References
- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
- Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
- Anderson, J. R. (2004). Cognitive psychology and its implications. Macmillan.
- Avraham, E. (2015). Destination image repair during crisis: Attracting tourism during the Arab Spring uprisings. Tourism Management, 47, 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.003
- Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
- Baker, R., Blumberg, S. J., Brick, J. M., Couper, M. P., Zahs, D., Dennis, J. M., Dillman, D., Frankel, M. R., Garland, P., Groves, R. M., Kennedy, C., Krosnick, J., Lavrakas, P. J., Lee, S., Link, M., Piekarski, L., Rao, K., Thomas, R. K., & Zahs, D. (2010). Research synthesis: AAPOR report on online panels. Public Opinion Quarterly, 74(4), 711–781. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfq048
- Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4
- Becken, S., Jin, X., Zhang, C., & Gao, J. (2017). Urban air pollution in China: Destination image and risk perceptions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(1), 130–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1177067
- Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010
- Brug, J., Aro, A. R., Oenema, A., De Zwart, O., Richardus, J. H., & Bishop, G. D. (2004). SARS risk perception, knowledge, precautions, and information sources, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(8), 1486–1489. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1008.040283
- Chemli, S., Toanoglou, M., & Valeri, M. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 media coverage on tourist’s awareness for future travelling. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1846502
- Chen, C. C., Lai, Y. H. R., Petrick, J. F., & Lin, Y. H. (2016). Tourism between divided nations: An examination of stereotyping on destination image. Tourism Management, 55, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.012
- Chew, E. Y. T., & Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40, 382–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008
- Chiang, M. H. (2016). Tourism exchange between Singapore and China: Smooth expansion and bright prospects. In Y. Zheng & F. L. Liang (Eds.), Singapore-China relations 50 years (pp. 75–104). World Scientific.
- Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757901700404
- Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303100402
- Fennell D. A. (2017). Towards a model of travel fear. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.07.015
- Gartner, W. C. (1994). Image formation process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2–3), 191–216. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_12
- Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
- Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Evaluating model fit: A synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies. September 2008, pp. 195–200.
- Joo, D., Xu, W., Lee, J., Lee, C. K., & Woosnam, K. M. (2021). Residents’ perceived risk, emotional solidarity, and support for tourism amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100553
- Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert scale: Explored and explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2015/14975
- Kozak, M., Crotts, J. C., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.607
- Lam, T., & Hsu, C. H. (2006). Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27(4), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.003
- Law, R. (2006). The perceived impact of risks on travel decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.576
- Lee, C. K., Song, H. J., Bendle, L. J., Kim, M. J., & Han, H. (2012). The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel intentions: A model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism Management, 33(1), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.006
- Lee, H. Y. (2020, February 18). Singapore and coronavirus: Small state, global crisis. The Diplomat. Retrieved September 2020, 06. https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/Singapore-and-coronavirus-small-state-global-crisis
- Lee, R., & Lockshin, L. (2012). Reverse country-of-origin effects of product perceptions on destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 51(4), 502–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511418371
- Leppin, A., & Aro, A. R. (2009). Risk perceptions related to SARS and avian influenza: Theoretical foundations of current empirical research. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(1), 7–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-008-9002-8
- Leung, G. M., Lam, T. H., Ho, L. M., Ho, S. Y., Chan, B. H. Y., Wong, I. O. L., & Hedley, A. J. (2003). The impact of community psychological responses on outbreak control for severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(11), 857–863. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.11.857
- Li, F., Wen, J., & Ying, T. (2018). The influence of crisis on tourists’ perceived destination image and revisit intention: An exploratory study of Chinese tourists to North Korea. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.11.006
- Li, J., Nguyen, T. H. H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2020). Coronavirus impacts on post-pandemic planned travel behaviours. Annals of Tourism Research, 102964-102964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102964
- Li, S. R., Ito, N. (2021). “Nothing can stop me!” perceived risk and travel intention amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study of Wuhan and Sapporo. In W. Wörndl, (Ed.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2021 (pp. 490–503). Springer.
- Ma, Y. (2020, November 17). Tourism industry in China – Statistics & facts. Statista. Retrieved https://www.statista.com/topics/1210/tourism-industry-in-China/#dossierSummary
- Mansfeld, Y. (2006). The role of security information in tourism crisis management: The missing link. In Y. Mansfeld & A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism, security & safety: From theory to practice (pp. 271–290). Elsevier.
- McKercher, B. (2003). SIP (Sars induced Panic) a greater threat to Tourism than Sars (Severe acute respiratory Syndrome. E-Review of Tourism Research (ERTR), 1(1), 17–18.
- Nadeau, J., Heslop, L., O’Reilly, N., & Luk, P. (2008). Destination in a country image context. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 84–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.06.012
- Novelli, M., Burgess, L. G., Jones, A., & Ritchie, B. W. (2018). ‘No Ebola … still doomed’–The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.03.006
- Ong, Y. X., & Ito, N. (2019). “I want to go there too!” evaluating social media influencer marketing effectiveness: A case study of Hokkaido’s DMO. In J. Pesonen & J. Neidhardt (Eds.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2019 (pp. 132–144). Springer.
- Perpiña, L., Prats, L., & Camprubí, R. (2020). In Current Issues in Tourism (pp. 1–18). https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1715355
- Pike, S., & Ryan, C. (2004). Destination positioning analysis through a comparison of cognitive, affective, and conative perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504263029
- Qi, C. X., Gibson, H. J., & Zhang, J. J. (2009). Perceptions of risk and travel intentions: The case of China and the Beijing Olympic Games. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(1), 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080902847439
- Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Rastegar, R., & Hall, C. M. (2021). Destination image during the COVID-19 pandemic and future travel behavior: The moderating role of past experience. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21, 100620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100620
- Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017
- Ren, S. Y., Gao, R. D., & Chen, Y. L. (2020). Fear can be more harmful than the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in controlling the Corona virus disease 2019 epidemic. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 8(4), 652. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i4.652
- Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand. Tourism Management, 30(3), 410–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.08.001
- Roehl, W. S., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1992). Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759203000403
- Russell, J. A., Ward, L. M., & Pratt, G. (1981). Affective quality attributed to environments: A factor analytic study. Environment and Behavior, 13(3), 259–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916581133001
- Schroeder, A., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2014). Perceptions of crime at the Olympic Games: What role does media, travel advisories, and social media play?. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 20(3), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766714521809
- Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015
- Singapore Tourism Board. (2020). Tourism sector performance Q4 2019 report. Retrieved https://www.stb.gov.sg/content/dam/stb/documents/statistics-marketing-insights/Quarterly-Tourism-Performance-Report/STB%20Q4%202019%20FA%20v7.pdf
- Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803700209
- Tang, Y. (2013). Travel motivation, destination image and visitor satisfaction of international tourists after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: A structural modelling approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(11) , 1260–1277. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.844181.
- UNWTO. (2020). Impact assessment of the COVID-19 outbreak on international tourism. Retrieved https://www.unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism
- Wen, J., Aston, J., Liu, X., & Ying, T. (2020). Effects of misleading media coverage on public health crisis: A case of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. Anatolia, 31(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1730621
- WHO names novel coronavirus as ‘COVID-19ʹ [editorial]. (2020, February 11). CNA. Retrieved February 2020, 19. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/wuhan-virus-coronavirus-who-new-name-12424116
- WHO (2021). WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. RetrievedNovember 23 2021. https://covid19.who.int
- Williams, N. L., Wassler, P., & Ferdinand, N. (2020). Tourism and the COVID-(Mis)infodemic. Journal of Travel Research, 61(1), 214–218 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520981135
- Yang, S., Isa, S. M., & Ramayah, T. (2021). How are destination image and travel intention influenced by misleading media coverage? Consequences of COVID-19 outbreak in China. Vision, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262921993245.
- Yu, M., Li, Z., Yu, Z., He, J., & Zhou, J. (2021). Communication related health crisis on social media: A case of COVID-19 outbreak. Current Issues in Tourism 24 19 , 2699–2705. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1733497
- Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic–A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81, 104164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164
- Zheng, D., Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2021). Afraid to travel after COVID-19? Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear’. Tourism Management, 83, 104261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261