References
- Dréno B. What is new in the pathophysiology of acne, an overview. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31:8–12.
- Byrd AL, Belkaid Y, Segre JA. The human skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(3):143–155.
- McLaughlin J, Watterson S, Layton AM, et al. Propionibacterium acnes and acne vulgaris: new insights from the integration of population genetic, multi-omic, biochemical and host-microbe studies. Microorganisms. 2019;7(5):128.
- Gollnick HP, Finlay AY, Shear N, Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. Can we define acne as a chronic disease? If so, how and when? Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9(5):279–284.
- Williams HC, Dellavalle RP, Garner S. Acne vulgaris. Lancet. 2012;379(9813):361–372.
- Tuchayi SM, Makrantonaki E, Ganceviciene R, et al. Acne vulgaris. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1(1):1–20.
- Tan JKL, Bhate K. A global perspective on the epidemiology of acne. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172:3–12.
- Yazici K, Baz K, Yazici AE, et al. Disease-specific quality of life is associated with anxiety and depression in patients with acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18(4):435–439.
- Haroon MZ, Alam A, Ullah I, et al. Quality of life and depression among young patients suffering from acne. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2019;31(3):436–440.
- Perry AL, Lambert PA. Propionibacterium acnes. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006;42(3):185–188.
- Capoor MN, Ruzicka F, Machackova T, et al. Prevalence of Propionibacterium acnes in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing lumbar microdiscectomy: a prospective cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0161676.
- Kapadia NF, Khalid G, Burhany T, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety and efficacy of systemic 13-cis retinoic acid 20mg/day vs. 40mg/day in acne vulgaris. JPAD. 2016;15(3):238–241.
- Ross JI, Snelling AM, Eady EA, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne patients attending dermatology clinics in Europe, the U.S.A., Japan and Australia. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144(2):339–346.
- Achermann Y, Goldstein EJ, Coenye T, et al. Propionibacterium acnes: from commensal to opportunistic biofilm-associated implant pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(3):419–440.
- Nasri H, Bahmani M, Shahinfard N, et al. Medicinal plants for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a review of recent evidences. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015; 8(11):e25580.
- Brown ED, Wright GD. Antibacterial drug discovery in the resistance era. Nature. 2016;529(7586):336–343.
- Zhu T, Zhu W, Wang Q, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from patients with acne in a public hospital in Southwest China: prospective cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(2):e022938.
- Hayashi N, Akamatsu H, Kawashima M, et al. Establishment of grading criteria for acne severity. JDA. 2008;35(5):255–260.
- McDowell A, Valanne S, Ramage G, et al. Propionibacterium acnes types I and II represent phylogenetically distinct groups. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(1):326–334.
- Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: a review. J Pharm Anal. 2016;6(2):71–79.
- Lima-Filho JV, de Aguiar Cordeiro R. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial and antifungal screening of natural plant products: prospective standardization of basic methods. In: Lima-Fiho JV, Cordeiro RA (eds.), Methods and techniques in ethnobiology and ethnoecology. New York (NY): Humana Press; 2014. p. 275–291.
- Al-Khafaf DM, Sabry M, Al-Qaraghuli MA. Isolation and characterization of Probionibacterium acnes from acne vulgaris patients. Med J Babylon. 2006;3(3-4):265–272.
- Al‐Ameer AM, Al‐Akloby OM. Demographic features and seasonal variations in patients with acne vulgaris in Saudi Arabia: a hospital‐based study. Int. J. Dermatol. 2002;41(12):870–871.
- Adityan B, Thappa DM. Profile of acne vulgaris-A hospital-based study from South India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2009;75(3):272–278.
- Miura Y, Ishige I, Soejima N, et al. Quantitative PCR of Propionibacterium acnes DNA in samples aspirated from sebaceous follicles on the normal skin of subjects with or without acne. J Med Dent Sci. 2010; 57(1):65–74.
- Abo El-Fetoh NM, Alenezi NG, Alshamari NG, et al. Epidemiology of acne vulgaris in adolescent male students in Arar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2016; 91(3):144–149.
- Arora MK, Yadav A, Saini V. Role of hormones in acne vulgaris. Clin Biochem. 2011; 44(13):1035–1040.
- Schäfer T, Nienhaus A, Vieluf D, et al. Epidemiology of acne in the general population: the risk of smoking. Br J Dermatol. 2001; 145(1):100–104.
- Wei B, Pang Y, Zhu H, et al. The epidemiology of adolescent acne in North East China. JEADV. 2010;24(8):953–957.
- Naghdi N, Ghane M. A comparison of culture and PCR methods for identifying Propionibacterium acnes in lesions isolated from patients with acne. Turk J Med Sci. 2017; 47(3):967–972.
- Fitz-Gibbon S, Tomida S, Chiu BH, et al. Propionibacterium acnes strain populations in the human skin microbiome associated with acne. J. Investing. Dermatol. 2013;133(9):2152–2160.
- Beylot C, Auffret N, Poli F, et al. Propionibacterium acnes: an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(3):271–278.
- Dreno B, Martin R, Moyal D, et al. Skin microbiome and acne vulgaris: staphylococcus, a new actor in acne. Exp Dermatol. 2017;26(9):798–803.
- Wang Y, Kuo S, Shu M, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis in the human skin microbiome mediates fermentation to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes: implications of probiotics in acne vulgaris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014;98(1):411–424.
- Christensen GJ, Scholz CF, Enghild J, et al. Antagonism between Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes and its genomic basis. BMC Genomics. 2016;17(1):152..
- Greisen K, Loeffelholz M, Purohit A, et al. PCR primers and probes for the 16S rRNA gene of most species of pathogenic bacteria, including bacteria found in cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32(2):335–351.
- Baker GC, Smith JJ, Cowan DA. Review and re-analysis of domain-specific 16S primers. J Microbiol Methods. 2003;55(3):541–555.
- Chakravorty S, Helb D, Burday M, et al. A detailed analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene segments for the diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria. J Microbiol Methods. 2007;69(2):330–339.
- Charde YM, Sharma PH, Choudhary NG, et al. Development and evaluation of herbal formulation for the treatment of acne. IJPSR. 2014;5(6):2250–2260.
- Nand P, Drabu S, Gupta RK. Insignificant anti-acne activity of Azadirachta indica leaves and bark. J Pharm Negative Results. 2012;3(1):29.
- Balakrishnan KP, Narayanaswamy N, Subba P, et al. Antibacterial activity of certain medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria. Int J Pharma Bio Sci. 2011;2:476–481.
- Daud FS, Pande G, Joshi M, et al. A study of antibacterial effect of some selected essential oils and medicinal herbs against acne causing bacteria. J Pharm Sci Invent. 2013;2:27–34.
- Namvar K, Mohammadi A, Ataei Salehi E, et al. Evaluation of solvent effect (methanol: water mixture) on the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Stachys turcomanica Trautv. Pharm Sci. 2017;23(3):244–244.
- Emad AM, Gamal EGE. Screening for antimicrobial activity of some plants from Saudi folk medicine. Global J Res Med Plants Indigen Med. 2013;2(4):210–218.
- Marwat SK, Usman K, Shah SS, et al. A review of phytochemistry, bioactivities and ethno medicinal uses of Rhazya stricta Decsne (Apocynaceae). Afr J Microbiol Res. 2012;6(8):1629–1641.
- Baeshen MN, Khan R, Bora RS, et al. Therapeutic potential of the folkloric medicinal plant Rhazya stricta. Biol Syst Open Access. 2015;05(01):2.
- Obaid AY, Voleti S, Bora RS, et al. Cheminformatics studies to analyze the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals from Rhazya stricta. Chem Cent J. 2017;11(1):11.
- Das K, Tiwari RKS, Shrivastava DK. Techniques for evaluation of medicinal plant products as antimicrobial agents: current methods and future trends. J Med Plant Res. 2010;4(2):104–111.
- Guin JD, Huber DS, Gielerak PL. Antibiotic sensitivity of comedonal Propionibacterium acnes. Acta Derm Venereol. 1979;59(6):552–554.
- Oprica C, Emtestam L, Lapins J, et al. Antibiotic-resistant Propionibacterium acnes on the skin of patients with moderate to severe acne in Stockholm. Anaerobe. 2004;10(3):155–164.
- Ahmad S, Fatima K, Atiq R. Antibacterial activity of Pakistani Rhazya stricta. PJSIR. 2004;47(1):29–33.
- Nand P, Drabu S, Gupta RK. Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of medicinal plants for the treatment of acne. Indian J Nat Prod Resour. 2012;3(1):28–32.
- Sirvi K, Goyal PK, Vyas B. Novel drug delivery system and its uses in the treatment of acne. IJPE. 2016;6(3):12–28.
- Aichalabi R, Fadhil A, Aibayati S. The antibacterial acivity of alcoholic extract of Ocimum basilicm on main causative agents acne in Iraqi teenagers. Int J Health Nutr. 2014;5(1):13–16.
- Güez CM, Souza ROD, Fischer P, et al. Evaluation of basil extract (Ocimum basilicum L.) on oxidative, anti-genotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects in human leukocytes cell cultures exposed to challenging agents. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2017;53(1):e15098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902017000115098.
- Adigüzel A, Güllüce M, Şengül M, et al. Antimicrobial effects of Ocimum basilicum (Labiatae) extract. Turk J Biol. 2005;29(3):155–160.
- Omojate Godstime C, Enwa Felix O, Jewo Augustina O, et al. Mechanisms of antimicrobial actions of phytochemicals against enteric pathogens–a review. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci. 2014;2(2):77–85.
- Sardana K, Gupta T, Kumar B, et al. Cross-sectional pilot study of antibiotic resistance in Propionibacterium acnes strains in Indian acne patients using 16S-RNA polymerase chain reaction: a comparison among treatment modalities including antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, and isotretinoin. Indian J Dermatol. 2016;61(1):45–52.
- Doğan B, Bektöre B, Karabacak E, et al. Resistance status of antibiotics in Gram-positive bacteria isolated from acne lesions in İstanbul. Turkderm-Turk Arch Dermatol Venereol. 2017; 51(2):32–36.