References
- Ajzen, I. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behaviour.” Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 179–211. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Ajzen, I., and M. Fishbein. 1980. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Allen, L. 2016. “Caravan Sales Boom as Weak Dollar Encourages Local Tourism.” The Australian, March 5. Accessed April 14, 2018. https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/caravan-sales-boom-as-weak-dollar-encourages-local-tourism/news-story/8ecfccd5a5577d798acb2434119722c7.
- Armitage, C. J., and M. Conner. 2001. “Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A Meta-analytic Review.” British Journal of Social Psychology 40 (4): 471–499. doi: https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2006. Victorian Census Tables. ABS. Accessed February 13, 2013. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?&action = 404&documentproductno = 2&documenttype = Details&tabname = Details&areacode = 2&issue = 2006&producttype = Community%20Profiles&&producttype = Community%20Profiles&textversion = false&navmapdisplayed = true&breadcrumb = D&&collection = census&period = 2006&producttype = Community%20Profiles&#Basic%20Community%20Profile.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2007. Participation in Sports and Physical Recreation. ABS. Accessed February 13, 2013. http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/A36EC2C4EAD3937BCA257281001ADA51/$File/41770_2005-06.pdf.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2009. Australian Social Trends: December 2009. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2010. 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2009–10. ABS. Accessed February 13, 2013. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/916F96F929978825CA25773700169C65.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2013a. 6250.0 – Characteristics of Recent Migrants, Australia, Nov 2013. ABS. Accessed November 8, 2015. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/PrimaryMainFeatures/6250.0.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2013b. Population Projections, Australia, 2012 (Base) to 2101. ABS. Accessed February 13, 2013. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Latestproducts/3222.0Main%20Features32012%20%28base%29%20to%202101?opendocument&tabname = Summary&prodno = 3222.0&issue = 2012%20%28base%29%20to%202101&num=&view=.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016a. 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, Jun 2016. ABS. Accessed December 7, 2017. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Previousproducts/3101.0Feature%20Article1Jun%202016.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016b. 4906.0 – Personal Safety, Australia, 2016. ABS. Accessed December 7, 2017. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4906.0.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2017. 2016 Census: Multicultural. ABS. Accessed December 7, 2017. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/lookup/Media%20Release3.
- Backlund, E. A., and W. P. Stewart. 2012. “Effects of Setting-based Management on Visitor Experience Outcomes: Differences Across a Management Continuum.” Journal of Leisure Research 44 (3): 392–415. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2012.11950271
- Bagozzi, R. P. 1992. “The Self-regulation of Attitudes, Intentions, and Behaviour.” Social Psychology Quarterly 55 (2): 178–204. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2786945
- Balmford, A., J. Beresford, J. Green, R. Naidoo, M. Walpole, and A. Manica. 2009. “A Global Perspective on Trends in Nature-based Tourism.” PLoS Biology 7 (6): e1000144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000144
- Beaumont, J., and J. Thomas. 2012. Measuring National Well-being, Health, 2012. London: Office for National Statistics. Accessed August 1, 2013. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171766_271762.pdf.
- Bichis-Lupas, M., and R. N. Moisey. 2001. “A Benefit Segmentation of Rail-trail Users: Implications for Marketing by Local Communities.” Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 3: 78–92.
- Browne, C. A. 1992. “The Role of Nature for the Promotion of Well-being in the Elderly.” In Role of Horticulture in Human Well-being and Social Development: A National Symposium, edited by Relf Diane, 75–79. Arlington, VI: Timber Press.
- Buckley, R. 2009. “Parks and Tourism.” PLoS Biology 7 (6): 1–2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000143
- Burns, R. C., and A. R. Graefe. 2007. “Constraints to Outdoor Recreation: Exploring the Effects of Disabilities on Perceptions and Participation.” Journal of Leisure Research 39 (1): 156–181. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2007.11950102
- California State Parks. 2005. Park and Recreation Trends in California. Sacramento: California State Parks.
- California State Parks. 2006. Planning Division Technical Assistance: Recreation Trends Worth Talking About. Sacramento: California State Parks.
- Callegaro, M., A. Villar, D. Yeager, and J. A. Krosnick. 2014. “A Critical Review of Studies Investigating the Quality of Data Obtained with Online Panels Based on Probability and Nonprobability Samples.” In Online Panel Research: A Data Quality Perspective, edited by Mario Callegaro, Reg Baker, Jelke Bethlehem, Anja S. Göritz, Jon A. Krosnick, and Paul J. Lavrakas, 23–53. John Wiley and Sons. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118763520.ch2.
- Carroll, P., K. Witten, and R. Kearns. 2011. “Housing Intensification in Auckland, New Zealand: Implications for Children and Families.” Housing Studies 26 (03): 353–367. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.542096
- Cassidy, N., and S. Stephanie Parsons. 2017. The Rising Share of Part-time Employment. Sydney: Reserve Bank of Australia. Accessed: January 8, 2018. https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2017/sep/pdf/bu-0917-3-the-rising-share-of-part-time-employment.pdf.
- Chan, E. H., B. S. Tang, and W. S. Wong. 2002. “Density Control and the Quality of Living Space: A Case Study of Private Housing Development in Hong Kong.” Habitat International 26 (2): 159–175. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975(01)00041-8
- Cole, D. N. 1996. Wilderness Recreation Use Trends, 1965 through 1994. Research Paper – Intermountain Research Station. USDA Forest Service (INT-RP-488).
- Cordell, H. K., C. J. Betz, and G. T. Green. 2008a. “Nature-based Outdoor Recreation Trends and Wilderness.” International Journal of Wilderness 14 (2): 7–13.
- Cordell, H. K., C. J. Betz, G. T. Green, and S. H. Mou. 2008b. “Outdoor Recreation Activity Trends: What’s Growing, What’s Slowing. Research Report in the Internet Research Information Series.” Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, GA. Accessed: February 13, 2015. http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/nrrt/nsre/IrisReports.html.
- Countryside Recreation Network. 2006. A Countryside for Health and Wellbeing: The Physical and Mental Health Benefits of Green Exercise. Countryside Recreation Network. Accessed August 15, 2015. http://www.thehealthwell.info/node/3900.
- Crawford, D. W., and G. Godbey. 1987. “Reconceptualizing Barriers to Family Leisure.” Leisure Sciences 9 (2): 119–127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408709512151
- Crawford, D. W., E. L. Jackson, and G. Godbey. 1991. “A Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constraints.” Leisure Sciences 13 (4): 309–320. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513147
- Crespi, I. 1988. Pre-election Polling: Sources of Accuracy and Error. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Croy, W. G., and P. Glover. 2009. Barriers and Incentives to Urban Park use: Melbourne-based Second Generation Australians Who Generally Speak a Language Other Than English at Home. Gold Coast: CRC for Sustainable Tourism. Accessed March 17, 2015. http://www.crctourism.com.au/BookShop/BookDetail.aspx?d = 681.
- Curry, N. 2004. “The Divergence and Coalescence of Public Outdoor Recreation Values in New Zealand and England: An Interplay Between Rights and Markets.” Leisure Studies 23 (3): 205–223. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436042000251978
- Davis, B. 2018. “The Future of America’s Economy Looks a Lot like Elkhart, Indiana”. The Wall Street Journal. Accessed April 6, 2018. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-future-of-americas-economy-looks-a-lot-like-elkhart-indiana-1522942393?emailToken=ac97ad97aaad4e6a71af354a23a8719eDc4C1IS10ZxhbvqYznD1vlw30NK9lY9xgCLMMoTTr%2FcupxdM%2Bs8CEODq6Vo7lXn38mjLkQp622I6K9tf5nuf5dmopobi0FZAO7VRSJIbRHE8neFUFvy%2BfrLRV8RdfARO.
- De Kort, Y. A., A. L. Meijinders, A. G. Sponselee, and W. A. Ijsselsteijn. 2006. “What’s Wrong with Virtual Trees? Restoring From Stress in a Mediated Environment.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 26 (4): 309–320. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.09.001
- Department of Victorian Communities. 2004. Sport and Recreation 2005-2010: A Discussion Paper. Melbourne: Department of Victorian Communities.
- Driver, B. L. 1977. Item Pool for Scales Designed to Quantify the Psychological Outcomes Desired and Expected from Recreation Participation. Report for USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment. Station, Ft. Collins, CO.
- Eagles, P. F. 2002. “Trends in Park Tourism: Economics, Finance and Management.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10 (2): 132–153. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667158
- Eagles, P. F. 2007. “Global Trends Affecting Tourism in Protected Areas.” In Tourism and Protected Areas: Benefits Beyond Boundaries, edited by R. Bushell and P. F. J. Eagles, 27–43. Wallingford: CABI International.
- Eagles, P. F. 2014. “Research Priorities in Park Tourism.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22 (4): 528–549. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.785554
- Field, A. 2009. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London: Sage Publications.
- Fishbein, M., and Ajzen, I. 2011. Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
- Fisichelli, N. A., G. W. Schuurman, W. B. Monahan, and P. S. Ziesler. 2015. “Protected Area Tourism in a Changing Climate: Will Visitation at US National Parks Warm up or Overheat?” PloS one 10 (6): e0128226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128226
- Fix, P. J., and S. C. Taylor. 2011. “Generalizability of a Cluster Solution Over Time: Results From a Visitor Study at the Kennecott National Historic Landmark.” Journal of Leisure Research 43 (2): 246–267. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2011.11950235
- Fleming, S. 1994. “Sport and South Asian Youth: The Perils of “False Universalism” and Stereotyping.” Leisure Studies 13 (3): 159–177. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614369400390121
- Gobster, P. H. 2002. “Managing Urban Parks for a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Clientele.” Leisure Sciences 24 (2): 143–159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400252900121
- Goritz, A. S. 2004. “The Impact of Material Incentives on Response Quantity, Response Quality, Sample Composition, Survey Outcome, and Cost in Online Access Panels.” International Journal of Market Research 46 (3): 327–346. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530404600307
- Gössling, S., D. Scott, C. M. Hall, J. P. Ceron, and G. Dubois. 2012. “Consumer Behaviour and Demand Response of Tourists to Climate Change.” Annals of Tourism Research 39 (1): 36–58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.11.002
- Gravetter, F. J., and L. B. Wallnau. 2009. Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
- Grix, J., and J. Maguire. 2013. “Political Science and Sport.” In Social Sciences in Sport, 191–218. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Haberman, S. J. 1978. Analysis of Qualitative Data, Volume 1, Introductory Topics. New York: Academic Press Inc.
- Haider, W. 2002. “Stated Preference and Choice Models – A Versatile Alternative to Traditional Recreation Research.” In Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas (First Conference Proceedings), 115–121. Vienna.
- Hartig, T., G. W. Evans, L. D. Jamner, D. S. Davis, and T. Gärling. 2003. “Tracking Restoration in Natural and Urban Field Settings.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 23 (2): 109–123. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00109-3
- Hendricks, W. W., I. E. Schneider, and M. Budruk. 2004. “Extending Importance-performance Analysis with Benefit-based Segmentation.” Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 22 (1): 53–74.
- Ho, C. H., S. Vinod, E. William, K. W. Fern, A. Graefe, and G. Godbey. 2005. “Gender and Ethnic Variations in Urban Park Preferences, Visitation, and Perceived Benefits.” Journal of Leisure Research 37 (3): 281–306. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2005.11950054.
- Hung, K., and J. L. Crompton. 2006. “Benefits and Constraints Associated with the Use of an Urban Park Reported by a Sample of Elderly in Hong Kong.” Leisure Studies 25 (3): 291–311. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360500409810
- ID. 2016. Australia Household Type. Collingwood: ID. Accessed December 7, 2017. http://profile.id.com.au/australia/households.
- Jackson, E. L. 1988. “Leisure Constraints: A Survey of Past Research.” Leisure Sciences 10 (3): 203–215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408809512190
- Jackson, E. L., and K. A. Henderson. 1995. “Gender-based Analysis of Leisure Constraints.” Leisure Sciences 17: 31–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409509513241
- Jacobs, J. A., and K. Gerson. 2001. “Overworked Individuals or Overworked Families? Explaining Trends in Work, Leisure, and Family Time.” Work and Occupations 28 (1): 40–63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888401028001004
- Jacobsen, L. A., M. Mather, and G. Dupuis. 2012. Household Change in the United States. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau.
- Kareiva, P. 2008. “Ominous Trends in Nature Recreation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (8): 2757–2758. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800474105
- Keilman, N. 1988. “Recent Trends in Family and Household Composition in Europe.” European Journal of Population/Revue Européenne de Démographie 3 (3–4): 297–325. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01796903
- Kemperman, A. D. A. M., and H. J. P. Timmermans. 2006. “Heterogeneity in Urban Park use of Aging Visitors: a Latent Class Analysis.” Leisure Sciences 28 (1): 57–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400500332710
- Khan, A. A., S. Arshad, and M. Mohsin. 2014. “Population Growth and Its Impact on Urban Expansion: A Case Study of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.” Universal Journal of Geoscience 2 (8): 229–241.
- Koppen, G., ÅO Sang, and M. S. Tveit. 2014. “Managing the Potential for Outdoor Recreation: Adequate Mapping and Measuring of Accessibility to Urban Recreational Landscapes.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13 (1): 71–83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.11.005
- Leopold, A. 2013. Trends in Outdoor Recreation Planning: 2013 Virginia Outdoors Plan. Richmond, VA: Department of Conservation and Recreation.
- Lewis-Beck, M. S. 2005. “Election Forecasting: Principles and Practice.” The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 7 (2): 145–164. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2005.00178.x
- Loukaitou-Sideris, A., L. Levy-Storms, L. Chen, and M. Brozen. 2016. “Parks for an Aging Population: Needs and Preferences of Low-income Seniors in Los Angeles.” Journal of the American Planning Association 82 (3): 236–251. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2016.1163238
- Manfredo, M. J., B. L. Driver, and M. A. Tarrant. 1996. “Measuring Leisure Motivation: A Meta-analysis of the Recreation Experience Preference Scales.” Journal of Leisure Research 28 (3): 188. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1996.11949770
- Moore, R. L., and B. L. Driver. 2005. Benefits of Leisure and its Roles in Society. Introduction to Outdoor Recreation: Providing and Managing Natural Resource Based Opportunities. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
- Moyser, M. 2017. Women and Paid Work. Statistics Canada. Accessed December 7, 2017. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-503-x/2015001/article/14694-eng.htm.
- Office for National Statistics. 2012. Population Ageing in the United Kingdom, its Constituent Countries and the European Union. London: Office for National Statistics. Accessed November 17, 2017. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_258607.pdf.
- Office for National Statistics. 2017. Overview of the UK Population: March 2017. London: Office for National Statistics. Accessed: December 7, 2017. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/articles/overviewoftheukpopulation/mar2017.
- Parks Victoria. 2012. Publications Annual Report 2011-12. Melbourne: Parks Victoria.
- Pergams, O. R., and P. A. Zaradic. 2008. “Evidence for a Fundamental and Pervasive Shift Away From Nature-Based Recreation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (7): 2295–2300. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709893105
- Pigram, J. J., and J. M. Jenkins. 1999. Outdoor Recreation Management. London: Routledge.
- Pink, B. 2009. "Smoking, Risky Drinking and Obesity." In ABS Australian Social Trends 4102.0: December 2009. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 4.
- Pitas, N. A., A. G. Barrett, and A. J. Mowen. 2017. “Trends in Local Park and Recreation Department Finances and Staffing in the Early Twenty-first Century.” Journal of Park & Recreation Administration 35 (3): 20–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2017-V35-I3-7712
- Schultz, M., and N. P. Nickerson. 2015. Tourism and Recreation Trends and Outlook: Montana's Varied Traveler – A Look Into Quarterly Differences. Missoula, MT: University of Montana.
- Sport and Recreation Queensland and SEQ Water. 2008. Outdoor Recreation Trends in South East Queensland. Brisbane: Griffith University.
- Statistics Canada. 2011. Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
- Statistics Canada. 2017. Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity: Key Results From the 2016 Census. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
- Stidham, M., C. Olsen, E. Toman, S. Frederick, S. McCaffrey, and B. Shindler. 2014. “Longitudinal Social Science Research in Natural Resource Communities: Lessons and Considerations.” Society & Natural Resources 27 (10): 1104–1108. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2014.905895
- Sue, V. M., and L. A. Ritter. 2012. Conducting Online Surveys. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
- Sutton, S. 1998. “Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behaviour: How Well Are We Doing?” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 28 (15): 1317–1338. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01679.x
- Tsai, E. H. 2000. “The Influence of Acculturation on the Perception of Leisure Constraints of Chinese Immigrants.” World Leisure Journal 42 (4): 33–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2000.9674206
- United Nations. 2001. World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision (Vol. 194). New York, NY: Department of Economic & Social Affairs: United Nations Publications.
- US Census Bureau. 2011. 2010 Census Shows America's Diversity. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.
- US Census Bureau. 2012. Percentage of the Adult Population Considered to be Obese: 2008 – Table 1342. Statistical Abstract of the United States, International Statistics. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.
- Van Cranenburgh, S., C. G. Chorus, and B. Van Wee. 2014. “Vacation Behaviour Under High Travel Cost Conditions–A Stated Preference of Revealed Preference Approach.” Tourism Management 43: 105–118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.022
- Vincent, G. K., and V. A. Velkoff. 2010. The Next Four Decades. The Older Population in the United States: 2010 to 2050. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.
- Wang, Y., W. C. Norman, and F. A. McGuire. 2005. “A Comparative Study of Leisure Constraints Perceived by Mature and Young Travellers.” Tourism Review International 80: 263–280. doi: https://doi.org/10.3727/154427205774791573
- Ward Thompson, C. 2002. “Urban Open Space in the 21st Century.” Landscape and Urban Planning 60 (2): 59–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00059-2
- White, E. M., J. M. Bowker, A. E. Askew, L. L. Langner, J. R. Arnold, and D. B. English. 2014. Federal Outdoor Recreation Trends: Effects on Economic Opportunities. Portland, OR: National Center for Natural Resources Economic Research.
- Whitelaw, P. A., B. Cumming, and M. Narbondo. 2007. An Overview of the Over 60s Market. Melbourne: Centre for Hospitality and Tourism Research, Victoria University.
- Wilkins, E., S. de Urioste-Stone, A. Weiskittel, and T. Gabe. 2017. “Effects of Weather Conditions on Tourism Spending: Implications for Future Trends Under Climate Change.” Journal of Travel Research: 1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517728591.
- Woosnam, K. M., and H. Kim. 2014. “Hurricane Impacts on Southeastern United States Coastal National Park Visitation.” Tourism Geographies 16 (3): 364–381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2013.823235
- Zanon, D., D. Doucouliagos, J. Hall, and L. Lockstone-Binney. 2013. “Constraints to Park Visitation: A Meta-analysis of North American Studies.” Leisure Sciences 35 (5): 475–493. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.831294
- Zanon, D., J. Hall, L. Lockstone-Binney, and D. Weber. 2014. “Development of a Whole Agency Approach to Market Segmentation in Parks.” Journal of Leisure Research 46 (5): 563–592. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950343