Several Modes of Digitalisation of Value Chains and Their Effects on Firm Behaviour and Performance: Case Studies of Apparel and Video Game Industries

References

• Appelbaum, R., and G. Gereffi. 1994. “Power and Profits in the Apparel Commodity Chain.” In Global Production: The Apparel Industry in the Pacific Rim, edited by B. Edna et al., 42–62. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Apulu, I., A. Latham, and M. Robert. 2011. “Factors Affecting the Effective Utilization and Adoption of Sophisticated ICT Solutions: Case Studies of SMEs in Lagos, Nigeria.” Journal of Systems and Information Technology 13 (2): 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1108/13287261111135972
   Google Scholar
• Arendt, L. 2008. “Barriers to ICT Adoption in SMEs: How to Bridge the Digital Divide?.” Journal of Systems and Information Technology 10 (2): 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1108/13287260810897738
   Google Scholar
• Bair, J., and G. Gereffi. 2001. “Local Clusters in Global Chains: The Causes and Consequences of Export Dynamism in Torreon’s Blue Jeans Industry.” World Development 29 (11): 1885–1903. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00075-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basant, R., S. J. Commander, R. Harrison, and N. Menezes-Filho. 2006. “ICT Adoption and Productivity in Developing Countries: New Firm-Level Evidence from Brazil and India.” IZA Discussion Papers 2294. Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
   Google Scholar
• Black, S., and L. Lynch. 2001. “How to Compete: The Impact of Workplace Practices and Information Technology on Productivity.” Review of Economics and Statistics 83 (3): 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1162/00346530152480081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugger, F. 2011. Mobile applications in agriculture. http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wpcontent/uploads/2011/12/Syngenta_Report_on_mAgriculture_abridged_web_version.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Brun, L., G. Gereffi, and J. Zhan. 2017. “Industry 4.0 and Light Lead Firms.” Background paper for 2017 globalization, regional growth, and the 4th industrial revolution conference, Bologna, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Cavallo, A. 2017. “Are Online and Offline Prices Similar? Evidence from Large Multi-Channel Retailers.” American Economic Review 107 (1): 283–303. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chee, F. Y. 2022. “Competition Policy.” Reuters, September 14, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/technology/eu-courts-wed-ruling-record-44-bln-google-fine-may-set-precedent-2022-09-14/.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., and J. Xie. 2008. “Online Consumer Review: Word-of-Mouth as a new Element of Marketing Communication mix.” Management Science 54 (3): 477–491. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1070.0810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, R., and A. John. 1988. “Coordinating Coordination Failures in Keynesian Models.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 103 (3): 441–463. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenmann, T., G. Parker, and M. W. Van Alstyne. 2006. “Strategies for Two-Sided Markets.” Harvard Business Review 84 (10): 92–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenmann, T., G. Parker, and M. W. Van Alstyne. 2011. “Platform Envelopment.” Strategic Management Journal 32 (12): 1270–1285. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdogmus, H. 2009. “Cloud Computing: Does Nirvana Hide Behind the Nebula?” IEEE Software 26 (2): 4–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2009.31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esselaar, S., C. Stork, A. Ndiwalana, and M. Deen-Swarray. 2007. “ICT Usage and Its Impact on Profitability of SMEs in 13 African Countries.” Background Paper for the 2006 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, Berkeley, CA, US.
   Google Scholar
• EuropeAid. 2012. Agricultural Markets and Small-Scale Producers: Access and Risk Management Tools. Directorate General for International Development. https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/file/14233/ (accessed 25 May 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Foster, C., and M. Graham. 2015. Connectivity and the tea Sector in Rwanda. Oxford Internet Institute Report. Oxford: University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Frederick, S., and G. Gereffi. 2011. “Upgrading and Restructuring in the Global Apparel Value Chain: Why China and Asia Are Outperforming Mexico and Central America.” International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation, and Development 4 (1/2/3): 67–95. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTLID.2011.041900
   Google Scholar
• Fung Business Intelligence. 2016. Foreign Brands Continue to Foray into China’s Retail and Consumer Products Sector in the New Normal.
   Google Scholar
• Fung Business Intelligence. 2019. Venturing into Private Label Business – the Next Big Thing for E-Commerce Operators.
   Google Scholar
• Gangwar, H., H. Date, and R. Ramaswamy. 2015. “Understanding Determinants of Cloud Computing Adoption Using an Integrated TAM-TOE Model.” Journal of Enterprise Information Management 28 (1): 107–130. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-08-2013-0065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawer, A., and M. A. Cusumano. 2002. Platform Leadership: How Intel, Microsoft, and Cisco Drive Industry Innovation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gawer, A., and M. A. Cusumano. 2014. “Industry Platforms and Ecosystem Innovation.” Journal of Product Innovation Management 31 (3): 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GE. 2016. “GE introduces Digital Power Plant for Steam to Enhance Efficiency and Reduce Emission of Coal-Fired Plants.” June 14, 2016. https://www.genewsroom.com/press-releases/ge-introduces-digital-power-plant-steam-enhance-efficiency-and-reduce-emissions-coal (accessed 07 June 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Gereffi, G. 1997. “Global Shifts, Regional Response: Can North America Meet the Full-Package Challenge?” Bobbin 39 (3): 16–31.
   Google Scholar
• Gereffi, G. 1999. “International Trade and Industrial Upgrading in the Apparel Commodity Chain.” Journal of International Economics 48 (1): 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(98)00075-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gereffi, G. 2019. Global Value Chain and Development: Redefining the Contours of 21^st Century Capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goyal, A. 2010. “Information, Direct Access to Farmers, and Rural Market Performance in Central India.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2 (3): 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.2.3.22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha, L. T. 2022. “Impacts of Digital Business on Global Value Chain Participation in European Countries.” AI & Society, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01524-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagiu, A., T. H. Teh, and J. Wright. 2022. “Should Platforms be Allowed to Sell on Their own Marketplaces?” The RAND Journal of Economics 53 (2): 297–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-2171.12408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J., C. Kendrick, and C. Nosko. 2015. “The Effects of Uber’s Surge Pricing: A Case Study.” University of Chicago Booth School of Business. http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/chris.nosko/research/effects_of_uber’ s_ surge_pricing.pdf (accessed 10 June 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Ho, Jane. 2018. “NetEase Challenges Chinese E-Commerce Giants on Now Battleground: Own Label Retail.” Forbes, April 20, 2018. https://www.forbes.com/sites/janeho/2018/04/20/netease-challenges-chinese-e-commerce-giants-on-new-battleground-own-label-retail/#d8542324b130 (accessed 20 June 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey, J., and H. Schmitz. 2004. “Chain Governance and Upgrading: Taking Stock.” In Local Enterprises in the Global Economy: Issues of Governance and Upgrading, edited by H. Schmitz, 349–381. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Iansiti, M., and R. Levien. 2004. The Keystone Advantage: What the new Dynamics of Business Ecosystems Mean for Strategy, Innovation, and Sustainability. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Irani, Z. 2002. “Information Systems Evaluation: Navigating Through the Problem Domain.” Information & Management 40 (1): 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00128-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, M. L., and C. Shapiro. 1985. “Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility.” American Economic Review 75: 424–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenney, M., and J. Zysman. 2016. “The Rise of Platform Economy.” Issue in Science and Technology 32 (3): 61–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohli, R., and S. Devaraj. 2004. “Realizing Businesses Value of Information Technology Investments: An Organizational Process.” MIS Quarterly Executive 3 (1): 55–70.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J., and G. Gereffi. 2015. “Global Value Chains, Rising Power Firms and Economic and Social Upgrading.” Critical Perspectives on International Business 11 (3/4): 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-03-2014-0018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. H., D. Wang, K. Desouza, and R. Evans. 2021. “Digital Transformation and the New Normal in China: How Can Enterprises Use Digital Technologies to Respond to COVID-19?” Sustainability 13 (18): 10195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, F., S. Frederick, and G. Gereffi. 2019. “E-commerce and Industrial Upgrading in the Chinese Apparel Value Chain.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 49 (1): 24–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2018.1481220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, T. K., J. R. Chen, C. C. Huang, and C. H. Yang. 2013. “E-commerce, R&D, and Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence from Taiwan.” Information Economics and Policy 25 (4): 272–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2013.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loonam, J., and N. O’Regan. 2022. “Global Value Chains and Digital Platforms: Implications for Strategy.” Strategic Change 31 (1): 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2485
   Google Scholar
• Mahmood, M. A., and G. J. Mann. 2000. “Special Issue: Impacts of Information Technology Investment on Organizational Performance.” Journal of Information Systems 17 (1): 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Mao, Zuqing. 2021. “Global Value Chains (GVCs) and Economic Growth: A Non-Linear Analysis.” The Singapore Economics Review 67 (03): 985–1004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre, D. P., and A. Srinivasan. 2017. “Networks, Platforms, and Strategy: Emerging Views and Next Steps.” Strategic Management Journal 38 (1): 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, K. 2008. “The Global Textile and Garments Industry: The Role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Exploiting the Value Chain.” World Bank Working Paper No. 47488. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Medium. 2016. The Top Mobile Game Publishers. Information Retrieved on September 30th, 2023 at https://medium.com/@sm_app_intel/the-top-mobile-game-publishers-by-downloads-revenue-and-users-a13be2693718.
   Google Scholar
• Mehrtens, J., P. B. Cragg, and A. M. Mills. 2001. “A Model of Internet Adoption by SMEs.” Information & Management 39 (3): 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00086-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, M. H., and A. P. Lehnerd. 1997. The Power of Product Platforms: Building Value and Cost Leadership. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, J. F. 1996. The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the age of Business Ecosystems. New York, NY: Harper Business.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, J. T., and P. Carmody. 2015. Africa’s Information Revolution: Technical Regimes and Production Networks in South Africa and Tanzania. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, J. T., P. Carmody, and B. Surborg. 2014. “Industrial Transformation or Business as Usual? Information and Communication Technologies and Africa’s Place in the Global Information Economy.” Review of African Political Economy 41 (140): 264–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2013.873024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussomeli, A., D. Gish, and S. Laaper. 2016. The Rise of Digital Supply Network. Westlake, TX: Deloitte University Press. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/3465_Digital-supply-network/DUP_Digital-supply-network.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nambisan, S., D. Siegel, and M. Kenney. 2018. “On Open Innovation, Platforms, and Entrepreneurship.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 12 (3): 354–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newzoo. 2020. Global games market report 2020.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2002. Measuring the Information Economy. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org/digital/ieconomy/1835738.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2013. Interconnected Economies: Benefiting from Global Value Chain. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org/mcm/C-MIN(2013)15-ENG.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2019. Productivity in Digital Age. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/going-digital/productivity-growth-in-the-digital-age.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2020. Digital Economy Outlook. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
   Google Scholar
• OptaSense. 2014. “OptaSense announces contract with Europe’s biggest rail provider – Deutsche Bahn Netz AG.” January 20, 2014. https://www.optasense.com/optasense-announces-contract-with-europes-biggest-rail-provider-deutsche-bahn-netz-ag/ (accessed 07 June 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Ottum, B. D., and W. L. Moore. 1997. “The Role of Market Information in New Product Success/Failure.” Journal of Product Innovation Management 14 (4): 258–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.1440258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panzar, J. C., and R. D. Willig. 1981. “Economies of Scope.” American Economic Review 71 (2): 268–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, K. J., R. B. Handfield, and G. L. Ragatz. 2005. “Supplier Integration Into new Product Development: Coordinating Product, Process, and Supply Chain Design.” Journal of Operations Management 23 (3-4): 371–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2004.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiros Romero, C., and D. R. Rodriguez. 2010. “E-Commerce and Efficiency at Firm Level.” International Journal of Production Economics 126 (2): 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2010.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond, L., F. Bergeron, and S. Blili. 2005. “The Assimilation of E-Business in Manufacturing SMEs: Determinants and Effects on Growth and Internationalization.” Electronic Markets 15 (2): 106–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10196780500083761
   Google Scholar
• Reuters. 2019. “Merch by Amazon T-Shirt Business Increasing Order from Disney to Dr. Seuss.” May 30, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-automation-merch/merch-by-amazon-t-shirt-business-increasing-orders-from-disney-to-dr-seuss-idUSKCN1T0128.
   Google Scholar
• Rochet, J., and J. Tirole. 2003. “Platform Competition in two-Sided Markets.” Journal of the European Economic Association 1 (4): 990–1029. https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322493212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab, K. 2016. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Sniderman, B., M. Monica, and C. Mark. 2016. Industry 4.0 and Manufacturing Ecosystems: Exploring the World of Connected Enterprises. Westlake, TX: Deloitte University Press. http://dupress.com/articles/industry-4-0-manufacturing-ecosystems-exploring-world-connected-enterprises/.
   Google Scholar
• UNCTAD. 2017a. The new Digital Economy and Investment. New York, NY: United Nations Publication. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tn_unctad_ict4d08_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• UNCTAD. 2017b. Information Economy Report: Digitalization, Trade, and Development. New York, NY: United Nations Publication. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ier2017_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• UNCTAD. 2020. Estimates of Global E-Commerce 2018. New York, NY: United Nations Publication. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tn_unctad_ict4d15_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• UNCTAD. 2013. World Investment Report: Global Value Chains - Investment and trade for development. New York: United Nations Publication. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2013_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• UNCTAD. 2015. Information Economy Report: Unlocking the potential of E-Commerce for developing countries. New York: United Nations Publication. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ier2015_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• UNSGSA. 2018. Briefing on Regulatory Sandboxes. New York, NY: United Nations Publication. https://www.unsgsa.org/files/1915/3141/8033/Sandbox.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Vandenberg, P. 2020. “The Fourth Industrial Revolution.” Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 25 (1): 194–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2019.1686320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waema, T., and C. Katua. 2014. The Promises of Fibre-Optic Broadband in Tourism and tea Sectors: A Pipeline for Economic Development in East Africa. Nairobi: School of Computing and Informatics, University of Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• Wei, Z., M. Y. Lee, and H. Shen. 2018. “What Drives Consumers in China to buy Clothing Online? Application of the Technology Acceptance Model.” Journal of Textiles and Fibrous Materials 1: 2515221118756791.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2019. Global Value Chain Development Report. Washington DC: World Bank Publication. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/publication/global-value-chain-development-report-2019.
   Google Scholar
• WTO. 2023. Global Value Chain Development Report: Resilient and sustainable GVCs in turbulent times. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/gvc_dev_rep23_e.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Xia, Y., and G. P. Zhang. 2010. “The Impact of Online Channel on Retailers’ Performance: An Empirical Evaluation.” Decision Sciences 41 (3): 517–546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2010.00279.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar