References
- Aukerman, R., Haas, G., & Associates. (2011). Water and land recreation opportunity spectrum (WALROS). In Users’ Handbook (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://www.usbr.gov/recreation/publications/WALROS_Handbook_2011.pdf
- Backlund, E. A., & Stewart, W. P. (2012). Effects of setting-based management on visitor experience outcomes: Differences across a management continuum. Journal of Leisure Research, 44(3), 392–415. doi: 10.1080/00222216.2012.11950271
- Boyd, S. W., & Butler, R. W. (1996). Managing ecotourism: An opportunity spectrum approach. Tourism Management, 17, 557–566. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00076-3
- Brayley, R. E. (1990). An analysis of destination attractiveness and the use of psychographics and demographics in segmentation of the within-state tourism market (Doctoral dissertation). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9027195)
- Brown, P. J., Driver, B. L., & McConnell, C. (1978). The opportunity spectrum concept in outdoor recreation supply inventories: Background and application. In Lund G. H., Labau V. J., Ffolliott P. F., & Robinson D. W. (Eds.), Integrated Inventories of Renewable Natural Resources: Proceedings of the Workshop (pp. 73–84). Tucson, Arizona: USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-55.
- Butler, R. W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien, 24(1), 5–12. doi:10.1111/cag.1980.24.issue-1.
- Butler, R. W., & Waldbrook, L. A. (2003). A new planning tool: The tourism opportunity spectrum [Reprint of original article published in v. 2, no. 1, 1991: 2–14.]. Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(1), 25.
- Chandler, J. A., & Costello, C. A. (2002). A profile of visitors at heritage tourism destinations in East Tennessee according to Plog’s lifestyle and activity level preferences model. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 161–166. doi: 10.1177/004728702237416
- Clark, R. N., & Stankey, G. H. (1979). The recreation opportunity spectrum: a framework for planning, management, and research. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-098. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 32 p. Retrieved from https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/6014.
- Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 408–424. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5
- Cruz-Milán, O. (2018). Plog’s model of personality-based psychographic traits in tourism: A review of empirical research. In Tourism Planning and Destination Marketing (49–74). doi: 10.1108/978-1-78756-291-220181003
- Cruz-Milán, O. (2019). Integrating venturesomeness and consumption needs: Effects on destination choice along the TALC. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(6), 747–767. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2019.1633456
- Dhami, I, & Deng, J. (2018). Linking the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum with Travel Spending: A Spatial Analysis in West Virginia. Leisure Sciences, 40(6), 508–532. doi: 10.1080/01490400.2016.1252705
- Fix, P. J., Carroll, J., & Harrington, A. M. (2013). Visitor experiences across recreation settings: A management or measurement issue? Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 3–4, 28–35. doi: 10.1016/j.jort.2013.09.003
- Flanagan, T. S., & Anderson, S. (2008). Mapping perceived wilderness to support protected areas management in the San Juan National Forest, Colorado. Forest Ecology and Management, 256(5), 1039–1048. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.06.007
- Garms, M., Fredman, P., & Mose, I. (2017). Travel motives of German tourists in the Scandinavian mountains: The case of Fulufjället National Park. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(3), 239–258. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2016.1176598
- George, B. P., Henthorne, T. L., & Williams, A. J. (2013). The internal structure of destination visitation model and implications for image management. PASOS Journal of Tourism and Cultural Heritage, 11(3), 47–53. doi:10.25145/j.pasos.2013.11.037.
- Goeldner, C. R. (2016). Stanley C. Plog—a renowned travel market researcher. Anatolia International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 27(1), 120–125. doi:10.1080/13032917.2015.1042750.
- Griffith, D. A., & Albanese, P. J. (1996). An examination of Plog’s psychographic travel model within a student population. Journal of Travel Research, 34(4), 47–51. doi: 10.1177/004728759603400407
- Gundersen, V., Tangeland, T., & Kaltenborn, B. P. (2015). Planning for recreation along the opportunity spectrum: The case of Oslo, Norway. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(2), 210–217. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2015.01.006
- Huang, C., & Confer, J. (2009). Applying the Tourism Opportunity Spectrum model in nature-based tourism management. Managing Leisure, 14(4), 247–257. doi: 10.1080/13606710903204449
- Jackson, M. S., & Inbakaran, R. (2006). Development of personality types to predict tourist behaviour towards tourist product consumption. In D. Niegam, & B. George (Eds.), Tourists and tourism (pp. 1–1). New Delhi: Abhijeet Publishers.
- Jackson, M. S., White, G. N., & Schmierer, C. L. (2000). Predicting tourism destination choices: Psychographic parameters versus psychological motivations. In CAUTHE 2000: Peak performance in tourism and hospitality research; Proceedings of the Tenth Australian Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference (p. 57), 2–5 February, Mt Buller, VIC: La Trobe University.
- Kaltenborn, B. P., & Emmelin, L. (1993). Tourism in the high north: Management challenges and recreation opportunity spectrum planning in Svalbard, Norway. Environmental Management, 17(1), 41–50. doi: 10.1007/BF02393793
- Kil, N., Stein, T. V., Holland, S. M., & Anderson, D. H. (2012). Understanding place meanings in planning and managing the wildland–urban interface: The case of Florida trail hikers. Landscape and Urban Planning, 107(4), 370–379. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.07.004
- Kil, N., Stein, T. V., & Holland, S. M. (2014). Influences of wildland–urban interface and wildland hiking areas on experiential recreation outcomes and environmental setting preferences. Landscape and Urban Planning, 127, 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.004
- Kotler, P. (2000). Marketing management. Millennium Ed (10th Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Lee-Hoxter, A., & Lester, D. (1988). Tourist behavior and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 9(1), 177–178. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(88)90045-1
- Lee, G., O’Leary, J. T., Lee, S. H., & Morrison, A. (2002). Comparison and contrast of push and pull motivational effects on trip behavior: An application of a multinomial logistic regression model. Tourism Analysis, 7(2), 89–104. doi: 10.3727/108354202108749970
- Litvin, S. W. (2006). Revisiting Plog’s model of allocentricity and psychocentricity … one more time. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 47(3), 245–253. doi: 10.1177/0010880406289138
- Litvin, S. W., & Smith, W. W. (2016). A new perspective on the Plog psychographic system. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 22(2), 89–97. doi: 10.1177/1356766715580187
- Liu, Z., Siguaw, J., & Enz, C. (2008). Using tourist travel habits and preferences to assess strategic destination positioning: The case of Costa Rica. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49(3), 258–281. doi: 10.1177/1938965508322007
- Martin, S. R., Marsolais, J., & Rolloff, D. (2009). Visitor perceptions of appropriate management actions across the recreation opportunity spectrum. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 27(1), 56–69.
- McKercher, B. (2005a). Are psychographics predictors of destination life cycles? Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 19(1), 49–55. doi: 10.1300/J073v19n01_05
- McKercher, B. (2005b). Destinations as products? A reflection on Butler’s life cycles. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(3), 97–102. doi: 10.1080/02508281.2005.11081491
- Merritt, R., Kline, C., Crawford, A., Viren, P. P., & Dilworth, G. (2016). An exploration of recreational activities while travelling relative to psychographic tendencies. Tourism Recreation Research, 41(3), 302–313. doi: 10.1080/02508281.2016.1199123
- Merritt, R., Kline, C., Crawford, A., Viren, P. P., & Dilworth, G. (2018). Vacation activity preferences: An examination of generational differences across psychographic categories employing Plog’s model. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 36(4), 55–71. doi: 10.18666/JPRA-2018-V36-I4-8891
- Ministry of Environment and Tourism of Mongolia. (2015). Tourism development master plan 2015. Retrieved from https://www.legalinfo.mn/
- Ministry of Environment and Tourism of Mongolia. (2016). International visitor survey 2015. Retrieved from http://tourism.ub.gov.mn/
- Ministry of Environment and Tourism of Mongolia. (2020). International visitor survey 2019. Retrieved from http://tourism.ub.gov.mn/.
- Morakabati, Y., & Kapuściński, G. (2016). Personality, risk perception, benefit sought and terrorism effect. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(5), 506–514. doi: 10.1002/jtr.2068
- Park, J. Y. (2005). A study of relations between psychographic and tourism activity for tourist by Plog model. Journal of Korea Academic Society of Tourism Management, 20(2), 71–85.
- Park, J. Y., & Jang, S. S. (2014). Psychographics: Static or dynamic? International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(4), 351–354. doi: 10.1002/jtr.1924
- Pettengill, P. R., & Manning, R. E. (2011). A review of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum and its potential application to transportation in parks and public lands. Retrieved from http://www.recpro.org/assets/Library/VisitorExperienceManagement/troslitrev.pdf.pdf
- Piuchan, M. (2018). Plog’s and Butler’s models: A critical review of psychographic tourist typology and the tourist area life cycle. Turizam, 22(3), 95–106. doi: 10.5937/turizam22-18835
- Plog, S. C. (1974). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 14(4), 55–58. doi: 10.1177/001088047401400409
- Plog, S. C. (1991). Leisure travel: making it a growth market.... again. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
- Plog, S. C. (2001). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity: An update of a Cornell Quarterly classic. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(3), 13–24. doi: 10.1016/S0010-8804(01)81020-X
- Plog, S. C. (2002). The power of psychographics and the concept of venturesomeness. Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 244–251. doi: 10.1177/004728750204000302
- Smith, S. L. J. (1990a). A test of Plog’s allocentric/psychocentric model: Evidence from seven nations. Journal of Travel Research, 28(4), 40–43. doi: 10.1177/004728759002800409
- UNWTO. (2018). Tourism highlights (2018 Edition). Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2018-edition
- UNWTO. (2019). World tourism barometer and statistical annex, January 2019. Retrieved from http://www2.unwto.org/
- USDA Forest Service. (1982). ROS users guide. United States department of agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.fs.usda.gov/
- Virden, R. J., & Knopf, R. C. (1989). Activities, experiences, and environmental settings: A case study of recreation opportunity spectrum relationships. Leisure Sciences, 11(3), 159–176. doi: 10.1080/01490408909512217
- Weaver, D. B. (2012). Psychographic insights from a South Carolina protected area. Tourism Management, 33(2), 371–379. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.04.006
- Weber, D., & Anderson, D. (2010). Contact with nature: Recreation experience preferences in Australian parks. Annals of Leisure Research, 13(1–2), 46–69. doi: 10.1080/11745398.2010.9686837
- World Economic Forum. (2019). The travel & tourism competitiveness report (2019 Insight report). Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2019.pdf.
- World Travel & Tourism Council. (2019). Travel & tourism economic impact & trends (2019 Edition). Retrieved from http://ambassade-ethiopie.fr/onewebmedia/Tourism-WTTC-Global-Economic-Impact-Trends-2019.pdf.
- Xiao, S., Jia, L., & Jiang, L. (2012). Forest recreation opportunity spectrum in the suburban mountainous region of Beijing. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 138(4), 335–341. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000125
- Yoo, C. K., Yoon, D., & Park, E. (2018). Tourist motivation: An integral approach to destination choices. Tourism Review, 73(2), 169–185. doi: 10.1108/TR-04-2017-0085
- Yu, L., & Goulden, M. (2006). A comparative analysis of international tourists’ satisfaction in Mongolia. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1331–1342. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.003
- Yuan, M. S., & McEwen, D. (1989). Test for campers’ experience preference differences among three ROS setting classes. Leisure Sciences, 11(3), 177–185. doi: 10.1080/01490408909512218