References
- Auf der Heide, P. (1993). Media literacy. A Report of the National Leadership Conference on Media Literacy. Communications and Society Program, the Aspen Institute.
- BBC Korea. (2018, September 10). MERS: Facts learned last 3 years about returning MERS. BBC Korea. www.bbc.com/korean/news-45457821
- Berinsky, A. J. (2017). Rumors and health care reform: Experiments in political misinformation. British Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 241–262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000186
- Carpini, M. X. D., & Keeter, S. (1993). Measuring political knowledge: Putting first things first. American Journal of Political Science, 37(4), 1179–1206. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111549
- Cheon, Y. K. (2018). Discussion on media literacy education legislation for coping with fake news. The Journal of Law of Education, 30(3), 81–109. https://doi.org/10.17317/tjle.30.3.201812.81
- Cho, D., & Kwon, K. (2017, November 17). Fake news related to a disaster: Saw a cloud predicting an occurrence of an earthquake. The Dong-a Ilbo. dongA.com. http://www.donga.com/news/article/all/20171117/87305241/1
- Choi, H. (2018, March 27). [Fact-Check] The moon administration’s anti-nuclear policy aggravated the problem of fine dust? Edaily. https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=03532566619147584&mediaCodeNo=257
- Covello, V. T., von Winterfeldt, D., & Slovic, P. (1986). Risk communication: An assessment of the literature on communicating information about health, safety, and environmental risks. Los Angeles, CA: Institute of Safety and Systems Management, University of Southern California
- DeYoung, S. E., Wachtendorf, T., Farmer, A. K., & Penta, S. C. (2016). NOAA radios and neighbourhood networks: Demographic factors for channel preference for hurricane evacuation information. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 24(4), 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12123
- Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
- Eriksson, M. (2018). Lessons for crisis communication on social media: A systematic review of what research tells the practice. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12(5), 526–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2018.1510405
- Eshet-Alakalai, Y. (2004). Digital literacy: A conceptual framework for survival skills in the digital era. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 13(1), 93–106. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/4793/
- European Commission (2018). A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation (Report of the independent High Level Group on fake news and online information). Directorate-general for Communication Networks, Content and Technology.
- Flynn, J., Burns, W., Mertz, C. K., & Slovic, P. (1992). Trust as a determinant of opposition to a high‐level radioactive waste repository: Analysis of a structural model. Risk Analysis, 12(3), 417–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1992.tb00694.x
- Flynn, J., Slovic, P., & Mertz, C. K. (1994). Gender, race, and perception of environmental health risks. Risk Analysis, 14(6), 1101–1108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00082.x
- Garnett, J. L., & Kouzmin, A. (2007). Communicating throughout Katrina: Competing and complementary conceptual lenses on crisis communication. Public Administration Review, 67(s1), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00826.x
- Gullette, M. M. (2006). Katrina and the politics of later life. In C. Hartman & G. Squires (Eds.), There is no such thing as a natural disaster: Race, class, and Hurricane Katrina (pp. 103–119). Routledge.
- Haddow, G. D., & Haddow, K. S. (2015). Disaster communications in a changing media world (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann: Elsevier.
- Han, J. (2015, June 1). Is it possible to penalize a person who disseminates a MERS rumor terrifying people? Yonhap News. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20150601086600017
- Homeland Security Science and Technology. (2018). Countering false information on social media in disasters and emergencies.
- Hong, J. (2018). The network analysis of the diffusion on the disaster issue via SNS based on types of information, issue contractiveness and diffusion. Journal of Korea Contents Association, 18(3), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2018.18.03.138
- House of Commons (the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee). (2018). Disinformation and ‘fake news’: Interim Report. https://www.rcmediafreedom.eu/Publications/Reports/Disinformation-and-fake-news-Interim-Report
- Huang, Y. L., Starbird, K., Orand, M., Stanek, S. A., & Pedersen, H. T. (2015). Connected through crisis: Emotional proximity and the spread of misinformation online. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work & social computing. Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Jang, H. (2017, March 26) Fact is. Ferry Sewol tragedy victims received more amounts of compensation than the Warship Cheon-an victims. SBS. https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1004113561&plink=TITLE&cooper=SBSNEWSINFACT
- Jeong., H. M. (2011). Influence of media and interpersonal communication on attitude change. Korean Political Science Review, 45(5), 243–272. https://doi.org/10.18854/kpsr.2011.45.5.011
- Kang, S. (2017, November 23) Groundless rumor: Supported if staying at the shelter, 3 hundred people left homes came in a day. Newsis. https://newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20171123_0000156687&cID=10201&pID=10200
- Kim, D. (2019, April 7). Fact-check: The First Lady Kwon went to a picnic and President Moon had a party with reporters during the Go-sung Wildfire response. News Top. http://www.newstof.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1449
- Kim., M. K. (2019). The effect of social communication behavior depending on news credibility, news involvement, confirmation bias: Focusing on the difference of user’s effect of fake news and fact news. Journal of Political Communication, 52, 5–48. https://doi.org/10.35731/kpca.2019..52.001
- Kim, P. (2015, June 17.). Fact check. can foods prevent MERS infections? JTBC. http://news.jtbc.joins.com/article/article.aspx?news_id=NB10930488
- Korea Center for Disease Control & Prevention (2020). COVID-19 Fact/Issue Check. http://ncov.mohw.go.kr/factBoardList.do?brdId=3&brdGubun=33
- Korea Institute of Public Administration. (2018). Korea social integration survey 2018.
- Korta, S. M. (2018). Fake news, conspiracy theories, and lies: An information laundering model for homeland security [Master’s thesis]. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey United States.
- Kumar, S., & Shah, N., (2018). False information on web and social media: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1804.08559.
- Lee, J. W. (2000). Frame, interpretation, and communication effects. Media & Society, 85–153. http://www.mediasociety.or.kr/modules/doc/index.php?doc=search&___M_ID=31
- Lin, C. C., Siebeneck, L. K., Lindell, M. K., Prater, C. S., Wu, H. C., & Huang, S. K. (2014). Evacuees’ information sources and reentry decision making in the aftermath of Hurricane Ike. Natural Hazards, 70(1), 865–882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0853-1
- Lindell, M. K., & Perry, R. W. (2012). The protective action decision model: Theoretical modifications and additional evidence. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32(4), 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01647.x
- Long, J. S., & Freese, J. (2006). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata. Stata press.
- Lyu, H. S. (2013). A study on risk perception and communication via social media (Basic Research 2013-25). Korea Institute of Public Administration.
- Lyu, H. S., & Kim, K. W. (2019). Study on improving the reliability of disaster & safety information and communication (Basic Research 2019-18). Korea Institute of Public Administration.
- Malita, L., & Grosseck, G. (2018). Tackling fake news in a digital literacy curriculum. The 14th International Scientific Conference ELearning and Software for Education Bucharest, 343–350
- Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute.
- Mayhorn, C. B. (2005). Cognitive aging and the processing of hazard information and disaster warnings. Natural Hazards Review, 6(4), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2005)6:4(165)
- McEntire, D. A. (2015). Disaster response and recovery: Strategies and tactics for resilience. John Wiley & Sons.
- McIntyre, L. (2019). Post-truth. MIT Press.
- Mileti, D. S., & O’Brien, P. W. (1992). Warnings during disaster: Normalizing communicated risk. Social Problems, 39(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/3096912
- Moon, M. J. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 with agility, transparency, and participation: Wicked policy problems and new governance challenges. Public Administration Review, 80(4), 651–656. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13214
- National Information Society Agency (NIA). (2018). Survey on the digital divide index and status.
- Oh, D. (2019. May 1) Fact-check: Rumor about diffusion of hepatitis a virus infections caused by a regulation against single-use. JTBC. http://news.jtbc.joins.com/article/article.aspx?news_id=NB11809150
- Oh, S. W., Jeong, S. H., & Park, A. R. (2017). Fake news and problems (Research Paper 2017-06). Korea Press Foundation.
- Oh, Y. K., Lyu, H. S., Hur, J. H., Kim, H. Y., & Kim, D. H. (2020). Issues & implications of an emergency response to an infectious disease outbreak based on the case of South Korea COVID-19 response.
- Osatuyi, B., & Hughes, J. (2018). A tale of two internet news platforms-real vs. fake: An elaboration likelihood model perspective. In Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
- Pangrazio, L. (2018). What’s new about fake news? Critical digital literacies in an era of fake news, post-truth and clickbait. Páginas de Educación, 11(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.22235/pe.v11i1.1551
- Quarantelli, E. L. (1990). The warning process and evacuation behavior: The research evidence. Disaster Research Center.
- Roozenbeek, J., & van der Linden, S. (2019). The fake news game: Actively inoculating against the risk of misinformation. Journal of Risk Research, 22(5), 570–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2018.1443491
- Scanlon, J. (2011). Research about the mass media and disaster: Never (well hardly ever) the twain shall meet. In J. R. Detrani (Ed.), Journalism: Theory and practice (pp. 233–269). Apple Academic Press.
- Scanlon, J., & Alldred, S. (1982). Media coverage of disasters: The same old story. Emergency Planning Digest, 9(4), 363–375. https://www.eird.org/esp/cdcapra/pdf/eng/doc13422/doc13422-contenido.pdf
- Scanlon, J., Alldred, S., Farrell, A., & Prawzick, A. (1985). Coping with the media in disasters: Some predictable problems. Public Administration Review, 45(s), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.2307/3135007
- Schneider, S. K. (1995). Flirting with disaster: Public management in crisis situations. ME Sharpe.
- Seargeant, P., & Tagg, C. (2018). Critical digital literacy education in the ‘fake news’ era. In K. Reedy & J. Parker (Eds.), Digital literacy unpacked (pp. 79–190). Facet Publishing.
- Shin, J., Jian, L., Driscoll, K., & Bar, F. (2018). The diffusion of misinformation on social media: Temporal pattern, message, and source. Computers in Human Behavior, 83, 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.008
- Shu, K., Sliva, A., Wang, S., Tang, J., & Liu, H. (2017). Fake news detection on social media: A data mining perspective. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 19(1), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3137597.3137600
- Siegrist, M., & Cvetkovich, G. (2000). Perception of hazards: The role of social trust and knowledge. Risk Analysis, 20(5), 713–720. https://doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.205064
- Siegrist, M., Cvetkovich, G., & Roth, C. (2000). Salient value similarity, social trust, and risk/benefit perception. Risk Analysis, 20(3), 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.203034
- Sorensen, J. H. (2000). Hazard warning systems: Review of 20 years of progress. Natural Hazards Review, 1(2), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2000)1:2(119)
- Sutton, J. N., Palen, L., & Shklovski, I. (2008). Backchannels on the front lines: Emergency uses of social media in the 2007 Southern California Wildfires. Proceedings of the 5th International ISCRAM Conference.
- Tierney, K., Bevc, C., & Kuligowski, E. (2006). Metaphors matter: Disaster myths, media frames, and their consequences in Hurricane Katrina. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 604(1), 57–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716205285589
- Ting, C., & Song, S. (2017). What lies beneath the truth: A literature review on fake news, false information and more. Institute of Policy Studies.
- Tiripelli, G., & Reilly, P. (2017). Lesson 2: Guidelines for effective crisis communication. Modelling of dependencies and cascading effects for emergency management in crisis situations project.
- Tirkkonen, P., & Luoma-aho, V. (2011). Online authority communication during an epidemic: A Finnish example. Public Relations Review, 37(2), 172–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.01.004
- U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2020). Coronavirus rumor control. https://www.fema.gov/ko/node/484045
- UNESCO Series on Journalism Education. (2018). Journalism, ‘fake news’ & disinformation.
- Vieweg, S., Palen, L., Liu, S. B., Hughes, A. L., & Sutton, J. N. (2008). Collective intelligence in disaster: Examination of the phenomenon in the aftermath of the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting. University of Colorado Boulder.
- Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
- World Value Survey Association. (2020). World Value Survey Wave 6 Questionnaire 2010–2014. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp
- Yang, W. (2017, November 17). Reason for the re-amplification of a fake news via social media: Gyeong-ju earthquake is done by North Korea Military. The Han Kook Ilbo https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201711171682706097
- Yeom, J. Y., & Jeong, S. H. (2018). Research on fake news perception and fact-checking effect - Role of prior-belief consistency. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 62(2), 7–45. https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2018.62.2.002
- Yeom, J. Y., & Jeong, S. H. (2019). Predictors of fake news exposure and sharing: Personality, new media literacy, and motives. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 63(1), 7–45. https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2019.63.1.001
- Yoon, J. (2017). The effect of perceiving cross-cutting exposure on candidate support change: Evidence from the 18th Korean Presidential Elections. Journal of Korean Politics, 26(1), 127–156. https://doi.org/10.35656/JKP.26.1.6
- Zhou, X., & Zafarani, R., (2018). Fake news: A survey of research, detection methods, and opportunities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.00315.