1,733
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Bringing biodynamic agriculture to New Zealand in the 1920s and 1930s

ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 86-99 | Received 21 Jan 2020, Accepted 28 Apr 2020, Published online: 25 May 2020

References

  • Auckland Star. 1892 Dec 7. Masonic installation.
  • Auckland Star. 1892 April 9. Amusements.
  • Auckland Star. 1897 May 8. Untitled.
  • Auckland Star. 1899 Mar 23. Auckland Exploration Company Limited in liquidation.
  • Auckland Star. 1903 Aug 18. Suspected burglar.
  • Auckland Star. 1924 Dec 11. Birkenhead-Northcote Gas Company.
  • Auckland Star. 1907 Jul 15. Untitled.
  • Auckland Star. 1919 Aug 8. Racing news.
  • Auckland Star. 1896 Mar 20. Waitekauri King.
  • Auckland Star. 1941 Aug 7. Natural Foods Protection For Our Children's Children.
  • Barton G. 2001. Sir Albert Howard and the forestry roots of the organic farming movement. Agricultural History. 75:168–187. doi: 10.1525/ah.2001.75.2.168
  • Bevins A. 2010. United Masters Lodge, No. 167. History for 1909 to 2009. Auckland: United Masters Lodge.
  • Courtney H. 2005. So that the Earth may be healed: an introduction to biodynamic agriculture. Introduction to Steiner, R. What is biodynamics? Great Barrington: Steiner Books.
  • Crase A. 2014. Idealizing an organic landscape: J. I. Rodale, the Rodale Press, and the Pennsylvania Countryside. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 138:73–98. doi: 10.5215/pennmaghistbio.138.1.0073
  • Dib G. 2018. A new beginning: the establishment of the biodynamic movement in New Zealand 1930–50 [MA thesis in history]. Palmerston North: Massey University.
  • Ellwood R. 1993. Islands of the dawn the story of alternative spirituality in New Zealand. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Evening Post. 1938 Jul 25. Visit to Rothamsted.
  • Evening Post. 1941 Aug 19. Bio-dynamic farming.
  • Goodall V. 1962. ‘Flock House’ A history of the New Zealand Sheep owner’s acknowledgement of Debt to the British Seaman Fund. Keeling & Mundy, Palmerston North.
  • Goodwin B. to Director, Horticulture Division. 22 October 1941. Hydroponics & Biodynamic Farming, Ag 84/13/206 AAFZ W5739 412 Box 77. Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
  • Heckmann J. 2016. A history of organic farming: transition from Sir Albert Howard’s War in the soil to USDA national organic Program. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 21:143–150. doi: 10.1079/RAF2005126
  • Jackson, Thomas Cecil Rhodes. 1967–1981. AAOY W5461 21078 Box 44 152/81 Archives New Zealand, Wellington.
  • Jones G, Mowatt S. 2016. National image as a competitive disadvantage: the case of the New Zealand organic food industry. Business History. 58:1262–1288. doi: 10.1080/00076791.2016.1178721
  • Kirchmann H. 1994. Biological dynamic farming – an occult form of alternative agriculture. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 7:173–187. doi: 10.1007/BF02349036
  • Lewis K, Cassells S. 2014. The spiritual dimension of biodynamics: an alternative source of capital in the rural context. Exploring Rural Enterprise: New Perspectives on Research and Policy. 4:175–191.
  • Lewis K, Walker R, Cassells S. 2011. Entrepreneurship first or last? Biodynamic enterprise in New Zealand. In: Alsos GA , Carter S, Ljunggren E, Welter F, editors. The handbook of research on entrepreneurship in agriculture and rural development. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar; p. 147–161.
  • McMahon N. 2005. Biodynamic farmers in Ireland. Transforming society through purity, solitude and bearing witness? Sociologia Ruralis. 45:99–114. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9523.2005.00293.x
  • Meechin J, Holthouse P & B, Bourn R, editors. 1993. Healthy soil healthy food healthy people. A history of the first 50 years of the Soil & health Association of New Zealand. Auckland: Soil land Health Association of NZ Inc..
  • Merrill M. 1983. Eco-agriculture; a review of its history and philosophy. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. 1:181–210. doi: 10.1080/01448765.1983.9754395
  • Moaut M, Prince R, Roche M. 2019. Making value out of ethics: the emerging economic geography of lab-grown meat and other animal-free food products. Economic Geography. 95:136–158. doi: 10.1080/00130095.2018.1508994
  • New Zealand Herald. 1895 Jun 27. Mining notices.
  • New Zealand Herald. 1898 Dec 19. Application for registration.
  • New Zealand Herald. 1908 Nov 24. Auckland Supreme Court.
  • New Zealand Herald. 1904 Dec 1. Birkenhead and Northcote Gas Company.
  • New Zealand Herald. 1910 Aug 16. ARC Committee.
  • New Zealand Herald. 1910 Apr 22. Mayoral elections.
  • New Zealand Herald. 1941 Aug 7. Food value league.
  • New Zealand Theosophical Magazine. 1906. Vol III No. II. Information for inquirers [inside front cover].
  • Northern Advocate. 1945 Mar 20. Scientific use of compost may mean new life for citrus orchards in Kerikeri.
  • Observer. 1896 Feb 8. Notice.
  • Observer. 1905 Oct 21. Abridged Prospectus of the Champion Mines Limited.
  • Observer. 1916 May 27. The social sphere by Myra.
  • Observer. 1895 Nov 9. Untitled.
  • Paterson J. 2001. Resistance to the agriculture of modernity: the old order Amish, biodynamic agriculture, and small-farming in New Zealand. Occasional Paper Series Number 2, Department of Social Policy, University of Waikato.
  • Paull J. 2011a. Attending the first organic agriculture course: Rudolf Steiner’s agriculture course at Koberwitz, 1924. European Journal of Social Sciences. 21:64–70.
  • Paull J. 2011b. Biodynamic agriculture: the Journey from Koberwitz to the world, 1924–1938. Journal of Organic Systems. 6:27–41.
  • Paull J. 2011c. The secrets of Koberwitz: the diffusion of Rudolf Steiner’s agriculture course and the founding of biodynamic agriculture. Journal of Social Research & Policy. 2:19–29.
  • Paull J. 2013. A history of the organic agriculture movement in Australia. In: Mascitelli B, Lobo A, editors. Organics in the global food chain. Ballarat: Connor Court Publishing; p. 37–61, 241–244.
  • Paull J. 2014. Ernesto Genoni: Australia’s pioneer of biodynamic agriculture. Journal of Organics. 191:57–81.
  • Paull J. 2014a. Lord Northbourne, the man who invented organic farming, a biography. Journal of Organic Systems. 9:31–53.
  • Paull J. 2017. Ileen Macpherson: life and tragedy of a pioneer of biodynamic farming at Demeter farm and a benefactor of anthroposophy in Australia. Journal of Organics. 4:29–55.
  • Paull J. 2018. The pioneers of biodynamics in New Zealand. Harvests. 70:38–40.
  • Press. 1926 Aug 16. London personals.
  • Press. 1932 Mar 11. The Services promotion of officers.
  • Press. 1932 Mar 29. A soldier goes farming.
  • Reganold J, Palmer A, Lockhart J, MacGregor N. 1993. Soil quality and financial performance of biodynamic and conventional farms in New Zealand. Science. 260:344–349. doi: 10.1126/science.260.5106.344
  • Ritchie M, Campbell H. 1996. Historical development of the organic agriculture movement in New Zealand. In: Campbell H, editor. Recent developments in organic food production in New Zealand: part 1, organic food exporting in Canterbury. Studies in rural sustainability, Research report no. 1. Dunedin: Anthropology Department, University of Otago; p. 10–18.
  • Rodale R. 2015. J.L. Rodale. Organic Gardening. 62:30–32.
  • Selg P. 2010. The agriculture course Koberwitz, Whitsun 1924. Forest Row, UK: Temple Lodge.
  • Shi-ming MA, Sauerborn J. 2006. Review of the history and recent development of organic farming worldwide. Agricultural Sciences in China. 5930:169–178.
  • Steiner R. 2004. Agriculture course. The birth of the biodynamic method. George Adams, translator; 1924, Forest Road, reprinted London: Rudolph Steiner Press 1924.
  • Stone R. 1987. ‘Sinister’ Auckland business cliques, 1840–1940. New Zealand Journal of History. 21:29–45.
  • Stuart A, Campbell H. 2004. ″Business as usual″: contextualising the GM/organic conflict within the history of New Zealand agriculture. New Zealand Sociology. 19:220–239.
  • Stuart S. 1906. The principles of theosophy. The New Zealand Theosophical Magazine. III(II):113.
  • Turbott J. 2013. Anthroposophy in the antipodes: a lived spirituality in New Zealand 1902–1960s. [MA thesis in History]. Palmerston North: Massey University.
  • Turbott J. 2019. The emergence of the biodynamic movement in New Zealand: 1930–1960s. Journal of Organics. 6:23–30.