Sample size and water dynamics on germinating diaspores: the first step for physiological and molecular studies on the germination process

References

• Alvarado V, Bradford KJ. 2002. A hydrothermal time model explains the cardinal temperatures for seed germination. Plant Cell Environ 25: 1061–1069.10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00894.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal RP, Bhati PR, Sen DN. 1980. Differential specificity in water inhibition of Indian arid zone. Biol Plant 22: 327–331.10.1007/BF02908976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bányai J, Barabás J. 2002. Handbook on statistics in seed testing. ISTA: Zürich.
   Google Scholar
• Belo RG, Tognetti J, Benech-Arnold R, Izquierdo NG. 2014. Germination responses to temperature and water potential as affected by seed oil composition in sunflower. Ind Crop Prod 62: 537–544.10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bewley JD. 1997. Seed germination and dormancy. Plant Cell 9: 1055–1066.10.1105/tpc.9.7.1055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bewley JD, Black M. 1978. Physiology and biochemistry of seeds in relation to germination. Development, germination and growth. Vol. 1, Berlin: Springer Verlag.10.1007/978-3-642-66668-1
   Google Scholar
• Bewley JD, Black M. 1994. Seeds: physiology of development and germination. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Plenum.10.1007/978-1-4899-1002-8
   Google Scholar
• Bewley JD, Bradford K, Hilhorst H, Nonogaki H. 2013. Physiology of development, germination and dormancy. 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Blacklow WM. 1972. Influence of temperature on germination and elongation of the radicle and shoot of corn (Zea mays L.). Crop Sci 12: 647–650.10.2135/cropsci1972.0011183X001200050028x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford KJ. 1990. A water relations analysis of seed germination rates. Plant Physiol 94: 840–849.10.1104/pp.94.2.840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasil. 2009. Regras para Análise de Sementes. Brasília: MAPA/ACS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho MP, Santana DG, Ranal MA. 2005. Emergência de plântulas de Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. (Anacardiaceae) avaliada por meio de amostras pequenas. Braz J Bot 28: 627–633.10.1590/S0100-84042005000300018
   Google Scholar
• Cochran WG. 1977. Sampling techniques. 3rd ed. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Davies P. 2013. Plant hormones: physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• DiCiccio TJ, Efron B. 1996. Bootstrap confidence intervals. Stat Sci 11: 189–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron B. 1979. Bootstrap method: another look at the jackknife. Annu Stat 7: 1–26.10.1214/aos/1176344552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egley GH, Paul RN Jr. 1981. Morphological observations on the early imbibition of water by Sida spinosa (Malvaceae) seed. Am J Bot 68: 1056–1065.10.2307/2442715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch-Savage WE, Leubner-Metzger G. 2006. Seed dormancy and control of germination. New Phytol 171: 501–523.10.1111/nph.2006.171.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch-Savage WE, Cadman CS, Toorop PE, Lynn JR, Hilhorst HW. 2007. Seed dormancy release in Arabidopsis Cvi by dry after-ripening, low temperature, nitrate and light shows common quantitative patterns of gene expression directed by environmentally specific sensing. Plant Journal 51: 60–78.10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03118.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch-Savage WE, Rowse HR, Dent KC. 2005. Development of combined imbibition and hydrothermal threshold models to simulate maize (Zea mays) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seed germination in variable environments. New Phytol 165: 825–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham JW, Richardson JG. 1959. Theory and application of imbibition phenomena in recovery of oil. J Petrol Technol 11: 65–69.10.2118/1143-G
   Google Scholar
• Hernández LF, Orioli GA. 1985. Imbibition and germination rates of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds according to fruit size. Field Crop Res 10: 361–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heschel MS, Butler CM, Barua D, Chiang GCK, Wheeler A, Sharrock RA. 2008. New roles of phytochrome during germination. Int J Plant Sci 169: 531–540.10.1086/528753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu XW, Wang YR, Wu YP, Baskin CC. 2009. Role of the lens in controlling water uptake in seeds of two Fabaceae (Papilionoideae) species treated with sulphuric acid and hot water. Seed Sci Res 19: 73–80.10.1017/S0960258509301099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM. 2015. SPSS bootstrapping. [accessed 2015 December 18]. https://www-03.ibm.com/software/products/en/spss-bootstrapping.
   Google Scholar
• Iglesias-Fernández R, Rodríguez-Gacio MC, Barrero-Sicilia C, Carbonero P, Matilla A. 2011. Three endo-β-mannanase genes expressed in the micropylar endosperm and in the radicle influence germination of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Planta 233: 25–36.10.1007/s00425-010-1257-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISTA. 2007. Method validation for seed testing. Zürich: International Seed Testing Association.
   Google Scholar
• Kamkar B, Al-alahmadi MJ, Mahdavi-Damghani A, Villalobos FJ. 2012. Quantification of the cardinal temperatures and thermal time requirement of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds to germinate using non-linear regression models. Ind Crop Prod 35: 192–198.10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.06.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi K, Koizumi M, Ishida N, Hiromi K. 2006. Water uptake by dry beans observed by micro-magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Bot 98: 545–553.10.1093/aob/mcl145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei SA. 2010. Factors Influencing Seed Imbibition of Blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima: Rosaceae). Southwestern Nat 55(3): 443–447.10.1894/DW-122.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessman kJ, Atkins RE. 1963. Optimum plot size and relative efficiency of lattice designs for grain sorghum yield tests. Crop Sci 3: 477–481.10.2135/cropsci1963.0011183X000300060006x
   Google Scholar
• Livingston BE. 1927. Plant water relations. Q Rev Biol 2: 494–515.10.1086/394286
   Google Scholar
• Manz B, Müller K, Kucera B, Volke F, Leubner-Metzger G. 2005. Water uptake and distribution in germinating tobacco seeds investigated in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Plant Physiol 138(3): 1538–1551.10.1104/pp.105.061663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzinek J, De-Paula OC, Oliveira DMT. 2008. Cypsela or achene? Refining terminology by considering anatomical and historical factors. Braz J Bot 31: 549–553.10.1590/S0100-84042008000300018
   Google Scholar
• Mataruga M, Haase DL, Isajev V. 2010. Dynamics of seed imbibition and germination of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) from extreme habitat conditions within five Balkan provenances. New Forest 40: 229–242.10.1007/s11056-010-9196-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto M, Nishimura T. 1998. Mersenne twister: a 623-dimensionally equidistributed uniform pseudo-random number generator. ACM T Model Comput S J 8(1): 3–30.
   Google Scholar
• Meier VD, Lessman KJ. 1971. Estimation of optimum field plot shape and size for testing yield in Crambe abyssinica Hochst. Crop Sci 11: 648–650.10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100050013x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer CJ, Steudle E, Peterson CA. 2007. Patterns and kinetics of water uptake by soybean seeds. J Exp Bot 58(3): 717–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson DL, Lehninger AL, Cox MM. 2008. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. 5th ed. New York (NY): Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Nonogaki H, Bassel GW, Bewley JD. 2010. Germination – Still a mystery. Plant Sci 179: 574–581.10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paiva EAS, Lemos-Filho JP, Oliveira DMT. 2006. Imbibition of Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) seeds: the role of stomata. Ann Bot 98: 213–217.10.1093/aob/mcl090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patanè C, Cavallaro V, Cosentino SL. 2009. Germination and radicle growth in unprimed and primed seeds of sweet sorghum as affected by reduced water potential in NaCl at different temperatures. Ind Crop Prod 30: 1–8.10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paula AS, Delgado CML, Paulilo MTS, Santos M. 2012. Breaking physical dormancy of Cassia leptophylla and Senna macranthera (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) seeds: water absorption and alternating temperatures. Seed Sci Res 22: 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira WVS, Faria JMR, Tonetti OAO, Silva EAA. 2014. Loss of desiccation tolerance in Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. seeds during germination. Braz J Biol 74: 501–508.10.1590/1519-6984.19712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston J, Tatematsu K, Kanno Y, Hobo T, Kimura M, Jikumaru R, Yano R, Kamiya Y, Nambara E. 2009. Temporal expression patterns of hormone metabolism genes during imbibition of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds: a comparative study on dormant and non-dormant accessions. Plant Cell Physiol 50: 1786–1800.10.1093/pcp/pcp121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Queiroz SEE, Silva EAA, Davide AC, Silva AT, Fraiz ACR, Faria JMR, Hilhorst HWM. 2012. Mechanism and control of Genipa americana seed germination. Physiol Plant 144: 263–276.10.1111/ppl.2012.144.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajjou L, Duval M, Gallardo K, Catusse J, Bally J, Job C, Job D. 2012. Seed germination and vigor. Annu Rev Plant Biol 63: 507–533.10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranal MA, Santana DG. 2006. How and why to measure the germinationprocess? Revista Brasileira de Botanica. Braz J Bot 29: 1–11. DOI:10.1590/S0100-84042006000100002.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro-Oliveira JP, Ranal MA. 2014. Sementes florestais brasileiras: início precário, presente inebriante e o futuro, promissor? Cienc Florest 24: 771–784.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro-Oliveira JP, Ranal MA. 2016. Sample size in studies on the germination process. Botany 94: 1–13. DOI:10.1139/cjb-2015-0161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro-Oliveira JP, Ranal MA, Santana DG, Pereira LA. 2016. Sufficient sample size to study seed germination. Aust J Bot 64: 295–301. DOI:10.1071/BT15254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro-Oliveira JP, Ranal MA, Santana DG. 2013. A amplitude amostral interfere nas medidas de germinação de Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth? Cienc Florest 23: 623–634.
   Google Scholar
• Santana DG, Wielewicki AP, Salomão AN. 2012. Validation of quality tests for forest seed species. Seed Sci Res 22: S74–S79.10.1017/S096025851100033X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shull CA. 1913. Semipermeability of seed coats. Bot Gaz 56: 169–199.10.1086/331142
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt J, Wulff RD. 1993. Light spectral quality, phytochrome and plant competition. Trends Ecol Evol 8(2): 47–51.10.1016/0169-5347(93)90157-K
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith HF. 1938. An empirical law describing heterogeneity in the yields of agricultural crops. J Agri Sci 28: 1–23.10.1017/S0021859600050516
   Google Scholar
• Souza FH, Marcos-Filho J. 2001. The seed coat as a modulator of seed-environment relationships in Fabaceae. Braz J Bot 24: 365–375.10.1590/S0100-84042001000400002
   Google Scholar
• Swallow WH, Wehner TC. 1986. Optimum plot size determination and its application to cucumber yield trials. Euphytica 35: 421–432.10.1007/BF00021850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vertucci CW, Leopold AC. 1983. Dynamics of imbibition by soybean embryos. Plant Physiol 72: 190–193.10.1104/pp.72.1.190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HL, Wang L, Tian CY, Huang ZY. 2012. Germination dimorphism in Suaeda acuminata: a new combination of dormancy types for heteromorphic seeds. S Afr J Bot 78: 270–275.10.1016/j.sajb.2011.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitbrecht K, Müller K, Leubner-Metzger G. 2011. First off the mark: early seed germination. J Exp Bot 62: 3289–3309.10.1093/jxb/err030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierzbicka M, Obidzińska J. 1998. The effect of lead on seed imbibition and germination in different plant species. Plant Sci 137: 155–171.10.1016/S0168-9452(98)00138-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windauer LB, Martinez J, Rapoport D, Wassner D, Benech-Arnold R. 2012. Germination responses to temperature and water potential in Jatropha curcas seeds: a hydrotime model explains the difference between dormancy expression and dormancy induction at different incubation temperatures. Ann Bot 109: 265–273.10.1093/aob/mcr242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojtyla Ł, Garnczarska M, Zalewski T, Bednarski W, Ratajczak L, Jurga S. 2006. A comparative study of water distribution, free radical production and activation of antioxidative metabolism in germinating pea seeds. J Plant Physiol 163(12): 1207–1220.10.1016/j.jplph.2006.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong ACM, Wu J. 2002. Small sample asymptotic inference for the coefficient of variation: normal and nonnormal models. J Stat Plan Infer 104: 73–82.10.1016/S0378-3758(01)00241-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodstock LW, Grabe DF. 1967. Relationship between seed respiration during imbibition and subsequent seedling growth in Zea mays. Plant Physiol 8: 339–342.
   Google Scholar
• Xu HH, Liu SJ, Song SH, Wang RX, Wang WQ, Song SQ. 2016. Proteomics analysis reveals distinct involvement of embryo and endosperm proteins during seed germination in dormant and non-dormant rice seeds. Plant Physiol Biochem 103: 219–242.10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Warrick AW, Myers DE. 1994. Heterogeneity, plot shape effect and optimum plot size. Geoderma 62: 183–197.10.1016/0016-7061(94)90035-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou PJ, Hu YC, Wang CX, Song ZH, Wang TZ, Qu SS, Zhou H, Zhu Y. 1999. Determination of the thermogenesis curves and studies of the thermodynamics and thermokinetics of seed germination. J Biochem Bioph Meth 38: 171–180.10.1016/S0165-022X(98)00038-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar