Population structure and ecological role of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori. at its northwestern range edge in the Hajar Mountains

References

• Abrahams AD, Parsons AJ. 1994. Geomorphology of desert environments. London: Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Ali MY, Sirat M, Small J. 2009. Integrated gravity and seismic investigation over the Jabal Hafit structure: Implications for basement configuration of the frontal fold-and-thrust belt of the Northern Oman mountains. J Petrol Geol 32(1): 21–37. doi:10.1111/j.1747-5457.2009.00433.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennie J, Hill MO, Baxter R, Huntley B. 2006. Influence of slope and aspect on long-term vegetation change in British chalk grasslands. J Ecol 94(2): 355–368. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01104.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böer B. 1997. An introduction to the climate of the United Arab Emirates. J Arid Environ 35: 3–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridle JR, Vines TH. 2007. Limits to evolution at range margins: When and why does adaptation fail? Trends Ecol Evol 22(3): 140–147. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkmann K, Patzelt A, Dickhoefer U, Schlecht E, Buerkert A. 2009. Vegetation patterns and diversity along an altitudinal and a grazing gradient in the Jabal al Akhdar mountain range of northern Oman. J Arid Environ 73(11): 1035–1045. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp MD. 1978. Demography and survival under grazing of three Australian semi-desert shrubs. Oikos 30(3): 520–528. doi:10.2307/3543347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp MD, Lange RT. 1976. Age structure, distribution and survival under grazing of the arid-zone shrub acacia burkittii. Oikos 27(1): 86–92. doi:10.2307/3543436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz H, Ullmann I. 1997. Age-determination of dicotyledonous herbaceous perennials by means of annual rings: Exception or rule? Ann Bot 80(3): 377–379. doi:10.1006/anbo.1997.0423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Keblawy A, Khedr A, Khafaga T. 2015. Vegetation Composition and Diversity of Wadi Helo: A Case Study in Hajar Mountains. Arid Land Res Manag (accepted).
   Google Scholar
• El-Keblawy A, Shaltout KH, Lovett-Doust J, Ramadan A. 1997. Population dynamics of an egyptian desert shrub, thymelaea hirsuta. Can J Bot 75(12): 2027–2037. doi:10.1139/b97-914.
   Google Scholar
• Enright NJ, Miller P, Akhter R. 2005. Desert vegetation and vegetation-environment relationships in Kirthar National Park, Sindh, Pakistan. J Arid Environ 61(3): 397–418. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.09.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati J, Pautou G, Peltier J. 1999. Water as resource and disturbance for wadi vegetation in a hyperarid area (Wadi Sannur, Eastern Desert, Egypt). J Arid Environ 43(1): 63–77. doi:10.1006/jare.1999.0526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomaa NH, Picó FX. 2011. Seed germination, seedling traits, and seed bank of the tree moringa peregrina (moringaceae) in a hyper-arid environment. Am J Bot 98(6): 1024–1030. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakham E, Ritte U. 1993. Foraging pressure of the nubian ibex capra ibex nubiana and its effect on the indigenous vegetation of the en gedi nature reserve, israel. Biol Cons 63(1): 9–21. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90068-C.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper JL, White J. 1974. The demography of plants. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 5(1): 419–463. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.002223.
   Google Scholar
• Hegazy AK, Hammouda O, Lovett-Doust J, Gomaa NH. 2008. Population dynamics of moringa peregrina along altitudinal gradient in the northwestern sector of the red sea. J Arid Environ 72(9): 1537–1551. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins Steven ISI, Bond William JWJ, February Edmund CEC, Bronn AndriesA, Euston-Brown Douglas I WDIW, Enslin BeukesB, Govender Navashni, Rademan Louise, O'Regan Sean, Potgieter Andre L F, Scheiter Simon, Sowry Richard, Trollope Lynn, Trollope Winston S W. 2007. Effects of four decades of fire manipulation on woody vegetation structure in savanna. Ecology 88(5): 1119–1125. doi:10.1890/06-1664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmgren M, Scheffer M, Huston MA. 1997. The interplay of facilitation and competition in plant communities. Ecology 78(7): 1966–1975. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1966:TIOFAC]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassas M. 1952. Habitat and plant communities in the Egyptian Desert: I. Introduction. J Ecol 40(2): 342–351. doi:10.2307/2256804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassas M, Girgis WA. 1964. Habitat and plant communities in the Egyptian Desert: V. The Limestone Plateau. J Ecol 52(1): 107–119. doi:10.2307/2257786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassas M, Imam M. 1954. Habitat and plant communities in the egyptian desert: iii. The wadi bed ecosystem. J Ecol 42(2): 424–441. doi:10.2307/2256869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutiel P, Lavee H, Ackermann O. 1998. Spatial distribution of soil surface coverage on north and south facing hillslopes along a Mediterranean to extreme arid climatic gradient. Geomorphology 23(2-4): 245–256. doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00007-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Lindstrom MJ. 2001. Evaluating soil quality-soil redistribution relationship on terraces and steep hillslope. Soil Sci Soc Amer J 65(5): 1500–1508. doi:10.2136/sssaj2001.6551500x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linares JC. 2013. Shifting limiting factors for population dynamics and conservation status of the endangered english yew (taxus baccata l., taxaceae). Forest Ecol Manag 291: 119–127. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Vicente M, Navas A. 2010. Routing runoff and soil particles in a distributed model with GIS: Implications for soil protection in mountain agricultural landscapes. Land Degrad Develop 21: 100–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midgley JJ, Bond WJ. 2001. A synthesis of the demography of African acacias. J Trop Ecol 17(6): 871–886. doi:10.1017/S026646740100164X.
   Google Scholar
• Munyanziza E, Yongabi KA. 2007. Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori. In: Van der Vossen HAM, Mkamilo GS, editors. Vegetable oils. Wageningen: PROTA.
   Google Scholar
• Nano CEM, Bowland AE, Nano TJ, Raghu S, Pavey CR. 2012. Demographic hurdles to persistence in Acacia peuce (F. Muell.): Effects of resources, fire and browsing on a threatened keystone tree species from arid Australia. J Arid Environ 80: 17–26. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.12.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson CJ, Moser LE. 1994. Plant factors affecting forage measures of plant maturity. In: Fahey GCJr., et al., editors. Forage quality, evaluation, and utilization. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. pp. 115–154.
   Google Scholar
• Newmark WD. 2002. Conserving biodiversity in East African forests: A study of the Eastern Arc Mountains, ecological studies. 155. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Olson ME. 2002. Combining data from DNA sequences and morphology for a phylogeny of Moringaceae (Brassicales). Syst Bot 27: 55–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poesen JW, Torri D, Bunte K. 1994. Effects of rock fragments on soil erosion by water at different spatial scales: A review. Catena 23(1-2): 141–166. doi:10.1016/0341-8162(94)90058-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riginos C. 2009. Grass competition suppresses savanna tree growth across multiple demographic stages. Ecology 90(2): 335–340. doi:10.1890/08-0462.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riginos C, Milton SJ, Wiegand T. 2005. Context-dependent interactions between adult shrubs and seedlings in a semi-arid shrubland. J Veg Sci 16(3): 331–340. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2005.tb02371.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell-Smith J, Yates CP, Brock C, Westcott VC. 2010. Fire regimes and interval-sensitive vegetation in semiarid Gregory National Park, northern Australia. Aust J Bot 58: 300–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour C, Huyser O. 2008. Fire and the demography of camelthorn (acacia erioloba meyer) in the southern kalahari - evidence for a bonfire effect?. Afr J Ecol 46(4): 594–601. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00909.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackleton CM. 1993. Demography and dynamics of the dominant woody species in a communal and protected area of the eastern Transvaal Lowveld. South Afr J Bot 59: 569–574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonesson K. 1999. Oak decline in southern Sweden. Scand J Forest Res 14(4): 368–375. doi:10.1080/02827589950152692.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staver AC, Archibald S, Levin S. 2011. Tree cover in sub-Saharan Africa: rainfall and fire constrain forest and savanna as alternative stable states. Ecology 92(5): 1063–1072. doi:10.1890/i0012-9658-92-5-1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson KK, Fahey JW. 2004. Development of tissue culture methods for the rescue and propagation of endangered moringa spp. Germplasm. Econ Bot 58(sp1): S116–S124. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2004)58[S116:DOTCMF]2.0.CO;2.
   Google Scholar
• Tiver F, Andrew MH. 1997. Relative effects of herbivory by sheep, rabbits, goats and kangaroos on recruitment and regeneration of shrubs and trees in eastern South Australia. J Appl Ecol 34(4): 903–914. doi:10.2307/2405281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weather Spark. 2014. Average weather for Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Available: http://weatherspark.com/averages/32854/Al-Ain-Abu-Dhabi-United-Arab-Emirates/. Accessed Jan 2014 25.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker RH. 1956. Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecol Monogr 26(1): 1–80. doi:10.2307/1943577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaghloul MS, Hamrick JL, Moustafa AA. 2012. Conservation genetics of sinai’s remnant populations of moringa peregrina, an economically valuable medicinal plant. Conserv Gene 13(1): 9–19. doi:10.1007/s10592-011-0260-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar