The Resilience of Pandemic Digital Deliberation: An Analysis of Online Synchronous Forums

REFERENCES

• Afsahi, Afsoun, Emily Beausoleil, Rikki Dean, Selen A. Ercan, and Jean-Paul Gagnon. 2020. “Democracy in a Global Emergency.” Democratic Theory 7: 5–19.
   Google Scholar
• Aitken, Mhairi, Sarah Cunningham-Burley, Amy Darlington, Stephen Elstub, Oliver Escobar, Kerina H. Jones, Naya Sethi, and Rachel Thompson. 2020. “Why the Public Need a Say in How Patient Data are Used for Covid-19 Responses.” International Journal of Population Data Science 5: 2.
   Google Scholar
• Aitken, Mhairi, Mary P. Tully, Carol Porteous, Simon Denegri, Sarah Cunningham-Burley, Natalie Banner, Corri Black et al. 2019. “Consensus Statement on Public Involvement and Engagement with Data-Intensive Health Research.” International Journal of Population Data Science 4 (1), https://doi.org/10.23889/ijpds.v4i1.586.
   Google Scholar
• Anckar, Carsten. 2008. “On the Applicability of the Most Similar Systems Design and the Most Different Systems Design in Comparative Research.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 11 (5): 389–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baek, Young Min, Magdalena Wojcieszak, and Michael X Delli Carpini. 2011. “Online Versus Face-to-Face Deliberation: Who? Why? What? With What Effects?” New Media and Society 14: 363–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandes, Susan A. 2009. “Repellent Crimes and Rational Deliberation: Emotion and the Death Penalty.” Vermont Law Review 33 (3): 489–518.
   Google Scholar
• Bland, Archie. 2020. “The Cummings Effect: Study Finds Public Faith Was Lost after Aide's Trip. The Guardian, August 6, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/aug/06/the-cummings-effect-study-finds-public-faith-was-lost-after-aides-trip.
   Google Scholar
• Bobbio, Luigi. 2013. The Quality of the Deliberation. Rome: Carroci Editore.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, Jason. 2016. Against Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Mark. 2014. “Expertise and Deliberative Democracy.” In Deliberative Democracy: Issues and Cases, edited by S. Elstub, and P. Mclaverty, 50–68. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, Pam, Graeme T. Laurie, and Mary Dixon-Woods. 2015. “The Social Licence for Research: Why Care Data Ran Into Trouble.” Journal of Medical Ethics 41: 404–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celermajer, Danielle, and Dalia Nassar. 2020. “COVID and the Era of Emergencies.” Democratic Theory 7: 12–24.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, Stewart, Stephen Elstub, Robert Johns, and Alastair Stark. 2017. “Rating the Debates: The 2010 UK Party Leaders Debates and the Deliberative System.” British Politics 12 (2): 183–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, Todd, and Reid Chandler. 2012. “Online Deliberation Design: Choices, Criteria and Evidence.” In Democracy in Motion: Evaluating the Practice and Impact of Deliberative Civic Engagement, edited by T. Nabatchi, J. Gastril, G. M. Weiksner, and M. Leighninger, 103–131. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elstub, Stephen, Sarah Liu, and Maarja Luhiste. 2020. “Coronavirus and Representative Democracy.” Representation 56 (4): 431–434.
   Google Scholar
• Elstub, Stephen, and Gianfranco Pomatto. 2018. “Mini-Publics and Deliberative Constitutionalism.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Deliberative Constitutionalism, edited by J. King, H. Kong, and R. Levy, 295–310. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ercan, Selen A., and Jean-Paul Gagnon. 2014. “The Crisis of Democracy.” Democratic Theory 1: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar, Oliver. 2011. “Suspending Disbelief: Obama and the Role of Emotions in Political Communication.” In Politics and Emotions: The Obama Phenomenon, edited by M. Engelken-Jorge, P. Ibarra Güell, and C. Moreno Del Río, 109–128. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar, Oliver. 2019. “Facilitators: The Micropolitics of Public Participation and Deliberation.” In The Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance, edited by S. Elstub, and O. Escobar, 178–195. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar, Oliver, and Stephen Elstub. 2019. “The Field of Democratic Innovation.” In The Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance, edited by S. Elstub, and O. Escobar, 1–9. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, Frank. 2012. “Participatory Governance: From Theory to Practice.” In The Oxford Handbook of Governance, edited by D. Levi-Faur, 457–471. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, Frank. 2017. Climate Crisis and the Democratic Prospect. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flinders, Matthew. 2020. “Democracy and the Politics of Coronavirus: Trust, Blame and Understanding.” Parliamentary Affairs 74: 483–502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa013.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, Roberto Stefan, Andrew Klassen, Michael Slade, Alex Rand, and Rosie Williams. 2020. Global Satisfaction with Democracy. Cambridge: Bennett Institute for Public Policy, University of Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Friess, Dennis, and Christiane Eilders. 2015. “A Systematic Review of Online Deliberation Research.” Policy and Internet 7: 319–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskell, Jennifer, and Gerry Stoker. 2020. “Centralized or Decentralized.” Democratic Theory 7: 33–40.
   Google Scholar
• Himmelroos, Staffan. 2017. “Discourse Quality in Deliberative Citizen Forums: A Comparison of Four Deliberative Mini-Publics.” Journal of Public Deliberation 13 (1): 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Hurt, Lisa, Pauline Ashfield-Watt, Julia Townson, Luke Heslop, Lauren Copeland, Mark D. Atkinson, Jeffrey Horton, and Shantini Paranjothy. 2019. “Cohort Profile: HealthWise Wales. A Research Register and Population Health Data Platform with Linkage to National Health Service Data Sets in Wales.” BMJ Open 9: e031705. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Involve. 2020. Deliberative Democracy in the Age of COVID-19: Practitioners Online Workshop – Summary Report of Key Themes. London: Involve.
   Google Scholar
• Jaramillo, Maria Clara, and Jürg Steiner. 2019. “From Discourse Quality Index to Deliberative Transformative Moments.” In The Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance, edited by S. Elstub, and O. Escobar, 527–539. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Kerina, Helen Daniels, Sharon M. Heys, Arron S. Lacey, and David V. Ford. 2020. “Towards a Risk-Utility Data Governance Framework for Research Using Genomic and Phenotypic Data in Safe Havens: Multifaceted Review.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22 (5): e16346. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/16346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking Fast and Slow. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Kavanagh, Matthew M., and Renu Singh. 2020. “Democracy, Capacity, and Coercion in Pandemic Response. COVID 19 in Comparative Political Perspective.” Journal Health Politics.” Policy and Law 45 (6): 8641530. https://doi-org.libproxy.ncl.ac.uk/10.1215/03616878-8641530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, Ryan, Anand E. Sokhey, Claire Abernathy, Kevin M. Esterling, David M. Lazer, Amy Lee, William Minozzi, and Michael A. Neblo. 2020. “Demographics and (Equal?) Voice: Assessing Participation in Online Deliberative Sessions.” Political Studies, doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719890805.
   Google Scholar
• Landemore, Hélène. 2012. Democratic Reason: Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lavazza, Andrea, and Mirko Farina. 2020. “The Role of Experts in the Covid-19 Pandemic and the Limits of Their Epistemic Authority in Democracy.” Frontiers in Public Health 8: 356. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney, James, and Gary Goertz. 2006. “A Tale of Two Cultures: Contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative Research.” Political Analysis 14: 227–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marien, Sofie, Ine Goovaerts, and Stephen Elstub. 2020. “Deliberative Qualities in Televised Election Debates: the Influence of the Electoral System and Populism.” West European Politics 43 (6): 1262–1284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendonça, Ricardo F. 2015. “Assessing Some Measures of Online Deliberation.” Brazilian Political Science Review 9 (3): 88–115.
   Google Scholar
• Mendonça, Ricardo F., Selen A. Ercan, and Asenbaum, H. Hans. 2020. “More Than Words: A Multidimensional Approach to Deliberative Democracy.” Political Studies. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720950561.
   Google Scholar
• Morrell, Michael E. 2010. Empathy and Democracy: Feeling, Thinking, and Deliberation. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mouter, Niek, Jose Ignacio Hernandez, and Anatol Valerian Itten. 2021. “Public Participation in Crisis Policymaking.” PloS One 16 (5): e0250614.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nabben, Kelsie. 2020. “Hacking the Pandemic: How Taiwans Digital Democracy Holds COVID-19 at Bay.” The Conversation, 11 September.
   Google Scholar
• Neblo, Michael A. 2020. “Impassioned Democracy: The Roles of Emotion in Deliberative Theory.” American Political Science Review 114 (3): 1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum, Martha C. 2001. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parry, Lucy J., Hans Asenbaum, and Selen A. Ercan. 2020. “Democracy in Flux: A Systemic View on the Impact of COVID-19.” Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 15 (2): 197–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-09-2020-0269.
   Google Scholar
• Pedrini, Seraina. 2014. “Deliberative Capacity in the Political and Civic Ssphere.” Swiss Political Science Review 20 (2): 263–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runciman, David. 2015. The Confidence Trap: A History of Democracy in Crisis from World War I to the Present. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Russon-Gilman, Hollie, and Tiago Peixoto. 2019. “Digital Participation.” In The Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance, edited by S. Elstub, and O. Escobar, 105–118. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Saam, Nicole J. 2018. “Recognizing the Emotion Work in Deliberation. Why Emotions Do Not Make Deliberative Democracy More Democratic.” Political Psychology 39 (4): 755–774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini, Rose M., and Hanna Carvalho. 2019. “The Rise of Participatory Despotism: A Systematic Review of Online Platforms for Political Engagement.” Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 17: 422–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, James, Nayha Sethi, and Christine Cassell. 2020. “Social Licence for the Use of Big Data in the COVID-19 Era.” npj Digital Medicine 3: 128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibony, Anne-Lise. 2020. “The UK COVID-19 Response: A Behavioural Irony?” European Journal of Risk Regulation 11 (2): 350–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenbergen, Marco R., André M. Bächtiger, Markus Sporndli, and Jürg Steiner. 2003. “Measuring Political Deliberation: A Discourse Quality Index.” Comparative European Politics 1 (1): 21–48.
   Google Scholar
• Strandberg, Kim, and Kimmo Grönlund. 2018. “Online Deliberation.” In The Oxford Handbook of Deliberative Democracy, edited by A. Bächtiger, J. S. Dryzek, J. Mansbridge, and M. E. Warren, 1st ed., 365–377. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stromer-Galley, Jennifer, Lauren Bryant, and Bruce Bimber. 2015. “Context and Medium Matter: Expressing Disagreements Online and Face-to-Face in Political Deliberations.” Journal of Public Deliberation 11: 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.218.
   Google Scholar
• SURF. 2020. Covid 19: Lessons from the Frontline. Glasgow: Scottish Urban Regeneration Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Toshkov, Dimiter. 2016. Research Design in Political Science. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Towne, W. Ben, and James D. Herbsleb. 2012. “Design Considerations for Online Deliberation Systems.” Journal of Information Technology and Politics 9: 97–115.
   Google Scholar
• Trenz, Hans-Jörg, Annett Heft, Michael Vaughan, and Barbara Pfetsch. 2020. “Resilience of Public Spheres in a Global Health Crisis.” Weizembaum Series 11: 1–29. Berlin: Weizenbaum Institute for the Network Society.
   Google Scholar
• Trenz, Hans-Jörg, Annett Heft, Michael Vaughan, and Barbara Pfetsch. 2021. “Resilience of Public Spheres in a Global Health Crisis.” Javnost – The Public 11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2021.1919385.
   Google Scholar
• Weible, Christopher M., Daniel Nohrstedt, Paul Cairney, David P. Carter, Deserai A. Crow, Anna P. Durnová, Tanya Heikkila, Karin Ingold, Allan McConnell, and Diane Stone. 2020. “COVID-19 and the Policy Sciences: Initial Reactions and Perspectives.” Policy Sciences 53 (2): 225–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, Scott, and John Street. 2007. “Democracy, Deliberation and Design: The Case of Online Discussion Forums.” New Media and Society 9: 849–869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, Robert K. 2014. Case Study Research Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Young, Iris Marion. 2000. Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar