Counterpublics and Structural Change in Media and Politics: A Theoretical Framework on Transformations Within a Long-Term Historical Perspective

REFERENCES

• Asen, Robert. 2000. “Seeking the ‘Counter’ in Counterpublics.” Communication Theory 10 (4): 424–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2000.tb00201.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atton, Chris. 2002. Alternative Media. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, Olga, Bart Cammaerts, and Nico Carpentier. 2008. Understanding Alternative Media. New York: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Breese, Elizabeth Butler. 2011. “Mapping the Variety of Public Spheres.” Communication Theory 21 (2): 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01379.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun, Craig. 2010. “The Public Sphere in the Field of Power.” Social Science History 34 (3): 301–335. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200011287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick, Andrew. 2017. The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dolber, Brian. 2011. “From Socialism to ‘Sentiment’: Toward a Political Economy of Communities, Counterpublics, and Their Media Through Jewish Working Class History.” Communication Theory 21 (1): 90–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01377.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolber, Brian. 2016. “Commodifying Alternative Media Audiences: A Historical Case Study of the Jewish Daily Forward.” Communication, Culture and Critique 9 (2): 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey, John, and Natalie Fenton. 2003. “New Media, Counter Publicity and the Public Sphere.” New Media & Society 5 (2): 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444803005002003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing, John D. H. 2001. Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Eckert, Stine, and Kalyani Chadha. 2013. “Muslim Bloggers in Germany: An Emerging Counterpublic.” Media, Culture & Society 35 (8): 926–942. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443713501930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eley, Geoff. 1992. “Nations, Publics, and Political Cultures: Placing Habermas in the Nineteenth Century.” In Habermas and the Public Sphere, edited by Craig Calhoun, 289–339. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Engesser, Sven, and Jeffrey Wimmer. 2009. “Gegenöffentlichkeit(en) und partizipativer Journalismus im Internet.” Publizistik 54 (1): 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-009-0024-2
   Google Scholar
• Foucault Welles, Brooke, and Sarah J. Jackson. 2019. “The Battle for #Baltimore: Networked Counterpublics and the Contested Framing of Urban Unrest.” International Journal of Communication 13: 1699–1719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, Nancy. 1990. “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” Social Text 12 (25/26): 56–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/466240
   Google Scholar
• Freudenthaler, Rainer. 2020. “Which Online Counter-Publics on Facebook are Fostering Agonistic Respect? An Assessment of Counter-Publics Debating Germany’s Refugee Policy.” Javnost – The Public 27 (3): 247–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2020.1804121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frischlich, Lena, Scott A. Eldridge II, Tine Ustad Figenschou, Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk, Kristoffer Holt, and Stephen Cushion. 2023. “Contesting the Mainstream: Towards an Audience-Centered Agenda of Alternative News Research.” Digital Journalism 11 (5): 727–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2214791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, Christian. 2010. “Alternative Media as Critical Media.” European Journal of Social Theory 13 (2): 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431010362294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas, Jürgen. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry Into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, Jürgen. 2022. “Reflections and Hypotheses on a Further Structural Transformation of the Political Public Sphere.” Theory, Culture & Society 39 (4): 145–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764221112341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, Miriam. 1993. “Foreword.” In Public Sphere and Experience: Analysis of the Bourgeois and Proletarian Public Sphere, edited by Oskar Negt, and Alexander Kluge, ix–xli. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, Kristoffer. 2018. “Alternative Media and the Notion of Anti-Systemness: Towards an Analytical Framework.” Media and Communication 6 (4): 49–57. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i4.1467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, Kristoffer, Tine Ustad Figenschou, and Lena Frischlich. 2019. “Key Dimensions of Alternative News Media.” Digital Journalism 7 (7): 860–869. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, Sarah J., Moya Bailey, and Brooke Foucault Welles. 2020. #HashtagActivism. Networks of Race and Gender Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, Sarah J., and Sonia Banaszczyk. 2016. “Digital Standpoints: Debating Gendered Violence and Racial Exclusions in the Feminist Counterpublic.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 40 (4): 391–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859916667731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, Sarah J., and Brooke Foucault Welles. 2015. “Hijacking #MYNYPD: Social Media Dissent and Networked Counterpublics.” Journal of Communication 65 (6): 932–952. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, Sarah J, and Daniel Kreiss. 2023. “Recentering Power: Conceptualizing Counterpublics and Defensive Publics.” Communication Theory 33 (2-3): 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtad004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, Jonas. 2017. “Public Spheres of Skepticism: Climate Skeptics’ Online Comments in the German Networked Public Sphere.” International Journal of Communication 11: 1661–1682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, Jonas, and Cornelius Puschmann. 2017. “Alliance of Antagonism: Counterpublics and Polarization in Online Climate Change Communication.” Communication and the Public 2 (4): 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047317732350
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, Jonas, and Adrian Rauchfleisch. 2019. “Integrating Concepts of Counterpublics Into Generalised Public Sphere Frameworks: Contemporary Transformations in Radical Forms.” Javnost – The Public 26 (3): 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1558676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavada, Anastasia, and Thomas Poell. 2020. “From Counterpublics to Contentious Publicness: Tracing the Temporal, Spatial, and Material Articulations of Popular Protest Through Social Media.” Communication Theory 31 (2): 190–208. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunst, Marlene, Florian Toepfl, and Leyla Dogruel. 2020. “Spirals of Speaking Out? Effects of the ‘Suppressed Voice Rhetoric’ on Audiences’ Willingness to Express Their Opinion.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 64 (3): 397–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2020.1796390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laclau, Ernesto, and Chantal Mouffe. 2014. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. 2nd ed. London, New York: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, Kyle R., and George F. McHendry. 2019. “Parasitic Publics.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 49 (5): 517–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773945.2019.1671986
   Google Scholar
• Lassalle, Ferdinand. [1863] 1892. Die Feste, die Presse und der Frankfurter Abgeordnetentag. Eine Rede gehalten in den Versammlungen des Allgemeinen Deutschen Arbeiter-Vereins in Barmen, Solingen und Düsseldorf. Berlin: Verlag der Expedition des Vorwärts Berliner Volksblatt.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Hun-Yul. 2013. “Bonding and Bridging Migrant Workers to Korean Society: A Study of Migrant Workers’ Television as a Counterpublic Sphere.” International Journal of Communication 7: 2609–2629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Gunho. 2017. “Verb Objectivity and Source Qualification: Comparison of Quotation Attributions in Offline and Online Newspapers.” Journalism 18 (7): 890–906. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916636175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, Dennis K. K., and Francis L. F. Lee. 2014. “Cultivating an Active Online Counterpublic: Examining Usage and Political Impact of Internet Alternative Media.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 19 (3): 340–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161214530787
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lien, Anders NJ. 2024. “A Battle for Truth: Islam-Related Counterpublic Discourse on Scandinavian News Media Facebook Pages.” New Media & Society 26 (2): 839–858. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211068436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayerhöffer, Eva, and Annett Heft. 2022. “Between Journalistic and Movement Logic: Disentangling Referencing Practices of Right-Wing Alternative Online News Media.” Digital Journalism 10 (8): 1409–1430. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1974915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milioni, Dimitra L. 2009. “Probing the Online Counterpublic Sphere: The Case of Indymedia Athens.” Media, Culture & Society 31 (3): 409–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443709102714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouffe, Chantal. 1999. “Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?” Social Research 66 (3): 745–758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negt, Oskar, and Alexander Kluge. 1993. Public Sphere and Experience: Analysis of the Bourgeois and Proletarian Public Sphere. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nygaard, Silje. 2020. “Boundary Work: Intermedia Agenda-Setting Between Right-Wing Alternative Media and Professional Journalism.” Journalism Studies 21 (6): 766–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1722731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfetsch, Barbara. 2018. “Dissonant and Disconnected Public Spheres as Challenge for Political Communication Research.” Javnost – The Public 25 (1-2): 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1423942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese, Stephen D. 2023. “Writing the Conceptual Article: A Practical Guide.” Digital Journalism 11 (7): 1195–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.2009353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reijven, Menno H., Sarah Cho, Matthew Ross, and Gonen Dori-Hacohen. 2020. “Conspiracy, Religion, and the Public Sphere: The Discourses of Far-Right Counterpublics in the US and South Korea.” International Journal of Communication 14: 5331–5350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, Corey. 2008. Media and the Making of Modern Germany: Mass Communications, Society, and Politics from the Empire to the Third Reich. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzenegger, Christian. 2021. “Communities of Darkness? Users and Uses of Anti-System Alternative Media Between Audience and Community.” Media and Communication 9 (1): 99–109. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevignani, Sebastian. 2022. “Digital Transformations and the Ideological Formation of the Public Sphere: Hegemonic, Populist, or Popular Communication?” Theory, Culture & Society 39 (4): 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764221103516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squires, Catherine R. 2002. “Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres.” Communication Theory 12 (4): 446–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00278.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staab, Philipp, and Thorsten Thiel. 2022. “Social Media and the Digital Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere.” Theory, Culture & Society 39 (4): 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764221103527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thimsen, A. Freya. 2017. “Did the Trumpian Counterpublic Dissent Against the Dominant Model of Campaign Finance?” Javnost – The Public 24 (3): 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2017.1307572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tischauser, Jeff, and Kevin Musgrave. 2020. “Far-Right Media as Imitated Counterpublicity: A Discourse Analysis on Racial Meaning and Identity on Vdare.com.” Howard Journal of Communications 31 (3): 282–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2019.1702124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toepfl, Florian, and Eunike Piwoni. 2015. “Public Spheres in Interaction: Comment Sections of News Websites as Counterpublic Spaces.” Journal of Communication 65 (3): 465–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toepfl, Florian, and Eunike Piwoni. 2018. “Targeting Dominant Publics: How Counterpublic Commenters Align Their Efforts With Mainstream News.” New Media & Society 20 (5): 2011–2027. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817712085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Bulck, Hilde, and Aaron Hyzen. 2020. “Of Lizards and Ideological Entrepreneurs: Alex Jones and Infowars in the Relationship Between Populist Nationalism and the Post-Global Media Ecology.” International Communication Gazette 82 (1): 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048519880726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venema, Niklas. 2023. “International Cooperation on (Counter)Publics Between Tradition and Reorientation: Social Democracy and its Media in the Cold War Era.” Communications – The European Journal of Communication Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2023-0037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, Michael. 2002. “Publics and Counterpublics.” Public Culture 14 (1): 49–90. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-14-1-49
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, Kevin. 2010. Read All About It! A History of the British Newspaper. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Weiai Wayne. 2020. “Mapping Connective Actions in the Global Alt-Right and Antifa Counterpublics.” International Journal of Communication 14: 1070–1091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar