometrische DNA‐Bestimmung bei ausgewählten Amphibien‐ und Reptilien‐Arten . Bonn. zool. Beitr. , 39 : 49 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Uzzell , T. 1970 . Meiotic mechanisms of naturally occurring unisexual vertebrates . Am. Nat. , 104 : 433 – 445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasil'ev , V. P. , Vasil'eva , K. D. and Osinov , A. G. 1989 . “ Evolution of a diploid‐triploid‐tetraploid complex in fishes of the genus Co‐bitis (Pisces, Cobitidae). ” . In Evolution and ecology of unisexual vertebrates , Mus. Bull. 466. Edited by: Dawley , R. M. and Bogart , J. P . 153 – 169 . Albany, New York : Univ. State New York, State Educ. Dep., New York State Museum .
   Google Scholar
• This publication is part of the planned dissertation thesis of the corresponding author Matthias Stock.
   Google Scholar