References
- Alberta Environment. 2010. Guidelines for reclamation to forest vegetation in the Athabasca Oil Sands region. 2nd ed. Fort McMurray (AB): Terrestrial Subgroup of the Reclamation Working Group of the Cumulative Environmental Management Association. [accessed 2021 Feb 19]. https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/966069fc-7910-4fc5-85da-3a717bfbddc5/resource/1056c2a6-0815-4d0a-ab0c-80938e1e5bd1/download/8269.pdf.
- Alberta Environment and Parks. 2017. Annual oil sands mine 2016 – conservation and reclamation reports. Edmonton (AB): Government of Alberta. [accessed 2020 Apr 11]. http://osip.alberta.ca/library/Dataset/Details/27.
- Alday JG, Pallavicini Y, Marrs RH, Martínez-Ruiz C. 2011. Functional groups and dispersal strategies as guides for predicting vegetation dynamics on reclaimed mines. Plant Ecol. 212:1759–1775. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-011-9947-6.
- Audet P, Pinno BD, Thiffault E. 2015. Reclamation of boreal forest after oil sands mining: anticipating novel challenges in novel environments. Can J Forest Res. 45:364–371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0330.
- Bergeron Y, Leduc A, Harvey B, Gauthier S. 2002. Natural fire regime: a guide for sustainable management of the Canadian boreal forest. Silva Fenn. 36:81–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.553.
- Brouillet L, Coursol F, Meades SJ, Favreau M, Anions M, Desmet P, Bélisle P, Gendreau C, O’Reilly P, Argus G, et al. 2010. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). [accessed 2021 Feb 26]. http://data.canadensys.net/vascan.
- Brown RL, Naeth MA. 2014. Woody debris amendment enhances reclamation after oil sands mining in Alberta, Canada. Restor Ecol. 22:40–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12029.
- Brown SM, Petrone RM, Chasmer L, Mendoza C, Lazerjan MS, Landhäusser SM, Silins U, Leach J, Devito KJ. 2014. Atmospheric and soil moisture controls on evapotranspiration from above and within a Western Boreal Plain aspen forest. Hydrol Process. 28:4449–4462. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9879.
- Brumelis G, Carleton TJ. 1988. The vegetation of post logged black spruce lowlands in central Canada. I. Trees and tall shrubs. Can J Forest Res. 18:1470–1478. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/x88-226.
- Buss J, Pinno BD, Quideau S. 2020. A comparison between reclamation stockpile and boreal forest seed banks and plant communities. Rest Ecol. 28:1247–1256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13196.
- Chazdon RL. 2008. Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands. Science. 320:1458–1460. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155365.
- Chazdon RL, Guariguata MR. 2016. Natural regeneration as a tool for large-scale forest restoration in the tropics: prospects and challenges. Biotropica. 48:716–730. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12381.
- Chen HYH, Biswas SR, Sobey TM, Brassard BW, Bartels SF. 2017. Reclamation strategies for mined forest soils and overstorey drive understorey vegetation. J Appl Ecol. 55:926–936. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13018.
- Crouzeilles R, Ferreira MS, Chazdon RL, Lindenmayer DB, Sansevero JBB, Monteiro L, Iribarrem A, Latawiec AE, Strassburg BBN. 2017. Ecological restoration success is higher for natural regeneration than for active restoration in tropical forests. Sci Adv. 3:e1701345. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701345.
- Delong SC, Kessler WB. 2000. Ecological characteristics of mature forest remnants left by wildfire. For Ecol Manage. 131:93–106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00203-0.
- Dhar A, Comeau PG, Karst J, Pinno B, Chang S, Naeth MA, Vassov R, Bampfylde C. 2018. Plant community development following reclamation of oil sands mine sites in the boreal forest: a review. Environ Rev. 26:286–298. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0091.
- Dhar A, Comeau PG, Naeth MA, Pinno B, Vassov R. 2020. Plant community development following reclamation of oil sands mines using four cover soil types in northern Alberta. Rest Ecol. 28:82–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13039.
- Dhar A, Comeau PG, Naeth MA, Vassov R. 2020. Early boreal forest understory plant community development in reclaimed oil sands. Ecol Eng. 158:106014. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106014.
- Dhar A, Comeau PG, Vassov R. 2019. Effects of cover soil stockpiling on plant community development following reclamation of oil sands sites in Alberta. Rest Ecol. 27:352–360. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12858.
- Dhar A, Naeth AM, Jennings PD, Gamal El-Din M. 2020a. Geothermal energy resources: potential environmental impact and land reclamation. Environ Rev. 28:415–427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2019-0069.
- Dhar A, Naeth AM, Jennings PD, Gamal El-Din M. 2020b. Perspectives on environmental impacts and a land reclamation strategy for solar and wind energy systems. Sci Total Environ. 718:134602. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134602.
- Dickie JB, Gajjar KH, Birch P, Harris JA. 1988. The survival of viable seeds in stored topsoil from opencast coal workings and its implications for site restoration. Biol Conserv. 43:257–265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(88)90119-X.
- Dobson AP, Bradshaw AD, Baker AJM. 1997. Hopes for the future: restoration ecology and conservation biology. Science. 277:515–522. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5325.515.
- Errington RC, Pinno BD. 2016. Early successional plant community dynamics on a reclaimed oil sands mine in comparison with natural boreal forest communities. Écoscience. 22:133–144. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2016.1169385.
- Evans MC, Carwardine J, Fensham RJ, Butler DW, Wilson KA, Possingham HP, Martin TG. 2015. Carbon farming via assisted natural regeneration as a cost-effective mechanism for restoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Environ Sci Policy. 50:114–129. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.02.003.
- Forsch KBC, Dhar A, Naeth MA. 2021. Effects of woody debris and cover soil types on soil properties and vegetation four-five years after oil sands reclamation. Rest Ecol. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13420.
- Gingras-Hill T, Nwaishi FC, Macrae ML, Price JS, Petrone RM. 2018. Ecohydrological functioning of an upland undergoing reclamation on post-mining landscape of the Athabasca oil sands region, Canada. Ecohydrology. 11(3):e1941. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1941.
- Government of Canada. 2019. Canadian climate normals 1981–2010 station data. [accessed 2020 Mar 2]. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=Fort+McMurray&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=2519&dispBack=1.
- Grant CD, Koch J. 2007. Decommissioning Western Australia’s first bauxite mine: co-evolving vegetation restoration techniques and targets. Ecol Manage Restor. 8:92–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-8903.2007.00346.x.
- Hart SA, Chen HYH. 2006. Understory vegetation dynamics of North American boreal forests. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 25:381–397. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680600819286.
- Hawkes VC, Miller MT, Novoa J, Ibeke E, Martin JP. 2020. Opportunistic wetland formation, characterization, and quantification on landforms reclaimed to upland ecosites in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. Wetl Ecol Manag. 28:953–970. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-020-09760-x.
- Holl KD, Aide TM. 2011. When and where to actively restore ecosystems? For Ecol Manag. 261:1558–1563. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.07.004.
- Jobidon R. 1993. Nitrate fertilization stimulates emergence of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) under forest canopy. Fertil Res. 36:91–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00749952.
- Johnstone JF, Chapin FS III, Foote J, Kemmett S, Price K, Viereck L. 2004. Decadal observations of tree regeneration following fire in boreal forests. Can J Forest Res. 34:267–273. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-183.
- Koch JM, Ward SC, Grant CD, Ainsworth GL. 1996. Effect of bauxite mine restoration operation on topsoil seed reserves in the Jarrah forest of Western Australia. Rest Ecol. 4:368–376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1996.tb00189.x.
- Lamb D. 2014. Large-scale forest restoration. London: Routledge.
- Larsen JA. 1980. The boreal ecosystem. New York (NY): Academic Press.
- Latawiec AE, Crouzeilles R, Brancalion PHS, Rodrigues RR, Sansevero JB, Santos JS, Mills M, Nave AG, Strassburg BB. 2016. Natural regeneration and biodiversity: a global meta-analysis and implications for spatial planning. Biotropica. 48:844–855. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12386.
- Lee PC, Crites S, Nietfeld M, Van Nguyen H, Stelfox JB. 1997. Characteristics and origins of deadwood material in aspen-dominated boreal forests. Ecol Appl. 7:691–701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0691:CAOODM]2.0.CO;2.
- Lefrançois E, Quoreshi A, Khasa D, Fung M, Whyte LG, Roy S, Greer CW. 2010. Field performance of alder-Frankia symbionts for the reclamation of oil sands sites. Appl Soil Ecol. 46:183–191. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.08.010.
- Little-Devito M, Mendoza AC, Chasmer L, Kettridge N, Devito KJ. 2019. Opportunistic wetland formation on reconstructed landforms in a sub-humid climate: influence of site and landscape-scale factors. Wetl Ecol Manag. 27:587–608. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-019-09679-y.
- Luna Wolter G, Dhar A, Naeth MA. 2021. Response of three native grass species on mature fine tailings reclamation substrate amended with petroleum coke. J Environ Qual. 50:384–395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20204.
- Lupardus RC, ACS M, Janz A, Farr D. 2019. Succession after reclamation: identifying and assessing ecological indicators of forest recovery on reclaimed oil and natural gas well pads. Ecol Indic. 106:105515. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105515.
- MacDougall AS, Wilson SD. 2011. The invasive grass Agropyron cristatumdoubles belowground productivity but not soil carbon. Ecology. 92:657–664. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0631.1.
- Mackenzie DD, Naeth MA. 2010. The role of the forest soil propagule bank in assisted natural recovery after oil sands mining. Rest Ecol. 18:418–427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00500.x.
- Mackenzie DD, Naeth MA. 2019. Native seed, soil and atmosphere respond to boreal forest topsoil (LFH) storage. PloS ONE. 14(9):e0220367. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220367.
- Martin TE, Paine CR, Conway CJ, Hochachka WM, Allen P, Jenkins W. 1997. BBIRD field protocol. Missoula (Montana): Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. University of Montana. [accessed 2020 Apr 16].
- Meli P, Holl KD, Rey Benayas JM, Jones HP, Jones PC, Montoya D, Moreno Mateos D. 2017. A global review of past land use, climate, and active vs. passive restoration effects on forest recovery. PloS ONE. 12:e0171368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171368.
- Merlin M, Leishman F, Errington RC, Pinno BD, Landhäusser SM. 2019. Exploring drivers and dynamics of early boreal forest recovery of heavily disturbed mine sites: a case study from a reconstructed landscape. New For. 50:217–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-018-9649-1.
- Miller VS, Naeth MA. 2019. Hydrogel and organic amendments to increase water retention in anthroposols for land reclamation. Appl Environ Soil Sci. 2019:195836547. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4768091.
- Moss EH. 1994. Flora of Alberta: a manual of flowering plants, conifers, ferns and fern allies found growing without cultivation in the province of Alberta, Canada. 2nd ed. Toronto (ON): University of Toronto Press.
- Mummey DL, Stahl PD, Buyer JS. 2002. Soil microbiological properties 20 years after surface mine reclamation: spatial analysis of reclaimed and undisturbed sites. Soil Biol Biochem. 34:1717–1725. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00158-X.
- Naeth MA, Wilkinson SR, Mackenzie DD, Archibald HA, Powter CB. 2013. Potential of LFH mineral soil mixes for land reclamation in Alberta. Edmonton (AB): Oil Sands Research and Information Network, University of Alberta, School of Energy and the Environment.
- Palmer MA, Ambrose RF, Poff NL. 1997. Ecological theory and community restoration ecology. Restor Ecol. 5:291–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.00543.x.
- Pinno BD, Hawkes VC. 2015. Temporal trends of ecosystem development on different site types in reclaimed boreal forests. Forests. 6:2109–2124. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/f6062109.
- Popadiouk RV, Chen HYH, Bowling C, Vasiliauskas SA. 2003. Compositional and structural characteristics of Ontario’s boreal mixedwoods. Ottawa (ON): Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Northeast Science and Information, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. NESI TR-045.
- Seo J-W, Eckstein D, Jalkanen R, Schmitt U. 2011. Climatic control of intra- and inter-annual wood formation dynamics of Scots pine in northern Finland. Environ Exp Bot. 72:422–431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.01.003.
- Shugart HH, Leemans R, Bonan GB. 1992. Introduction. In: Shugart HH, Leemans R, Bonan GB, editors. A systems analysis of the global boreal forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 1–8.
- Skrindo AB, Halvorsen R. 2008. Natural revegetation on forest topsoil and subsoil along roadsides in boreal forest. Appl Veg Sci. 11:483–490. doi:https://doi.org/10.3170/2008-7-18552.
- Tremblay PY, Thiffault E, Pinno BD. 2019. Effects of land reclamation practices on the productivity of young trembling aspen and white spruce on a reclaimed oil sands mining site in northern Alberta. New For. 50:911–942. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-019-09705-0.
- Trepanier KE, Burton B, Pinno BD. 2021. Do weeds hinder the establishment of native plants on a reclaimed North American boreal mine site? Diversity. 13:76. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020076.
- Tropek R, Hejda M, Kadlec T, Spitzer L. 2013. Local and landscape factors affecting communities of plants and diurnal Lepidoptera in black coal spoil heaps: implications for restoration management. Ecol Eng. 57:252–260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.04.024.
- Volik O, Elmes M, Petrone R, Kessel E, Green A, Cobbaert D, Price J. 2020. Wetlands in the Athabasca oil sands region: the nexus between wetland hydrological function and resource extraction. Environ Rev. 28:246–261. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2019-0040.
- Widdowson JP, Gibson EJ, Healy WB. 1982. Effects of stockpiling topsoils associated with opencast mining. 1. Chemical properties and the growth of ryegrass and white clover. New Zeal J Sci. 25:287–294.
- Wilson SD, Pinno BD. 2013. Environmentally-contingent behaviour of invasive plants as drivers or passengers. Oikos. 122:129–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20673.x.