‘Living in the moment’: mountain bikers’ search for flow

References

• Arnould, E. J., and L. L. Price. 1993. “River Magic: Extraordinary Experience and the Extended Service Encounter.” Journal of Consumer Research 20: 24–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard, J. G., and M. G. Ragheb. 1983. “Measuring Leisure Motivation.” Journal of Leisure Research 15 (3): 219–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordelon, L. A., and S. L. Ferreira. 2019. “Mountain Biking is for (White, Wealthy, Middle-aged) Men: The Cape Epic Mountain Bike Race.” Journal of Sport & Tourism 23 (1): 41–59.
   Google Scholar
• Boudreau, P., S. Houge Mackenzie, and K. Hodge. 2020. “Flow States in Adventure Recreation: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis.” Psychology of Sport & Exercise 46: 101611. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breivik, G. 2010. “Trends in Adventure Sports in a Post-Modern Society.” Sport in Society 13: 260–273.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, K. M. 2012. “Sharing Public Space Across Difference: Attunement and the Contested Burdens of Choreographing Encounter.” Social & Cultural Geography 13 (7): 801–820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K. M., R. Dilley, and K. Marshall. 2008. “Using a Head-mounted Video Camera to Understand Social Worlds and Experiences.” Sociological Research Online 13 (6): 31–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K. M., K. Marshall, and R. Dilley. 2008. “Claiming Rights to Rural Space through Off-road Cycling.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of American geographers, Boston, Massachusetts, April 15–19.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, R. 2012. “Rush as a Key Motivation in Skilled Adventure Tourism: Resolving the Risk Recreation Paradox.” Tourism Management 33 (4): 961–970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnicelli-Filho, S. 2010. “Rafting Guides: Leisure, Work and Lifestyle.” Annals of Leisure Research 13: 282–297.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, G., and S. Priest. 1989. “The Adventure Experience Paradigm and Non-outdoor Leisure Pursuits.” Leisure Studies 8: 65–75.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, A. M. 1997a. “Clients Motivations, Perceptions, Expectations and Satisfaction Levels. The New Zealand Mountain Guiding Industry.” In Quality Tourism: Beyond the Masses: Proceedings of the First National Tourism Students’ Conference, edited by G. R. Johnson, 1–5. Dunedin: University of Otago. September 26-27.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, A. M. 1997b. “Guided Mountaineering in New Zealand’s Southern Alps.” In Proceedings of Trails, Tourism and Regional Development, edited by J. Higham, and G. W. Kearsley, 23–32. Cromwell: Centre for Tourism and IGU, University of Otago. December 2–5.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, A. M. 2001. “Alpine Adventurers in the Pacific Rim.” Pacific Tourism Review 4 (4): 161–170.
   Google Scholar
• Cater, C. I. 2006. “Playing with Risk? Participant Perceptions of Risk and Management Implications in Adventure Tourism.” Tourism Management 27: 317–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cater, C., T. Albayrak, M. Caber, and S. Taylor. 2020. “Flow, Satisfaction and Storytelling: A Causal Relationship? Evidence from Scuba Diving in Turkey.” Current Issues in Tourism, 1–19. doi:10.1080/13683500.2020.1803221.
   Google Scholar
• Cater, C. I., and P. Cloke. 2007. “Bodies in Action: The Performativity of Adventure Tourism.” Anthropology Today 23 (6): 13–16.
   Google Scholar
• Celsi, R. L., R. L. Rose, and T. W. Leigh. 1993. “An Exploration of High-risk Leisure Consumption through Skydiving.” Journal of Consumer Research 20: 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, T., and C. Lu. 2015. “The Causal Relationships among Recreational Involvement, Flow Experience, and Well-being for Surfing Activities.” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 20 (1): 1486–1504.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, T., and S. Tsaur. 2012. “The Relationship Between Serious Leisure Characteristics and Recreation Involvement: A Case Study of Taiwan’s Surfing Activities.” Leisure Studies 31 (1): 53–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creyer, E. H., W. T. Ross, Jr., and D. Evers. 2003. “Risky Recreation: An Exploration of Factors Influencing the Likelihood of Participation and the Effects of Experience.” Leisure Studies 22: 239–253.
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. 1975. Beyond Boredom and Anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M., and I. S. Csikszentmihalyi. 1990. “Adventure and the Flow Experience.” In Adventure Education, edited by J. Miles, and S. Priest, 149–155. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, C., and D. Newsome. 2009. Mountain Bike Activity in Natural Areas: Impacts, Assessment and Implications for Management: A Case Study from John Forrest National Park, Western Australia. Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism.
   Google Scholar
• Diehm, R., and C. Armatas. 2004. “Surfing: An Avenue for Socially Acceptable Risk-taking, Satisfying Needs for Sensation Seeking and Experience Seeking.” Personality and Individual Differences 36 (3): 663–677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson, K. J. 1996. “Peak Experiences and Mountain Biking: Incorporating the Bike Into the Extended Self.” Advances in Consumer Research 23: 317–322.
   Google Scholar
• Ewert, A. 1987. “Towards a Theoretical Understanding of Commercialized Outdoor Recreation.” Trends 24 (3): 5–9.
   Google Scholar
• Ewert, A., and S. Hollenhorst. 1989. “Testing the Adventure Model: Empirical Support for a Model of Risk Recreation Participation.” Journal of Leisure Research 21 (2): 124–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folmer, A., A. T. Tengxiage, H. Kadijk, and A. J. Wright. 2019. “Exploring Chinese Millennials’ Experiential and Transformative Travel: A Case Study of Mountain Bikers in Tibet.” Journal of Tourism Futures 5 (2): 142–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloway, S. 2010. “Recreation Specialisation among New Zealand Whitewater Kayakers: A Study of Motivation and Site Preference.” Annals of Leisure Research 13 (3): 523–540.
   Google Scholar
• Green, D. 2003. Travel Patterns of Destination: Mountain Bikers. Boulder, CO: International Mountain Bicycle Association.
   Google Scholar
• Hagen, S., and M. Boyes. 2016. “Affective Ride Experiences on Mountain Bike Terrain.” Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 15: 89–98.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M. 1992. “Adventure, Sport and Health Tourism.” In Special Interest Tourism, edited by B. Weiler, and C. M. Hall, 141–158. London: Belhaven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Havitz, M. E., and F. Dimanche. 1997. “Leisure Involvement Revisited: Conceptual Conundrums and Measurement Advances.” Journal of Leisure Research 29 (3): 245–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook, M. B., and E. C. Hirschman. 1982. “The Experiential Aspects of Consumption: Consumer Fantasies, Feelings, and Fun.” Journal of Consumer Research 9: 132–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holyfield, L. 1999. “Manufacturing Adventure: The Buying and Selling of Emotions.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 28 (3): 3–32.
   Google Scholar
• Horn, C., P. Devlin, and D. Simmons. 1994. Conflict in Recreation: the Case of Mountain-Bikers and Trampers. Wellington: Department of Conservation.
   Google Scholar
• Houge Mackenzie, S., K. Hodge, and M. Boyes. 2011. “Expanding the Flow Model in Adventure Activities: A Reversal Theory Perspective.” Journal of Leisure Research 43 (4): 519–544. doi:10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i2-3012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houge Mackenzie, S., and J. H. Kerr. 2014. “The Psychological Experience of River Guiding: Exploring the Protective Frame and Implications for Guide Well-being.” Journal of Sport & Tourism 19 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1080/14775085.2014.967796.
   Google Scholar
• Immonen, T., E. Brymer, D. Orth, K. Davids, F. Feletti, J. Liukkonen, and T. Jaakkola. 2017. “Understanding Action and Adventure Sports Participation—An Ecological Dynamics Perspective.” Sports Medicine - Open 3: 18. doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0084-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iso-Ahola, S. E. 1980. The Social Psychology of Leisure and Tourism. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Co.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C. D., S. J. Hollenhorst, and F. Perna. 2003. “An Empirical Comparison of the Four Channel Flow Model and Adventure Experience Paradigm.” Leisure Sciences 25: 17–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C. D., S. J. Hollenhorst, F. Perna, and S. Selin. 2000. “Validation of the Flow Theory in an On-site Whitewater Kayaking Setting.” Journal of Leisure Research 32 (2): 247–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, M. J., and H. Tucker. 2004. “Adventure Tourism: Freedom to Play with Reality.” Tourist Studies 4 (3): 217–234.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, M. J., and R. Zink. 2004. “Package Adventure Tours: Markers in Serious Leisure Careers.” Leisure Studies 23 (4): 329–345.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplin, J. 1985. Queen of the Dirt, Women’s Sports and Fitness. September 1985, 22.
   Google Scholar
• King, K., and A. Church. 2015. “Questioning Policy, Youth Participation and Lifestyle Sports.” Leisure Studies 34 (3): 282–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepke, J. 2005. “Exploring the Market Potential for Yukon Mountain Bike Tourism. Cycling Association of Yukon.” Accessed February 4, 2009. http://www.PotentialforMtnBikeTourismYT2004yukoncanada.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lipscombe, N. 2007. “The Risk Management Paradox for Urban Recreation and Park Managers: Providing High Risk Recreation within a Risk Management Context.” Annals of Leisure Research 10 (1): 3–25.
   Google Scholar
• Loewenstein, G. 1999. “Because It Is There: The Challenge of Mountaineering? for Utility Theory.” Kyklos 52 (3): 315–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannell, R. 1996. “Approaches in the Social and Behavioral Sciences to the Systematic Study of Hard-to-Define Human Values and Experiences.” In Nature and the Human Spirit: Toward an Expanded Land Management Ethic, edited by B. L. Driver, D. Dustin, T. Baltic, G. Elsner, and G. Peterson, 405–416. State College, PA: Venture Publishing Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, P., and S. Priest. 1986. “Understanding the Adventure Experience.” Adventure Education 3: 18–21.
   Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. H. 1943. “A Theory of Human Motivation.” Psychological Review 50 (4): 370–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGillivray, D., and M. Frew. 2007. “Capturing Adventure: Trading Experiences in the Symbolic Economy.” Annals of Leisure Research 10 (1): 54–78.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, K. 1988. “Mountain Bikes and the Baby Boomers.” The Journal of American Culture 11 (2): 17–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomfret, G. 2006. “Mountaineering Adventure Tourists: A Conceptual Framework for Research.” Tourism Management 27: 113–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priest, S. 1992. “Factor Exploration and Confirmation for the Dimensions of an Adventure Experience.” Journal of Leisure Research 24 (2): 127–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickly-Boyd, J. M. 2012. “Lifestyle Climbing: Toward Existential Authenticity.” Journal of Sport & Tourism 17 (2): 85–104.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, P. 1995. “Goofing.” Psychology Today July/August, 34–41.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, L., G. Jones, and R. Brooks. 2018. “Why Do You Ride?: A Characterization of Mountain Bikers, Their Engagement Methods, and Perceived Links to Mental Health and Well-Being.” Frontiers in Psychology 9: 1642. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C. 2002. “Motives, Behaviours, Body and Mind.” In The Tourist Experience, Second Edition, edited by C. Ryan, 27–57. London: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Säfvenbom, R., B. Wheaton, and J. P. Agans. 2018. “‘How Can You Enjoy Sports if You Are Under Control by Others?’ Self-organized Lifestyle Sports and Youth Development.” Sport in Society 21 (12): 1990–2009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, N. N. dos, J.G. de B. Oliveira and D.A. Pires 2017. “Incidência do Flow-Feeling e Suas Dimensões em Praticantes de Mountain Bike.” Conexões: Revista da Faculdade de Educação Física da UNICAMP 15 (4): 452–464.
   Google Scholar
• Scanlan, T. K., P. J. Carpenter, J. P. Simons, G. W. Schmidt, and B. Keeler. 1993. “An Introduction to the Sport Commitment Model.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 15 (1): 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skår, M., A. Odden, and O. I. Vistad. 2008. “Motivation for Mountain Biking in Norway: Change and Stability in Late-modern Outdoor Recreation.” Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 62 (1): 36–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann, C., L. Crust, P. Jackman, S. A. Vella, M. S. Allen, and R. Keegan. 2017. “Psychological States Underlying Excellent Performance in Sport: Toward an Integrated Model of Flow and Clutch States.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 29 (4): 375–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. 2010. “‘Extending the Dream Machine’: Understanding People’s Participation in Mountain Biking.” Annals of Leisure Research 13 (1 and 2): 259–281.
   Google Scholar
• Tellegen, A., and G. Atkinson. 1974. “Openness to Absorbing and Self-altering Experiences (“Absorption”), a Trait Related to Hypnotic Susceptibility.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 83 (3): 268–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. R. 2006. “A General Inductive Approach for Analyzing Qualitative Evaluation Data.” American Journal of Evaluation 27 (2): 237–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsaur, S. H., W. R. Lin, and T. M. Cheng. 2015. “Toward a Structural Model of Challenge Experience in Adventure Recreation.” Journal of Leisure Research 47 (3): 322-336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsaur, S. H., C. H. Yen, and S. L. Hsiao. 2013. “Transcendent Experience, Flow and Happiness for Mountain Climbers.” International Journal of Tourism Research 15 (4): 360–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varley, P. 2006. “Confecting Adventure and Playing with Meaning: The Adventure Commodification Continuum.” Journal of Sport and Tourism 11 (2): 173–194.
   Google Scholar
• Voelkl, J., G. Ellis, and J. Walker. 2003. “Go with the Flow: How to Help People have Optimal Recreation Experiences.” Parks and Recreation, Research Update, August 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton, B. 2004. “Introduction: Mapping the Lifestyle Sport-scape.” In Understanding Lifestyle Sport: Consumption, Identity and Difference, edited by B. Wheaton, 1–28. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton, B., G. Roy, and R. Olive. 2017. “Exploring Critical Alternatives for Youth Development Through Lifestyle Sport: Surfing and Community Development in Aotearoa/New Zealand.” Sustainability 9 (12): 2298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wöran, B., and A. Arnberger. 2012. “Exploring Relationships Between Recreation Specialization, Restorative Environments and Mountain Hikers’ Flow Experience.” Leisure Sciences 34 (2): 95–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar