REFERENCES
- Aradau, Claudia, and Tobias Blanke. 2010. “Governing Circulation: A Critique of the Biopolitics of Security.” In Security and Global Governmentality, edited by Miguel de Larrinaga and Marc G. Doucet, 56–70. London: Routledge.
- Bennett, W. Lance, and Alexandra Segerberg. 2013. The Logic of Connective Action: Digital Media and the Personalization of Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Boyd, Danah. 2010. “Social Network Sites as Networked Publics: Affordances, Dynamics, and Implications.” In Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites, edited by Zizi Papacharissi, 39–58. London: Routledge.
- Cadwalladr, Carol, and E. Emma Graham-Harrison. 2018. “Revealed: 50 Million Facebook Profiles Harvested for Cambridge Analytica in Major Data Breach.” The Guardian 17: 22.
- Clegg, Nick. 2020, March 25. “Combating COVID-19 Misinformation Across Our Apps.” Facebook Newsroom. https://about.fb.com/news/2020/03/combating-covid-19-misinformation/.
- Culloty, Eileen, and Jane Suiter. 2021. Disinformation and Manipulation in Digital Media: Information Pathologies. London: Routledge.
- Çarkoğlu, Ali, and S. Simge Andı. 2021. “Support for Censorship of Online and Offline Media: The Partisan Divide in Turkey.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 26 (3): 568–586.
- Dawkins, Richard. (1976) 2014. “The Selfish Gene.” In Essays and Reviews, edited by Bernard Williams, 140–142. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Dommett, Katherine. 2019. “Data-Driven Political Campaigns in Practice: Understanding and Regulating Diverse Data-Driven Campaigns.” Internet Policy Review 8 (4): 1–18.
- European Commission. 2018. Code of Conduct on Disinformation. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/code-practice-disinformation.
- European Commission. 2019. AudioVisual Media Services Directive. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/1808/oj.
- Facebook. 2020, November 19. “Here’s How We’re Using AI to Help Detect Misinformation.” Facebook AI. https://ai.facebook.com/blog/heres-how-were-using-ai-to-help-detect-misinformation/.
- Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and Punish. London: Vintage.
- Foucault, Michel. 2007. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
- Gerbaudo, P. 2012. Tweets and the Streets: Social media and Contemporary Activism. London: Pluto Press.
- Gerlitz, Carolin, and Anne Helmond. 2013. “The Like Economy: Social Buttons and the Data-Intensive Web.” New Media & Society 15 (8): 1348–1365. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812472322.
- Gillespie, Tarleton. 2018. Custodians of the Internet. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- James W. Cortada, and William Aspray. 2019. Fake News Nation: The Long History of Lies and Misinterpretations in America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Jenkins, Henry, Steven Ford, and Joshua Green. 2013. Spreadable Media. New York: New York University Press.
- Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ullrich KH Ecker, Colleen M. Seifert, Norbert Schwarz, and John Cook. 2012. “Misinformation and its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13 (3): 106–131.
- Lewandowsky, Stephen, and S. Sander Van Der Linden. 2021. “Countering Misinformation and Fake News Through Inoculation and Prebunking.” European Review of Social Psychology 32 (2): 348–384.
- Lewandowsky, Stephan, Laura Smillie, David Garcia, Ralph Hertwig, Jim Weatherall, Stefanie Egidy, Ronald E. Robertson, et al. 2020. “Technology and Democracy: Understanding the Influence of Online Technologies on Political Behaviour and Decision-Making.” Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/49b629ee-1805-11eb-b57e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.
- McGuire, William J. 1970. “Vaccine for Brainwash.” Psychology Today 3 (9): 36–64.
- Ong, Jonathan Corpus, and Jace Cabañes. 2019. “When Disinformation Studies Meets Production Studies: Social identities and Moral Justifications in the Political Trolling Industry.” International Journal of Communication 13: 5771–5790.
- Papacharissi, Zizi. 2015. Affective Publics: Sentiment, Technology, and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Rushkoff, Daniel. 1996. Media Virus!: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture. New York: Random House Digital.
- Schia, Niels Nagelhus, and Lars Gjesvik. 2020. “Hacking Democracy: Managing Influence Campaigns and Disinformation in the Digital Age.” Journal of Cyber Policy 5 (3): 413–428.
- Shifman, Limor. 2014. Memes in Digital Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
- Siapera, Eugenia, and May Alaa Abdel Mohty. 2020. “Disaffection Anger and Sarcasm: Exploring the Postrevolutionary Digital Public Sphere in Egypt.” International Journal of Communication 14: 491–513.
- Siapera, Eugenia, N. Niamh Kirk, and Kevin Doyle. 2019. Netflix and Binge? Exploring New Cultures of Media Consumption. Dublin: Broadcasting Authority of Ireland.
- Siapera, Eugenia, and Paloma Viejo-Otero. 2021. “Governing Hate: Facebook and Digital Racism.” Television & New Media 22 (2): 112–130.
- Silverstone, Roger. 2017. Media, Technology and Everyday Life in Europe: From Information to Communication. London: Routledge.
- Sontag, Susan. 1978. Illness as Metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- UN. 2020. “Tackling the Infodemic.” https://www.un.org/en/un-coronavirus-communications-team/un-tackling-%E2%80%98infodemic%E2%80%99-misinformation-and-cybercrime-covid-19.
- van Dijck, Jose. 2013. The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- van Dijck, Jose, and Thomas Poell. 2013. “Understanding Social Media Logic.” Media and Communication 1 (1): 2–14.
- Viejo Otero, Paloma. 2021. Governing Hate: Facebook and Hate Speech, Unpublished PhD thesis, Dublin City University.
- Wardle, Claire. 2018. Information Disorder: The Essential Glossary. Harvard, MA: Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School.
- Wardle, Claire, and Hossein Derakhshan. 2017. “Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making.” Council of Europe 27: 1–109.
- Watts, Duncan J., Jonah Peretti, and Michael Frumin. 2007. Viral Marketing for the Real World. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Pub.
- Weber, Max. 1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- WHO. 2020. “First Infodemiology Conference.” https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2020/06/30/default-calendar/1st-who-infodemiology-conference.