The paradox of nature and elite second homes: Examining the eco-social impacts of Meech Lake cottagers in Gatineau Park, Québec

References

• Advisory Committee on Gatineau Park . 1952. Report on Master Plan for the Development of Gatineau Park . Ottawa : Submitted to Federal District Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Alsvold, A. 1947. “Letter to F.E. Bronson.” Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.267.190(13).
   Google Scholar
• Altmeyer, G. 1976. “Three Ideas of Nature in Canada, 1893–1914.” Journal of Canadian Studies 11: 21–36. doi: 10.3138/jcs.11.3.21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amdur, R. S. 2014. “Murray Charges Chelsea Council Still Dragging Its Feet on Meech Lake Residential Shoreline Protection.” The West Quebec Post. 11–17 July 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Boisonneault, S. 2004. “Letter to M. Beaudry.” Access-to-Information Request to National Capital Commission, A-2015-00036: 433.
   Google Scholar
• Bordo, J. 1993. “Jack Pine—Wilderness Sublime or the Erasure of the Aboriginal Presence from the Landscape.” Journal of Canadian studies 27 (4): 98–128. doi: 10.3138/jcs.27.4.98
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronson, F. E. 1943. “Letter to W.J. Turnbull.” Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.266.190(10).
   Google Scholar
• Bronson, F. E. 1947. “Letter to R.P. Sparks.” Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.272.190-G(1).
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, C. E. 2005. Shaped by the West Wind: Nature and History in Georgian Bay . Vancouver : UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clout, H. D. 1974. “The Growth of Second-Home Ownership: An Example of Seasonal Suburbanization.” In Suburban Growth: Geographical Processes at the Edge of the Western City , edited by J. H. Johnson , 101–127. London : John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Cornacchia, C. 2007. “Another Crisis Afflicts Meech Lake.” Montreal Gazette. 26 July 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Creelman, J. 1978. Man and the Land: A Short History of Gatineau Park . Ottawa : National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Cronon, W. 1995. “The Trouble with Wilderness: or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature.” In Uncommong Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature , edited by W. Cronon , 69–90. New York : W.W. Norton & Company Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, A. W. 1992. The Summer House—A Tradition of Leisure . Toronto : Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Daigneault, M. 2008. Rapport d’événement no. 0701 08 09 08-0200: enquête relative à une plainte portant sur l’enrochement du littoral et la construction d’une maison sur le littoral au 692, chemin du lac Meech dans la municipalité de Chelsea . Quebec : Ministère des Ressources naturelles, de la Faune et des Parcs (Direction générale de la protection de la faune).
   Google Scholar
• Del Degan, Massé et Associés Inc . 2006. The Health of Gatineau Park’s Ecosystems . Ottawa : Submitted to National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Dickman, M. , and M. Johnson . 1975. “Phytoplankton of Five Lakes in Gatineau Park, Quebec.” The Canadian Field Naturalist 89: 361–370.
   Google Scholar
• Dickson, J. R. 1933. “Letter to A. Bedard.” Library and Archives Canada, RG39 Vol.25.49136.
   Google Scholar
• Dodge, C. M. 1939. “Letter to S. Lewis.” Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.266.190(5).
   Google Scholar
• Dorego, P. 2014. “Email to S. McLaughlin and F. Leclerc.” Access-to-Information Request to National Capital Commission, A-2015-00036: 311.
   Google Scholar
• Dryade . 1989. Étude de la capacité d’accueil du lac Meech . Ottawa : Submitted to National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Eco-Recherches Inc . 1983. Inventaire écologique de lacs du parc de la Gatineau (1982) . Ottawa : Submitted to National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, P. M. O. 1988. A Tale of Two Chelseas . Ottawa : Les Editions J. Oscar Lemieux.
   Google Scholar
• Federal District Commission . 1947. Resolution. Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.267.190(13).
   Google Scholar
• Federal District Commission . 1953. Policy on Land Ownership Within Gatineau Park. Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.268.190(17).
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, K. 1988. Historical Walks: The Gatineau Park Story . Ottawa : Chelsey House.
   Google Scholar
• Fullerton, D. H. 1972. “Letter to W.J. Thurlow.” Access-to-Information Request to National Capital Commission, A-2013-00010: 175
   Google Scholar
• Gagnon, S. , M. Filion , and C. Tessier . 2004. The Creation and Early Development of Gatineau Park: Study on the Influence of Local Interest Groups and the Sociopolitical Context of the Park’s Creation from 1903 to 1956 . Ottawa : National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Gartner, W. C. 1987. “Environmental Impacts of Recreational Home Developments.” Annals of Tourism Research 14: 38–57. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(87)90046-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier, M. 2013. Inspections des berges du Lac Meech (partie sud) . Chelsea : Submitted to the Municipality of Chelsea. Last accessed 26 February 2017. http://chelsea.ca/sites/default/files/inspections_bandes_riveraines_2013_2015-08-04_0.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Gill, A. 1936. “Letter to W.E. Matthews.” Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.265.190(1)
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, D. L. A. 2002. “William Lyon Mackenzie King, Planning Advocate.” Planning Perspectives 17: 97–122. doi: 10.1080/02665430110111838
   Google Scholar
• Halseth, G. 1998. Cottage Country in Transition: A Social Geography of Change and Contention in the Rural-Recreational Countryside . Montreal : McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Halseth, G. 2004. “The ‘Cottage’ Privilege: Increasingly Elite Landscapes of Second Homes in Canada.” In Tourism, Mobility and Second Homes: Between Elite Landscapes and Common Ground , 33–54. Clevedon : Channel View.
   Google Scholar
• Halseth, G. , and M. W. Rosenberg . 1995. “Cottagers in an Urban Field.” Professional Geographer 47 (2): 148–159. doi: 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1995.00148.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkin, J. B. 1913. Memorandum re: Gatineau Park. Ottawa : Dominion Parks Branch.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, J. 2013. A Timeless Place: The Ontario Cottage . Vancouver : UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hessel, P. 1993. The Algonkins of the Ottawa Valley: An Historical Outline. Arnprior, ON : Kichesippi Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hiltunen, M. J. 2007. “Environmental Impacts of Rural Second Home Tourism – Case Lake District in Finland.” Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 7 (3): 243–265. doi: 10.1080/15022250701312335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiltunen, M. J. , K. Pitkänen , M. Vepsäläinen , and C. M. Hall . 2013. “Second Home Tourism in Finland: Current Trends and Eco-Social Impacts.” In Second Home Tourism in Europe: Lifestyle Issues and Policy Responses , edited by Zoran Roca , 165–200. Surrey : Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Hogarth, D. D. 1970a. “Geology of the Southern Part of Gatineau Park.” Geological Survey of Canada, 70-20.
   Google Scholar
• Hogarth, D. D. 1970b. “Letter to J. Marchand.” Library and Archives Canada, RG34 2014-0607 Vol.65.810-4(1).
   Google Scholar
• Holt, H. 1915. Report of the Federal Plan Commission on a General Plan for the Cities of Ottawa and Hull . Ottawa : Federal Plan Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Jaakson, R. 1986. “Second-Home Domestic Tourism.” Annals of Tourism Research 13: 367–391. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(86)90026-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. 1956. “Fight Over Gatineau Park Land: Cottage Owners Refuse to Sell for Scenic Drive.” Ottawa Journal. 7 April 1956
   Google Scholar
• Jokinen, A. 2002. “Free-Time Habitation and Layers of Ecological History at a Southern Finnish Lake.” Landscape and Urban Planning 61: 99–112. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00105-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltenborn, B. P. , and H. D. Clout . 1998. “The Alternate Home – Motives of Recreation Home Use.” Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 52 (3): 121–134. doi: 10.1080/00291959808552393
   Google Scholar
• King, W. L. M. 1935. “Public Works Program.” Parliament. Canada. House of Commons Debates. Edited Hansard. 17th Parliament, 6th Session, 3047.
   Google Scholar
• King, W. L. M. 1937. Diary Entry for 20 December 1937. Last accessed 9 October 2017. http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/prime-ministers/william-lyon-mackenzie-king/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=18704& .
   Google Scholar
• Kingsmere Property Owners’ Association . 1925. “Ideas and Schemes of the Kingsmere Property Holders Association.” Library and Archives Canada, MG26J10 Vol.28(3).
   Google Scholar
• Kingsmere Property Owners’ Association . 1948. "Kingsmere Building Restrictions Proposal." Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.267.190(14).
   Google Scholar
• Knight, D. B. 1991. Choosing Canada’s Capital: Conflict Resolution in a Parliamentary System . Ottawa : Carleton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kyer, P. 1979. “Letter to Meech Lake Association.” Access-to-Information Request to National Capital Commission, A-2015-00036: 267.
   Google Scholar
• Lanctôt, G. 1936. Kingsmere in Chronology . Ottawa : Dominion Archives of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Lanthier, C. 2017. “Des abris à bateaux et des quais menacés au lac Meech.” Radio Canada. http://www.ici-radio-canada.ca/1055090/abris-bateaux-quais-menaces-lac-meech.html. Last accessed 25 September 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Lanzon, Q. 2014. From the Ground Up: The Alpine and Cross-Country Sportscapes of Gatineau Park, 1910–1967 . Ottawa : Carleton University. (Unpublished MA thesis).
   Google Scholar
• Lemay, M. 1996. “Letter to L. Munro.” Last accessed 26 February 2017. https://www.scribd.com/document/246862615/Chelsea-documets-on-776-Meech# .
   Google Scholar
• Long, D. P. , and G. Hoogendoorn . 2013. “Second Home Owners’ Perceptions of a Polluted Environment: The Case of Hartbeespoort.” South African Geographical Journal 95 (1): 91–104. doi: 10.1080/03736245.2013.806112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lothian, W. F. 1987. A Brief History of Canada’s National Parks . Ottawa : Environment Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Luka, N. 2007. “Waterfront Second Homes in the Central Canada Woodlands: Images, Social Practice and Attachment to Multiple Residency.” Ethnologia Europaea (Journal of European Ethnology) 37 (1–2): 70–87.
   Google Scholar
• Luka, N. 2010. “Of McMansions, Timeshare Cottages, and Zebra Mussels: Dispatches from the Second-Home Settings of Central Ontario.” In The Rural-Urban Fringe in Canada: Conflict and Controversy , edited by K. Beesley , 199–219. Brandon, MB : Rural Development Institute (Brandon University).
   Google Scholar
• Luka, N. 2012. “Finding Opportunities for Urban Sustainability in Cottage Life.” In Urban Sustainability: Reconnecting Space and Place , edited by A. Dale , W. T. Dushenko , and P. Robinson , 171–210. Toronto : University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Luka, N. , and N. Lister . 2012. “Georgian Bay, Muskoka, and Haliburton: More Than Cottage Country?” In Beyond the Global City: Understanding and Planning for the Diversity of Ontario , edited by G. Nelson , 169–200. Montreal & Kingston : McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, A. 1948. “Letter to H.R. Cram.” Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.267.190(14).
   Google Scholar
• MacEachern, A. A. 2001. Natural Selections: National Parks in Atlantic Canada, 1935–1970 . Montreal : McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mahoney, E. 1999. “Summer Hotels of the Gatineau.” Up the Gatineau!, Vol.25. Last accessed 5 July 2016. http://www.gvhs.ca/publications/utga-summer-hotels.html .
   Google Scholar
• Marchand, J. 1970. “Letter to D.D. Hogarth.” Library and Archives Canada, 2014-0607 Vol.65.810-4(1).
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, J. , and C. Moffatt . 1978. “The Historical Development of Resorts and Cottages in the Kawartha Lakes Area, Ontario.” In Water-Based Recreation: Problems and Progess , edited by J. Marsh , 27–50. Peterborough, ON : Trent University.
   Google Scholar
• Matarrita-Cascante, D. , R. Stedman , and A. E. Luloff . 2010. “Permanent and Seasonal Residents’ Community Attachment in Natural Amenity-Rich Areas: Exploring the Contribution of Landscape-Related Factors.” Environment and Behavior 42 (2): 197–220. doi: 10.1177/0013916509332383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicol, B. , and B. Buxton . 2009. “Profiling Canadian and International Second Home Cultures in Canmore, Alberta: Implications for Community Planning and Governance Considerations and Relationships.” In Understanding and Managing for Amenity-Led Migration in Mountain Regions , edited by L. A. G. Moss , R. S. Gloriso , and A. Krause , 254–262. Banff : Banff Centre for Mountain Culture and International Amenity Migration Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Meech, M. A. 1964. “Asa Meech.” Chelsea: Submitted to the Historical Society of the Gatineau. Library and Archives Canada Accession 2014-0807, Vol.65, File 810-4.
   Google Scholar
• Merrell, W. J. 1947. “Letter to H.R. Cram.” Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.267.190(13).
   Google Scholar
• Messier, D. 2007. “Fresh Air Seekers.” In Gatineau Park Chronicles , edited by D. Messier . Ottawa : National Capital Commission. Last accessed 1 July 2017. http://www.gvhs.ca/digital/gatineau-park/chronicles/fresh.html .
   Google Scholar
• Michels, J. 2017. Permanent Weekend: Nature, Leisure, and Rural Gentrification . Montreal and Kingston : McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• MLA (Meech Lake Association) . 1953. Memorandum to Federal District Commission. Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.268.190(17).
   Google Scholar
• MLA (Meech Lake Association) . 1978a. “Letter to J.J. Seguin.” Access-to-Information Request to National Capital Commission, A-2015-00036: 116–117.
   Google Scholar
• MLA (Meech Lake Association) . 1978b. “Letter to J.J. Pilon.” Access-to-Information Request to National Capital Commission, A-2015-00036: 112.
   Google Scholar
• MLA (Meech Lake Association) . 1989. “Letter to J. Grant.” Access-to-Information Request to National Capital Commission, A-2015-00036: 397.
   Google Scholar
• MLA (Meech Lake Association) . 2003. “Master Plan Review: Gatineau Park.” Ottawa: Submitted to National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• MRC des Collines-de-l’Outaouais . 2009. “Règlement de contrôle intermiaire visant à renforcer les dispositions applicables à la protection des rives des lacs et des cours d’eau.” No. 137-09. Canada: Province de Québec. Last accessed 26 February 2017. http://www.chelsea.ca/sites/default/files/6_-_mrc_bylaw_rci_137-09_-_french_only_0.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Müller, D. K. 2007. “Second Homes in the Nordic Countries: Between Common Heritage and Exclusive Commodity.” Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 7 (3): 193–201. doi: 10.1080/15022250701300272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, D. K. , and G. Hoogendoorn . 2013. “Second Homes: Curse or Blessing? A Review 36 Years Later.” Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 13 (4): 353–369. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2013.860306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, D. K. , and R. Marjavaara . 2012. “From Second Home to Primary Residence: Migration Towards Recreational Properties in Sweden 1991—2005.” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 103 (1): 53–68. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00674.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, J. P. 2003. “Roderick Percy Sparks: Gatineau Park’s Forgotten Founder.” Up the Gatineau! 30: 12–16.
   Google Scholar
• NCC (National Capital Commission) . 1976. Conceptual Plan for Gatineau Park . Ottawa : National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• NCC (National Capital Commission) . 1980. Gatineau Park: Master Plan . Ottawa : National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• NCC (National Capital Commission) . 1990. Gatineau Park Master Plan . Ottawa : National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• NCC (National Capital Commission) . 2000. Gatineau Park: Parkway Sector Plan . Ottawa : National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• NCC (National Capital Commission) . 2005. Gatineau Park Master Plan . Ottawa : National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• NCC (National Capital Commission) . 2006. “Recontre avec l’association des résidants du lac Meech.” Access-to-Information Request to National Capital Commission, A-2015-00036: 48
   Google Scholar
• NCC (National Capital Commission) . 2010. Gatineau Park Ecosystem Conservation Plan . Ottawa : National Capital Commission.
   Google Scholar
• NCC (National Capital Commission) . 2016. Report on Gatineau Park Ecosystems . Ottawa : National Capital Commission. Last accessed 26 February 2017. http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/sites/default/files/pubs/16002_gp_statusreport_e.pdf http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/sites/default/files/pubs/16002_gp_statusreport_e.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• No author . 1935. “Urge Protection Woodland Beauty in Ottawa Area.” Ottawa Journal, 9 May 1935.
   Google Scholar
• No author . 1941a. “Creating Beach and Camp-Site Near Wakefield.” Ottawa Citizen, 26 February 1941.
   Google Scholar
• No author . 1941b. “Not Establishing Public Beach At Meech Lake.” Ottawa Citizen, 14 October 1941.
   Google Scholar
• No author . 1946. “Would Extend Gatineau Park To 50,000 Acres.” Ottawa Journal, 27 June 1946.
   Google Scholar
• No author . 1970. “Cottages to Go: NCC Turns Meech Lake to Public Use.” Ottawa Citizen. 2 March 1970.
   Google Scholar
• No author . 2008. “Group Fears New Homes are Muddying Meech.” Ottawa Citizen, 29 July 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Parson, H. E. 1975. “The Rise and Fall of Farming in a Marginal Area: The Gatineau Valley, Quebec.” Cahiers de géographie du Québec 19 (48): 573–582. doi: 10.7202/021298ar
   Google Scholar
• Persson, I. 2015. “Second Homes, Legal Framework and Planning Practice According to Environmental Sustainability in Coastal Areas: The Swedish Setting.” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 7 (1): 48–61. doi: 10.1080/19407963.2014.933228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philopoulous, A. 2015. “Shed on Meech Lake: A Thorn in the Lakeside.” The Low Down to Hull and Back News, 25 June 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Piche, G. C. 1933. “Letter to J.R. Dickson.” Library and Archives Canada, RG39 Vol.25.49136.
   Google Scholar
• Piggott, J. 1989. “Letter to J. Grant.” Access-to-Information Request to National Capital Commission, A-2015-00036: 244–245.
   Google Scholar
• Pilon, J. J. 1978. “Letter to Meech Lake Association.” Access-to-Information Request to National Capital Commission, A-2015-00036: 114.
   Google Scholar
• Pitkänen, K. , R. Puhakka , and M. Sawatzky . 2011. “The Role of Nature in the Place Meanings and Practices of Cottage Owners in Northern Environments.” Norsk Geografisk Tiddskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 65: 175–187. doi: 10.1080/00291951.2011.598236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice, M. 2004. “Cost of Convenience.” Ottawa Citizen, 25 September 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, E. S. 1938. Memorandum, re: Acquisition of Forest Lands, Lower Gatineau Region. Library and Archives Canada, RG34 Vol.265.190(2).
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, M. 1976. “Carbide Willson – 1850–1915.” Up the Gatineau! 2: 16–22.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, W. M. 1935. The Lower Gatineau Woodlands Survey . Ottawa : Department of Interior. Library and Archives Canada RG34 Vol.265.190(1).
   Google Scholar
• Rome, A. 2001. The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sparks, R. P. 1935. “Letter to T.G. Murphy.” Library and Archives Canada, RG39 Vol.25.49136.
   Google Scholar
• Stedman, R. C. 2006. “Understanding Place Attachment Among Second Home Owners.” American Behavioral Scientist 50: 187–205. doi: 10.1177/0002764206290633
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, P. A. 2013. “A Little Place in the (Next) Country: Negotiating Nature and Nation in 1970s Ontario.” Journal of Canadian Studies 47 (3): 42–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strang, S. 1984. “The Alexander Story: A Family of Meech Lake.” Up the Gatineau! 10: 4–6.
   Google Scholar
• Todd, F. G. 1903. Preliminary Report to the Ottawa Improvement Commission . Ottawa : Ottawa Improvement Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Verreault, C. 2012. “Email to D. Maitland and M. Burleton.” Access-to-Information Request to National Capital Commission, A-2015-00036: 50.
   Google Scholar
• von Baeyer, E. 1990. Garden of Dreams: Kingsmere and Mackenzie King . Toronto and Oxford : Dundurn Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wall, G. 1982. “Recreational Land Use in Muskoka.” In Recreational Land Use: Perspectives on its Evolution in Canada , edited by G. Wall , and J. Marsh , 139–154. Ottawa : Carleton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, T. 2014. “The Luxury of Leisure and Pleasure at the New Zealand Second Home.” Annals of Leisure Research 17 (1): 97–112. doi: 10.1080/11745398.2013.879727
   Google Scholar
• Watson, A. 2017. “Pioneering a Rural Identity on the Canadian Shield: Tourism, Household Economies, and Poor Soils in Muskoka, Ontario, 1870–1900.” Canadian Historical Review 98 (2): 261–293. doi: 10.3138/chr.3783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, R. I. 1952. “Wasaga Beach: The Divorce from the Geographic Environment.” The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 1: 57–66. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0064.1952.tb01711.x
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe, R. I. 1977. “Summer Cottages in Ontario: Purpose-Built for an Inessential Purpose.” In Second Homes: Curse or Blessing? , edited by J. T. Coppock , 17–34. Oxford : Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• Worster, D. 1995. “Doing Environmental History.” In Consuming Canada: Readings in Environmental History , edited by C. Gaffield , and P. Gaffield , 16–32. Toronto : Copp Clark Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Wyckoff, W. K. 1990. “Landscape of Private Power and Wealth.” In The Making of the American Landscape , edited by M. P. Conzen , 335–354. London : Harper Collins Academic.
   Google Scholar