Differences in school boards with hired and elected superintendents: a first look

References

• ASC. (2014). School choice yearbook. Washington, DC: Alliance for School Choice.
   Google Scholar
• Ashby, L. (1968). The effective school board member. Danville, IL: Interstate Printers.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, W. A. (2007). Board development practices and competent board members: Implications for performance. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 17, 301–317.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, J. B. (2015). What have we learned about the performance of council-manager government? A review and synthesis of the research. Public Administration Review, 75, 673–689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cingranelli, D. L. (1981). Race, politics, and elites: Testing alternative models of municipal service distribution. American Journal of Political Science, 25, 664–692.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowen, J. M., Fleming, D. J., Witte, J. F., Wolf, P. J., & Kisida, B. (2013). School vouchers and student attainment: Evidence from a state-mandated study of Milwaukee's parental choice program. Policy Studies Journal, 41(1), 147–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delagardelle, M. L. (2008). The lighthouse inquiry: Examining the role of school board leadership in the improvement of student achievement. In T. L. Alsbury (Ed.), The future of school board governance (pp. 191–224). Lanham, MD: Roman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Folz, D. H., & Abdelrazek, R. (2009). Professional management and service levels in small U.S. communities. American Review of Public Administration, 39, 553–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, M. R., & Ihrke, D. (2015a). Do school board governance best practices improve district performance? Testing the key work of school boards in Wisconsin. International Journal of Public Administration. doi: 10.1080/01900692.2014.982293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, M. R., & Ihrke, D. M. (2015b). School board member definitions of accountability: What are they, and do they impact district outcomes? Public Performance & Management Review, 39(1), 198–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, M. R., & Ihrke, D. M. (2015c). Comparing nonprofit charter and traditional public school board member perceptions of the public, conflict, and financial responsibility: Is there a difference and does it matter? Public Management Review. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/14719037.2015.1028975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabris, G. T., Golembiewski, R. T., & Ihrke, D. M. (2001). Leadership credibility, board relations, and administrative innovation at the local government level. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 11(1), 89–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golembiewski, R. T. (1995). Practical public management. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Grissom, J. A. (2014). Is discord detrimental? Using institutional variation to identify the impact of public governing board conflict on outcomes. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 24, 289–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanushek, E. A. (1997). Assessing the effects of school resources on student performance: An update. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 19, 141–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidbreder, B., Grasse, N., Ihrke, D., & Cherry, B. D. (2011). Determinants of policy conflict in Michigan municipalities. State and Local Government Review, 43(1), 32–45.
   Google Scholar
• Herman, R. D., & Renz, D. O. (1998). Nonprofit organizational effectiveness: Contrasts between especially effective and less effective organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 9(1), 23–38.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, F. (2008). Money, interest groups, and school board elections. In T. L. Alsbury (Ed.), The future of School Board Governance (pp. 137–154). New York, NY: Rowman and Littlefield Education.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, F., & Meeks, O. (2011). School Boards Circa 2010: Governance in an accountability era. Washington, DC: National School Board Association.
   Google Scholar
• Ihrke, D. M., & Niederjohn, S. (2005). Conflict on city councils in Wisconsin. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27, 453–462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 256–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jehn, K. A., & Mannix, E. A. (2001). The dynamic nature of conflict: A longitudinal study of intragroup conflict and group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 238–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, T., & Ihrke, D. M. (2004). Determinants of conflict on Wisconsin town boards. State and Local Government Review, 36, 103–117.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, B. D., Greenberg, S., Kaufman, C., & Drew, J. (1977). Bureaucratic response to citizen initiated contacts: Environmental enforcement in Detroit. American Political Science Review, 71, 148–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettl, D. F. (1993). Sharing power: Public governance and private markets. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Kirst, M. W. (2009). Mayoral control of schools: Politics, trade-offs, and outcomes. In J. P. Viteritti (Ed.), When Mayors take charge: School governance in the city (pp. 46–63). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J., & McCandless, S. (2015). Local charter school service delivery: The explanatory power of interest groups. The Social Science Journal, 53, 49–59. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2015.11.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lineberry, R. L. (1977). Equality and urban policy: The distribution of municipal public services. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Miron, G., & Nelson, C. D. (2002). What's public about charter schools? Lessons learned about choice and accountability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, M. N. (2012). Interpreting and visualizing regression models using stata. College Station, TX: The Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mountford, M. L. (2008). Historical and current tensions among board-superintendent teams: Symptoms or cause? In T. L. Alsbury (Ed.), The future of school board governance (pp. 81–114). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Mullins, D. R., & Pagano, M. A. (2005). Local budgeting and finance: 25 years of developments. Public Budgeting & Finance, 24, 3–45.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, K. L., & Nollenberger, K. (2011). Conflict and cooperation in municipalities: Do variations in form of government have an effect? Urban Affairs Review, 47, 696–720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nivola, P. S. (1978). Distributing a municipal service: A case study of housing inspection. Journal of Politics, 40, 59–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, P. E. (1976). School politics Chicago style. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Portz, J., Stein, L., & Jones, R. R. (1999). City schools & city politics. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Ravitch, D. (2013). Reign of error: The hoax of the privatization movement and the danger to America's Public Schools. New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Smoley, E. R. (1999). Effective school boards: Strategies for improving board performance. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Svara, J. (1990). Official leadership in the city: Patterns of conflict and cooperation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Svara, J. H. (1999). Conflict and cooperation in elected-administrative relations in large council-manager cities. State and Local Government Review, 31, 173–189.
   Google Scholar
• Viteritti, J. P. (Ed.). (2009). When mayors take charge: School governance in the city. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Walser, N. (2009). The essential school board book: Better governance in the age of accountability. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
   Google Scholar
• Witte, J., Weimer, D., & Shober, A. (2007). The performance of Charter Schools in Wisconsin. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 26, 557–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, P. J. (2008). School voucher programs: What the research says about parental school choice. Brigham Young University Law Review, 2, 415–446.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, P. J., Gutmann, B., Puma, M., Kisida, B., Rizzo, L., Eissa, N., & Silverberg, M. (2010). Evaluation of the impact of the DC opportunity scholarship program: Final report. United Stated Department of Education. Washington, DC: Institute of Education Science.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, K., & Shen, F. (2003). Measuring the effectiveness of city and state takeover as a school reform strategy. Peabody Journal of Education, 78, 89–119.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, K. K., Shen, F. X., Anagnostopoulos, D., & Rutledge, S. (2007). The education mayor: Improving America's schools. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar