References
- Anchukaitis KJ, Wilson R, Briffa KR, Büntgen U, Cook ER, D’Arrigo R, Davi N, Esper J, Frank D, Gunnarson BE, et al. 2017. Last millennium Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures from tree rings: part II, spatially resolved reconstructions. Quaternary Sci Rev. 163:1–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.02.020.
- Archambault S, Bergeron Y. 1992. An 802-year tree-ring chronology from the Quebec boreal forest. Can J Forest Res. 22(5):674–682. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/x92-090.
- Arseneault D. 1996. Analyse dendroécologique des macrorestes ligneux des tourbières subarctiques. [PhD dissertation]. Québec: Université Laval.
- Arseneault D, Dy B, Gennaretti F, Autin J, Bégin Y. 2013. Developing millennial tree ring chronologies in the fire-prone North American boreal forest. J Quaternary Sci. 28(3):283–292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2612.
- Arseneault D, Payette S. 1992. A postfire shift from lichen-spruce to lichen-tundra vegetation at tree line. Ecology. 73(3):1067–1081. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1940181.
- Arseneault D, Payette S. 1997a. Reconstruction of millennial forest dynamics from tree remains in a subarctic tree line peatland. Ecology. 78(6):1873–1883. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1873:ROMFDF]2.0.CO;2.
- Arseneault D, Payette S. 1997b. Landscape change following deforestation at the arctic tree line in Québec, Canada. Ecology. 78:693–706.
- Arseneault D, Payette S. 1998. Chronologie des cernes pâles de l’épinette noire (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) au Québec subarctique: de 706 à 1675 ap. J.-C. Géographie physique et Quaternaire. 52:1–8.
- Asselin H. 2005. Dynamique végétale d’une toposéquence subarctique. Interaction entre le climat et les incendies forestiers [PhD dissertation]. Québec: Université Laval.
- Asselin H, Payette S. 2005a. Late Holocene opening of the forest tundra landscape in northern Québec, Canada. Global Ecol Biogeogr. 14(4):307–313. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2005.00157.x.
- Asselin H, Payette S. 2005b. Late Holocene deforestation of a tree line site: estimation of pre-fire vegetation composition and black spruce cover using soil charcoal. Ecography. 28:801–805.
- Asselin H, Payette S. 2006. Origin and long-term dynamics of a subarctic tree line. Écoscience. 13(2):135–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.2980/i1195-6860-13-2-135.1.
- Autin J, Gennaretti F, Arseneault D, Bégin Y. 2015. Biases in RCS tree ring chronologies due to sampling heights of trees. Dendrochronologia. 36:13–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2015.08.002.
- Barber VA, Juday GP, Finney BP. 2000. Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress. Nature. 405(6787):668–673. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/35015049.
- Bégin C. 1991. Analyse architecturale et dendroécologique d’une pessière à lichens à la limite des forêts. [PhD dissertation]. Québec: Université Laval.
- Bégin C, Filion L. 1999. Black spruce (Picea mariana) architecture. Can J Bot. 77:664–672.
- Bégin Y, Payette S. 1988. Dendroecological evidence of lake-level changes during the last three centuries in subarctic Québec. Quaternary Res. 30(2):210–220. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90025-7.
- Berger A. 1978. Long-term variations of daily insolations and Quaternary climatic changes. J Atmos Sci. 35(12):2362–2367. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2362:LTVODI>2.0.CO;2.
- Bhiry N, Payette S, Robert E. 2007. Peatland development at the arctic tree line (Québec, Canada) influenced by flooding and permafrost. Quaternary Res. 67(3):426–437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.11.009.
- Bradley R. 2014. Paleoclimatology. Reconstructing climates of the Quaternary. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Academic Press.
- Briffa KR, Jones PD, Bartholin TS, Eckstein D, Schweingruber FH, Karlen W, Zetterberg P, Eronen M. 1992. Fennoscandian summers from AD 500: temperature changes on short and long timescales. Clim Dynam. 7(3):111–119. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211153.
- Brown PM, Kaufmann MR, Shepperd WD. 1999. Long-term, landscape patterns of past fire events in a montane ponderosa pine forest of central Colorado. Landscape Ecol. 14(6):513–532. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008137005355.
- Büntgen U, Arseneault D, É B, Churakova (Sidorova) OV, Gennaretti F, Crivellaro A, Mk H, Av K, Klippel L, PJ K, et al. 2020. Prominent role of volcanism in Common Era climate variability and human history. Dendrochronologia. 64:125757. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125757.
- Büntgen U, Brazdil R, Heussner KU, Hofmann J, Kontic R, Kyncl T, Pfister C, Chroma K, Tegel W. 2011. Combined dendro-documentary evidence of Central European hydroclimatic springtime extremes over the last millennium. Quaternary Sci Rev. 30(27–28):3947–3959. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.10.010.
- Caccianiga M, Payette S, Filion L. 2008. Biotic disturbance in expanding subarctic forests along the eastern coast of Hudson Bay. New Phytol. 178(4):823–834. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02408.x.
- CEN. 2020. Données des stations climatiques de la région de la rivière Boniface au Nunavik, Québec, Canada, v. 1.3 (1988-2019). Nordicana D7, doi: https://doi.org/10.5885/45129SL-DBDA2A77C0094963.
- Corona C, Lopez Saez J, Stoffel M, Rovéra G, J-l E, Berger F. 2013. Seven centuries of avalanche activity at Echalp (Queyras massif, southern French Alps) as inferred from tree rings. Holocene. 23(2):292–304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683612460784.
- Cyr S, Payette S. 2010. The origin and structure of wooded permafrost mounds at the arctic treeline in eastern Canada. Plant Ecol Divers. 3(1):35–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17550871003777176.
- Dahl-Jensen D, Mosegaard K, Gundestrup N, Clow GD, Johnsen SJ, Hansen AW, Balling N. 1998. Past temperatures directly from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Science. 282(5387):268–271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5387.268.
- Delwaide A, Filion L. 1999. Dendroséries du pin blanc (Pinus strobus L.) et de la pruche de l’est (Tsuga canadensis L. Carr.) dans la région de Québec. Géographie physique et Quaternaire. 53(2):265–275. doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/004853ar.
- Delwaide A, Filion L, Payette S. 1991. Spatiotemporal distribution of light rings in subarctic black spruce, Québec. Can J Forest Res. 21(12):1828–1832. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/x91-252.
- Dyke AS. 2004. Deglaciation with emphasis on central and northern Canada. In: Ehlers J, Gibbard PL, editors. Quaternary glaciations: extent and chronology. part II: North America. developments in quaternary science. Vol. 2, New York (NY): Elsevier; p. 373–424.
- Eiriksson J, Bartels-Jonsdottir HB, Cage AG, Gudmundsdottir ER, Klitgaard- Kistensen D, Marret F, Rodrigues T, Abrantes F, Austin WEN, Jiang H, et al. 2006. Variability of the North Atlantic current during the last 2000 years based on shelf bottom water and sea surface temperatures along an open ocean/shallow marine transect in western Europe. Holocene. 16(7):1017–1019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683606hl991rp.
- Esper J, Cook ER, Krusic PJ, Peters K, Schweingruber FH. 2003. Tests of the RCS method for preserving low-frequency variability in long tree-ring chronologies. Tree-Ring Res. 59:81–98.
- Esper J, Niederer R, Bebi P, Frank D. 2008. Climate signal age effects evidence from young and old trees in the Swiss Engadin. Forest Ecol Manag. 255(11):3783–3789. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.015.
- Ferguson CW. 1969. A 7104-year annual tree-ring chronology for bristlecone pine, Pinus aristata, from the White Mountains, California. Tree-Ring Bull. 29:3–29.
- Filion L, Payette S, Gauthier L. 1985. Analyse dendroclimatique d’un krummholz à la limite des arbres, lac Bush, Québec nordique. Géographie physique et Quaternaire. 39(2):221–226. doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/032604ar.
- Filion L, Payette S, Gauthier L, Boutin Y. 1986. Light rings in subarctic conifers as a dendrochronological tool. Quaternary Res. 26(2):272–279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(86)90111-0.
- Gennaretti F, Arseneault D, Nicault A, Perreault L, Bégin Y. 2014. Volcano-induced regime shifts in millennial tree-ring chronologies from Northeastern North America. P Natl Acad Sci USA. 111(28):10077–10082. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1324220111.
- Girard F, Payette S, Gagnon R. 2011. Dendroecological analysis of black spruce in lichen-spruce woodlands of the closed-crown forest zone in eastern Canada. Écoscience. 18(3):279–294. doi:https://doi.org/10.2980/18-3-3438.
- Grove JM. 2004. Little ice ages: ancient and modern. Boca Raton (FL): Routledge.
- Hadley JL, Smith WK. 1983. Influence of wind exposure on needle desiccation and mortality for timberline conifers in Wyoming, USA. Arct Alp Res. 15(1):127–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1550988.
- Hadley JL, Smith WK. 1986. Wind erosion of leaf surface wax in alpine timberline conifers. Arct Alp Res. 67:12–19.
- Harland R, Asteman IP, Nordberg K. 2013. A two-millennium dinoflagellate cyst record from Gullmar Fjord, a Swedish skagerrak sill fjord. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 392:247–260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.09.006.
- Helama S, Jones PD, Briffa KR. 2017. Dark ages cold period: a literature review and directions for future research. Holocene. 27(10):1600–1606. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617693898.
- Helama S, Timonen M, Lindholm M, Merilainen J, Eronen M. 2005. Extracting long-period climate fluctuations from tree-ring chronologies over timescales of centuries to millennia. Int J Climatol. 25(13):1767–1779. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1215.
- Helama SK, Mielikäinen K, Timonen M, Eronen M. 2008. Finnish supra-long tree-ring chronology extended to 5634 BC. Norsk Geogr Tidsskrift. 62(4):271–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00291950802517593.
- Holmes RL. 1983. Computer-assisted quality control in tree ring dating and measurement. Tree-ring Bull. 43:69–78.
- Jacoby GC, Ivanciu IS, Ulan LD. 1988. A 263-year record of summer temperature for northern Quebec reconstructed from tree-ring data and evidence of a major climatic shift in the early 1800s. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 64(1–2):69–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(88)90143-5.
- Kelly PE, Cook ER, Larson DW. 1994. A 1397-year tree-ring chronology of Thuja occidentalis from cliff faces of the Niagara escarpment, southern Ontario, Canada. Can J Forest Res. 24(5):1049–1057. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/x94-137.
- LaMarche VC Jr, Harlan TP. 1973. Accuracy of tree-ring dating of bristlecone pine for calibration of the radiocarbon time scale. J Geophys Res. 78:8849–8858.
- Lamb HH. 1965. The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 1:13–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(65)90004-0.
- Lamb HH. 1977. Climate, past, present and future. Vol. 2, London: Methuen: Climatic history and the future.
- Lamb HH. 1995. Climate history and the modern world. New York: Routledge.
- Lavoie C. 1994. Dynamique holocène de la limite des forêts au Québec subarctique. [PhD dissertation]. Québec: Université Laval.
- Lavoie C, Payette S. 1992. Black spruce growth forms as a record of a changing winter environment at treeline, Québec, Canada. Arct Alp Res. 24(1):40–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1551318.
- Lavoie C, Payette S. 1994. Recent fluctuations of the recent spruce forest limit in subarctic Québec. J Ecol. 82(4):725–734. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2261438.
- Lavoie C, Payette S. 1997. Late-Holocene light-ring chronologies from subfossil black spruce stems in mires of subarctic Québec. Holocene. 7(2):129–137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369700700201.
- Lescop-Sinclair K, Payette S. 1995. Recent advance of the arctic treeline along the eastern coast of Hudson Bay. J Ecol. 83(6):929–936. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2261175.
- Liang C, Filion L, Cournoyer L. 1997. Wood structure of biotically and climatically induced light rings in eastern larch (Larix laricina). Can J Forest Res. 27(10):1538–1547. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/x97-117.
- Lieffers VJ, Rothwell RL. 1987. Rooting of peatland black spruce and tamarack in relation to depth of water table. Can J Bot. 65(5):817–821. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-111.
- Linderholm HW, Gunnarson BE, Liu Y. 2010. Comparing scots pine tree-ring proxies and detrending methods among sites in Jamtland, west-central, Scandinavia. Dendrochronologia. 28(4):239–249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2010.01.001.
- Ljungqvist FC. 2010. A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere during the last two millennia. Geogr Ann. 92A(3):339–351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00399.x.
- Luckman BH 1995. Calendar-dated, early little ice age glacier advance at Robson Glacier, British Columbia, Canada. Holocene. 5(2):149–159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369500500203.
- Maher CT, Nelson CR, Larson AJ. 2020. Winter damage is more important than summer temperature for maintaining the krummholz growth form above alpine treeline. J Ecol. 108(3):1074–1087. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13315.
- Marchand PJ. 1987. Life in the cold:An introduction to winter ecology. Hanover (New Hampshire): University Press of New-England.
- Martin-Benito D, Pederson N, McDonald M, Krusic P, Fernandez JM, Buckley B, Anchukaitis KJ, D’Arrigo R, Andreu-Hayles L, Cook E. 2014. Dendrochronological dating of the world trade center ship, lower Manhattan, New York City. Tree-Ring Res. 70(2):65–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.3959/1536-1098-70.2.65.
- Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pörtner HO, Roberts D, Skea J, Shukla PR, Pirani A, Moufouma-Okia W, Péan C, Pidcock R, et al., editors. 2018. IPCC. 2018: global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Geneva (Switzerland): IPCC.
- Morin H, Payette S. 1986. La dynamique récente des combes à neige du golfe de Richmond (Québec nordique): une analyse dendrochronologique. Can J Bot. 64(9):2113–2119. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/b86-278.
- Naurzbaev MM, Vaganov EA. 2000. Variation of early summer and annual temperature in east Taymir and Putoran (Siberia) over the last two millennia inferred from tree rings. J Geophys Res. 105(D6):7317–7326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901059.
- Payette S. 1983. The forest tundra and the present tree-lines of the Northern Québec-Labrador Peninsula. Nordicana. 47:141–151.
- Payette S. 2007. Contrasted dynamics of Northern Labrador tree lines caused by climate change and migration lag. Ecology. 88(3):770–780. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0265.
- Payette S, Delwaide A. 1994. Growth of black spruce at its northern range limit in Arctic Quebec, Canada. Arct Alp Res. 26(2):174–179. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1551781.
- Payette S, Delwaide A. 2004. Dynamics of subarctic wetland forests over the past 1500 years. Ecol Monogr. 74(3):373–391. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/03-4033.
- Payette S, Delwaide A, Morneau C, Lavoie C. 1994. Stem analysis of a long-lived black spruce clone at treeline. Arct Alp Res. 26(1):56–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1551877.
- Payette S, Delwaide A, Morneau C, Lavoie C. 1996. Patterns of tree stem decline along a snow-drift gradient at treeline: a case study using stem analysis. Can J Bot. 74(11):1671–1683. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/b96-203.
- Payette S, Filion L, Delwaide A, Bégin C. 1989. Reconstruction of tree-line vegetation responses to long-term climate change. Nature. 341(6241):429–432. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/341429a0.
- Payette S, Filion L, Gauthier L, Boutin Y. 1985. Secular climate change in old-growth tree-line vegetation of northern Quebec. Nature. 315(6015):135–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/315135a0.
- Payette S, Gagnon R. 1985. Late Holocene deforestation and tree regeneration in the forest-tundra of Québec. Nature. 313(6003):570–572. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/313570a0.
- Payette S, Morneau C. 1993. Holocene relict woodlands at the eastern Canadian treeline. Quaternary Res. 39(1):84–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1010.
- Pereg D, Payette S. 1998. Development of black spruce growth forms at treeline. Plant Ecol. 138(2):137–147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009756707596.
- Porter SC. 1981. Glaciological evidence of Holocene climatic change. In: Wigley TML, Ingram MJ, Farmer G, editors. Climate and history studies on past climates and their impact on man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 82–110.
- Querrec L, Filion L, Auger R, Arseneault D. 2009. Tree-ring analysis of white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) archaeological and historical wood in Québec City (Québec, Canada). Dendrochronologia. 27(3):199–212. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2009.05.004.
- R Core Team. 2019. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
- Rochner ML, Kelley HW, Wilson CS, Bennett T, Grissino-Mayer HD. 2017. Dendrochronological dating of the warner house and barn (20LV334), Livingston County, Michigan, USA. Dendrochronologia. 43:4–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2016.11.002.
- Salzer MW, Pearson CL, Baisan CH 2019. Dating the methuselah walk bristlecone pine floating chronologies. Tree-Ring Res. 75(1):61–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.3959/1536-1098-75.1.61.
- Stuiver M, Reimer PJ, Reimer RW. 2020. CALIB 8.2. http://calib.org; [ accessed 2020 Sept 13].
- Sullivan PF, Pattison RR, Brownlee AH, Cahoon SMP, Hollingsworth TN. 2017. Limited evidence of declining growth among moisture‐limited black and white spruce in interior Alaska. Sci Rep. 7(1):1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15644-7.
- Vallée S, Payette S. 2004. Contrasted growth of black spruce (Picea mariana) forest trees at treeline associated with climate change over the last 400 years. Arct Antarct Alp Res. 36(4):400–406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2004)036[0400:CGOBSP]2.0.CO;2.
- Vézeau C, Payette S. 2016. Gap expansion in old-growth subarctic forests: the climate-pathogen connection. New Phytol. 212(4):1044–1056. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14081.
- Walker MJC, Berkelhammer M, Björck S, Cwynar LC, Fisher DA, Long AJ, Lowe JJ, Newnham RM, Rasmussen SO, Weiss H. 2012. Formal subdivision of the Holocene series/epoch: a discussion paper by a working group of INTIMATE (integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the subcommission on quaternary stratigraphy (international commission on stratigraphy). J Quat Sci. 27:649–659.
- Wang F, Arseneault D, É B, Yu S, Ouellet S, Chaillou G, Delwaide A, Wang L. 2020. Chemical destaining and the delta correction for blue intensity measurements of stained lake subfossil trees. Biogeosciences. 17(D6):4559–4570. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4559-2020.
- Wang L, Payette S, Bégin Y. 2000. A quantitative definition of light rings in black spruce (Picea mariana) at the Arctic treeline in Northern Québec, Canada. Arct Antarct Alp Res. 32(3):324–330. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2000.12003370.
- Wang L, Payette S, Bégin Y. 2002. Relationships between anatomical and densitometric characteristics of black spruce and summer temperature at tree line in northern Quebec. Can J Forest Res. 32(3):477–486. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-208.
- Wang T, Surge D, Mithen S. 2012. Seasonal temperature variability of the Neoglacial (3300–2500 BP) and roman warm period (2500–1600 BP) reconstructed from oxygen isotope ratios of limpet shells (Patella vulgata), Northwest Scotland. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 317-318:104–113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.12.016.
- Wanner H, Solomina O, Grosjean M, Ritz SP, Jetel M. 2011. Structure and origin of Holocene cold events. Quaternary Sci Rev. 30(21–22):3109–3123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.010.
- Wigley TML, Briffa KR, Jones PD. 1984. On the average of correlated time series, with applications in dendroclimatology and hydrometeorology. J Clim Appl Meteorol. 23(2):201–213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<0201:OTAVOC>2.0.CO;2.
- Wilson R, Anchukaitis K, Andreu-Hayles L, Cook E, D’Arrigo R, Davi N, Haberbauer L, Krusic P, Luckman B, Morimoto D, et al. 2019. Improved dendroclimatic calibration using blue intensity in the southern Yukon. Holocene. 29(11):1817–1830. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683619862037.
- Wilson R, Anchukaitis K, Briffa KR, Buntgen U, Cook E, D’Arrigo R, Davi N, Esper J, Frank D, Gunnarson B, et al. 2016. Last millennium northern hemisphere summer temperatures from tree rings: part I: the long term context. Quaternary Sci Rev. 134:1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.005.
- Wolken JM, Mann DH, Grant III TA, Lloyd AH, Scott Rupp T, Hollingsworth TN. 2016. Climate-growth relationships along a black spruce toposequence in interior Alaska. Arct Antarct Alp Res. 48(4):637–652. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR0015-056.
- Zang C, Biondi F. 2013. Dendroclimatic calibration in R: the boot res package for response and correlation function analysis. Dendrochronologia. 31(1):68–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2012.08.001.