Aggressiveness of Hedera helix L. growing on monuments: Evaluation in Roman archaeological sites and guidelines for a general methodological approach

References

• Axarli K, Eumorfopoulou EA. 2002. The impact of the vegetation on building facades on microclimatic modification in temperate climates in summer. Fourth ISES Europe solar congress on renewable energy for local communities of Europe (EUROSUN) [paper 202]. Bologna, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Blasi C, Michetti L. 2001. Carta del fitoclima dell’area romana [Phytoclimatic charter of the Rome area] (1:100.000). Inf Bot Ital 33: 240–243.
   Google Scholar
• Boni G, editor. 1912. Flora Palatina. Roma: Rassegna Contemporanea edition, anno V, n.1. Tipografia “Roma”.
   Google Scholar
• Caneva G, Ceschin S, De Marco G. 2006. Mapping “tree root damage risk” for the conservation of archaeological sites: The case of the Domus Aurea (Rome). Conserv Manag Archaeol Sites 7: 163–170.10.1179/135050306793137403
   Google Scholar
• Caneva G, De Marco G, Pontrandolfi MA. 1993. Plant communities on the walls of Venosa Castle (Basilicata, Italy) as biodeteriogens and bioindicators. International Congress on Conservation of stone and other materials Causes of Disorders and Diagnosis, 29 June–1 July, Paris, 263–270.
   Google Scholar
• Caneva G, Galotta G, Cancellieri L, Savo V. 2009. Tree roots and damages in the Jewish catacombs of Villa Torlonia (Roma). J Cult Herit 10: 53–62.10.1016/j.culher.2008.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caneva G, Nugari MP, Pinna D, Salvadori O. 1996. Il controllo del degrado biologico – I biocidi nel restauro dei materiali lapidei [The biological degradation control - Biocides in the restoration of stone materials]. Firenze: Nardini (Collana Arte e Restauro), edition. pp. 1–200.
   Google Scholar
• Caneva G, Roccardi A. 1989. Harmful flora in the conservation of roman monuments. Proceedings International Conference, Biodeterioration of Cultural Property, Luknow, ICCROM-INTAC edition. pp. 212–218.
   Google Scholar
• Caneva G, Salvadori O, Ricci S, Ceschin S. 2005. Ecological analysis and biodeterioration processes over time at the Hieroglyphic Stairway in the Copán (Honduras) archaeological site. Plant Biosyst 139: 295–310.10.1080/11263500500343353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celesti Grapow L, Blasi C. 2003. I siti archeologici nella conservazione della biodiversità in ambito urbano: la flora vascolare spontanea delle Terme di Caracalla a Roma [The conservation of biodiversity in urban areas by the archaeological sites : natural vascular flora of Terme di Caracalla, Rome]. Webbia 58: 77–102.10.1080/00837792.2003.10670745
   Google Scholar
• Ceschin S, Bartoli F, Salerno G, Zuccarello V, Caneva G. 2014. Natural habitats of typical plants growing on ruins of Roman archaeological sites (Rome, Italy). Plant Biosyst 1–10. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2014.990536.10.1080/11263504.2014.990536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceschin S, Cutini M, Caneva G. 2003. La vegetazione ruderale dell’area archeologica del Palatino (Roma) [The ruderal vegetation of Palatine archaeological area of Rome]. Fitosoc 40: 73–96.
   Google Scholar
• Ceschin S, Cutini M, Caneva G. 2006. Contributo alla conoscenza della vegetazione delle aree archeologiche romane (Roma) [Contribution to knowledge of the vegetation in the Roman archaeological sites (Rome)]. Fitosoc 43: 97–139.
   Google Scholar
• Di HF, Wang DN. 1999. Cooling effect of ivy on a wall. Exp Heat Transfer 12: 235–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elinç ZK, Korkut T, Kaya LG. 2013. Hedera helix L. and damages in Tlos ancient city. Int J Dev Sust 2: 333–346.
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberg H. 1988. Vegetation ecology of central europe. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzner B. 2004. Documentation and evaluation of stone damage on monuments. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Sweden. pp. 677–690.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzner B, Heinrichs K. 2001. Damage diagnosis at stone monuments-weathering forms, damage categories and damage indices. Acta-Univ Carol Geol 1: 12–13.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzner B, Heinriches K, Kownatzki R. 1997. Weathering forms at natural stone monuments: Classification, mapping and evaluation. Int. Zeitschrift für Bauinstandsetzen. I. J. Rest. Build Monuments 3: 105–124.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzner B, Heinrichs K, La Bouchardiere D. 2003. Weathering damage on Pharaonic sandstone monuments in Luxor-Egypt. Build Environ 38: 1089–1103.10.1016/S0360-1323(03)00086-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funiciello R, Marra F, Rosa C. 1995. I caratteri geologici-stratigrafici [The geologic-stratigraphic characters]. In: Cignini B, Massari G, Pignatti S, editors. L’Ecosistema Roma, ambiente e territorio. Roma: Fratelli Palombi. pp. 29, 39.
   Google Scholar
• Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R. 1988. Comparative plant ecology. A functional approach to common British species. Crows Nest: Unwin Hyman.
   Google Scholar
• Guglielmo A, Pavone P, Tomaselli V. 2006. Studio della vegetazione infestante e del verde ornamentale nel Parco Archeologico di Akrai (Palazzolo Acreide, SR) finalizzato alla conservazione ed alla valorizzazione dei manufatti architettonici [Study of the infesting vegetation and ornamental plants in the Akrai Archaeological Park (Palazzolo Acreide SR) aimed to the conservation and valorization of architectonic artifacts]. Fitosoc 43: 39–53.
   Google Scholar
• Janvier-Badosa S, Brunetaud X, Beck K, Al-Mukhtar M. 2014. Kinetics of stone degradation of the Castle of Chambord-France. J Archit Herit 10: 96–105. doi:10.1080/15583058.2014.971194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krigas N, Lagiou E, Hanlidou E, Kokkini S. 1999. The vascular flora of the Byzantine Walls of Thessaloniki (N Greece). Willdenowia 29: 77–94.10.3372/wi.29.2907
   Google Scholar
• La Russa MF, Barone G, Belfiore CM, Mazzoleni P, Pezzino A. 2011. Application of protective products to “Noto” calcarenite (Southeastern Sicily): A case study for the conservation of stone materials. Environ Earth Sci 62: 1263–1272.10.1007/s12665-010-0614-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenaghan SC, Zhang M. 2012. Real-time observation of the secretion of a nanocomposite adhesive from English ivy (Hedera helix). Plant Sci 183: 206–211.10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisci M, Monte M, Pacini E. 2003. Lichens and higher plants on stone: A review. Int Biodeter Biodegr 51: 1–17.10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00071-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisci M, Pacini E. 1993. Plant growing on the walls of Italian towns 1 sites and distribution. Phyton 33: 15–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucchese F, Pignatti Wikus E. 2009. La vegetazione nelle aree archeologiche di Roma e della Campagna Romana [The vegetation in the archaeological areas of Rome and Roman countryside]. Quad Bot Amb Appl 20: 3–89.
   Google Scholar
• Melzer B, Seidel R, Steinbrecher T, Speck T. 2012. Structure, attachment properties, and ecological importance of the attachment system of English ivy (Hedera helix). J Exp Bot 63: 191–201.10.1093/jxb/err260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzer B, Steinbrecher T, Seidel R, Kraft O, Schwaiger R, Speck T. 2010. The attachment strategy of English ivy: A complex mechanism acting on several hierarchical levels. J R Soc Interface 7: 1383–1389.10.1098/rsif.2010.0140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe DJ. 2005. Hedera helix L. J Ecol 93: 632–648.10.1111/jec.2005.93.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra AK, Jain KK, Garg KL. 1995. Role of higher plants in the deterioration of historic buildings. Sci Total Environ 167: 375–392.10.1016/0048-9697(95)04597-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motti R, Stinca A. 2011. Analysis of the biodeteriogenic vascular flora at the Royal Palace of Portici in southern Italy. Int Biodeter Biodegr 65: 1256–1265.10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.03.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nava ML, Osanna M, De Faveri C. 2007. Antica flora lucana: repertorio storico-archeologico [Of Lucania ancient flora: historical and archaeological repertoire]. Venosa (Potenza): Osanna. pp. 89–97.
   Google Scholar
• NIEA. 2009. Dealing with vegetation on historic masonry monuments. Available: http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/dealing_with_vegetation.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Normal-1/88. 1990. Alterazioni Macroscopiche dei Materiali: Lessico. Roma: C.N.R.-I.C.R.
   Google Scholar
• Plinius CS. 1984. Naturalis Historia, 77 AD. Reprinted and translated in 1984: Plinio, Storia Naturale. Torino: Giulio Einaudi, edition. Book XVI, chapter 62 (145).
   Google Scholar
• Rasband WS. 1997–2012. ImageJ, U.S. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, edition.
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. 2011. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Signorini MA. 1996. L’indice di pericolosità: un contributo del botanico al controllo della vegetazione infestante nelle aree monumentali [The hazard index: a botanical contribution to the control of infesting vegetation in the archaeological areas]. Inf Bot It 28: 7–14.
   Google Scholar
• Steinbrecher T, Danninger E, Harder D, Speck T, Kraft O, Schwaiger R. 2010. Quantifying the attachment strength of climbing plants: A new approach. Acta Biomater 6: 1497–1504.10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg T, Viles H, Cathersides A. 2011a. Evaluating the role of ivy (Hedera helix) in moderating wall surface microclimates and contributing to the bioprotection of historic buildings. Build Environ 46: 293–297.10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.07.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg T, Viles H, Cathersides A, Edwards M. 2010. Dust particulate absorption by ivy (Hedera helix L.) on historic walls in urban environments. Sci Total Environ 409: 162–168.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg T, Viles H, Edwards M. 2011b. Absorption of airborne particulates and pollutants by ivy (Hedera helix L.) in Oxford, UK. 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. pp. 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Theophrastus. 1916. Enquiry into plants and minor works on odours and weather signs with an English translation by sir Arthur Hort, Bart. London/New York: William Heinemann/G.P. Putnam’s Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Tiano P. 2002. Biodegradation of cultural heritage: Decay mechanisms and control methods. Lisbon: Seminar article, New University of Lisbon, Department of Conservation and Restoration. pp. 7–12.
   Google Scholar
• Trute A, Gross J, Mutschler E, Nahrstedt A. 1997. In vitro antispasmodic compounds of the dry extract obtained from Hedera helix. Planta Med 63: 125–129.10.1055/s-2006-957627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uddin G, Rauf A, Qaisar M, Latif A, Ali M. 2011. Preliminary phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Hedera helix. Middle-East J Sci Res 8: 198–202.
   Google Scholar
• UNI EN 16095. 2012. Conservazione dei beni culturali - Descrizione dello stato di conservazione per i beni culturali mobili [Conservation of cultural heritage - description of the conservation status for the movable cultural property] ICS: [97.195] Commissioni Tecniche: [Beni culturali - NORMAL] Aree Tematiche: [PRODOTTI FINITI].
   Google Scholar
• Viles H, Sternberg T, Cathersides A. 2011. Is ivy good or bad for historic walls? J Archit Cons 17: 25–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaiyi ML, Niu JL. 1998. Study on thermal function of ivy-covered walls. Conference proceedings. Building Simulation 99: 1–9.
   Google Scholar