Proxemics and speech acts in intercultural settings: a case study in Turkey

References

• Adams, W. C. 2010. “Conducting Semi-Structured Interviews.” In Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation, edited by J. S. Wholey, H. P. Hatry, and K. E. Newcomer, 3rd edition 365–377. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Adwan, O. 2015. “Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Acts in Headlines of The Independent Newspaper.” (Master Thesis). Süleyman Demirel University.
   Google Scholar
• Ametbek, N. 2012. “A Cross-Cultural Study of Americans, Turkish and Kazakh EFL Students’ Use of English Speech Acts: Apology, Request and Complaint.” (Master Thesis). Hacettepe University.
   Google Scholar
• Andreeva, I. 2016. “Teaching Culture Through Social Situations in English as a Second Language classes.” (Master thesis). University Of San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Arent, R. 2009. Bridging the Cross-Cultural Gap: Listening and Speaking Tasks for Developing Fluency in English. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ateşkan, A. 2016. “Pre-Service Teachers’ Cultural and Teaching Experience Abroad.” Journal of Education for Teaching 42 (2): 135–148. doi: 10.1080/02607476.2016.1144634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, J. L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Basra, S. M., and L. Thoyyibah. 2017. “A Speech Act Analysis of Teacher Talk in an EFL Classroom.” International Journal of Education 10 (1): 73–81. http://doi.org/10.17509/ije.v10i1.6848.
   Google Scholar
• Bataineh, R. F. 2013. “On Congratulating, Thanking, and Apologizing in Jordanian Arabic and American English.” Journal of Intercultural Communication 32. Retrieved from https://immi.se/oldwebsite/nr32/bataineh.html.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, M. J. 1993. “Towards Ethnorelativism: A Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity.” In Education for the Intercultural Experience, edited by R. M. Paige, 2nd edition 21–71. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, H. D. 2007. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (5th edition). New York: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Canfield, A. 2002. Body, Identity and Interaction: Interpreting Nonverbal Communication. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED473237.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chalkiadaki, A. 2018. “A Systematic Literature Review of 21st Century Skills and Competencies in Primary Education.” International Journal of Instruction 11 (3): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.1131a.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., L. Manion, and K. Morrison. 2000. Research Methods in Education (5^th edition). London: RoutledgeFalmer.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., L. Manion, and K. Morrison. 2007. Research Methods in Education (6^th edition). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., V. L. Plano Clark, M. L. Gutmann, and W. E. Hanson. 2003. “Advanced Mixed Methods Research Designs.” In Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research, edited by A. Tashakkori, and C. Teddlie, 209–240. Thousands Oaks, Calif: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Çelik, S. 2005. ““Get Your Face Out of Mine”: Culture-oriented Distance in EFL Context. A Helpful Guide for Turkish EFL Teachers.” TOMER Language Journal 128: 37–50. Retrieved from http://acikarsiv.ankara.edu.tr/eng/browse/16340/.
   Google Scholar
• Danesi, M. 2006. “Proxemics.” In Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, edited by K. Brown, 241–243. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01441-3.
   Google Scholar
• Deardorff, D. K. 2006. “Identification and Assessment of Intercultural Competence as a Student Outcome of Internationalization.” Journal of Studies in International Education 10 (3): 241–266.
   Google Scholar
• Deardorff, D. K. 2009. The SAGE Handbook of Intercultural Competence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dogancay-Aktuna, S. 2005. “Intercultural Communication in English language teacher Education.” ELT Journal 59 (2): 99–107.
   Google Scholar
• Dörnyei, Z. 2007. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed methodologies. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dragomir, G.-M., M. A. Farcaşiu, and S. Şimon. 2021. “Students’ Perceptions of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication Behaviors During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Applied Sciences 11 (18): 8282. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188282.
   Google Scholar
• Elfatihi, M. 2006. “The Role of Nonverbal Communication in Beginners’ EFL Classrooms: Sale Junior High Schools as A Case.” (Master thesis). Sidi Mohamed Benabdellah University.
   Google Scholar
• Fraenkel, J. R., N. E. Wallen, and H. H. Hyun. 2012. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, H. S. 2019. “Introduction to The Special Issue On Theory in Nonverbal Communication.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 43: 107–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-019-00299-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garba, S. I. 2019. “Teachers’ and Students’ Perceptions on Use of Non-verbal Communication in Instruction of English in Public Secondary Schools in Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria.” (Master thesis). Kenyatta University.
   Google Scholar
• Gay, G., and T. C. Howard. 2000. “Multicultural Teacher Education for the 21st Century.” The Teacher Educator 36 (1): 1–16. doi: 10.1080/08878730009555246.
   Google Scholar
• Geçer, A., and D. Deryakulu. 2004. “The Effect of Teacher Immediacy on Students’ Success, Attitude and Motivation.” Educational Administration: Theory and Practice 40: 518–543.
   Google Scholar
• Golafshani, N. 2003. “Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research.” The Qualitative Report 8 (4): 597–607.
   Google Scholar
• Gómez, M. N. 2016. “Focusing on Speech Acts to Understand and Teach Pragmatics in Language Instruction.” Ciencias de la Educación 16 (4): 57–64.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, E. T. 1959. The Silent Language. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, E. T. 1963. “A System for The Notation of Proxemic Behavior.” American Anthropologist 65 (5): 1003–1026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, E. T. 1976. Beyond Culture. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, L., and C. Corbett-Whittier. 2013. Using Case Study in Education Research. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hesar M. P., M. Y. Konca and E. Zarfsaz. 2012. “Why and How to Apply Culture in an EFL Classroom?” Paper presented at 2012 International conference on language, medias and culture proceedings, 33, 68-72, Singapore: IACSIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, U. 2016. “Nonverbal Communication.” In Encyclopedia of Mental Health, edited by H. S. Friedman, 208–2018. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H. F., and S. E. Shannon. 2005. “Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis.” Qualitative Health Research 15 (9): 1277–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hymes, D. H. 1972. “On Communicative Competence.” In Sociolinguistics, edited by J. B. Pride, and J. Holmes, 269–293. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Kader, N. A. 2020. “Kinesics and Proxemics in English Language Classrooms: An Analysis.” International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education 6 (5): 174–177.
   Google Scholar
• Kılıçkaya, F. 2010. “The Pragmatic Knowledge of Turkish EFL Students in Using Certain Request Strategies.” Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 9 (1): 185–201.
   Google Scholar
• Kondracki, N. L., N. S. Wellman, and D. R. Amundson. 2002. “Content Analysis: Review of Methods and Their Applications in Nutrition Education.” Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 34 (4): 224–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulaksız, E. 2015. “To What Extent Does Culture Create Language Learning in Terms of Proxemics?” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 199: 695–703.
   Google Scholar
• Lemoine-Bresson, V., and V. Tremion. 2021. “Problematizing Culture with Video in Teacher Training.” Language and Intercultural Communication 21 (6): 781–792. doi: 10.1080/14708477.2021.1989445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, C. H., and W. T. Y. Chan. 2022. “Lack of Teachers’ Facial Expression in the COVID19 Pandemic: Problems and Ways to Solutions.” Journal of Asian Scientific Research 12 (2): 62–69.
   Google Scholar
• Mackey, A., and S. Gass. 2005. Second Language Research: Methodology and Design. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Marx, H., and D. M. Moss. 2011. “Please Mind the Culture Gap: Intercultural Development During a Teacher Education Study Abroad Program.” Journal of Teacher Education 62 (1): 35–47. doi: 10.1177/0022487110381998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey, J. C., V. P. Richmond, A. Sallinen, J. M. Fayer, and R. A. Barraclough. 1995. “A Cross Cultural and Multi-Behavioral Analysis of the Relationship Between Nonverbal Immediacy and Teacher Evaluation.” Communication Education 44 (4): 281–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, S. L. 2006. Researching Second Language Classrooms. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., and A. M. Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed, F. O., H. G. Othman, and I. A. Hasan. 2020. “An Analysis of Teachers’ Proxemics in Bahdini EFL University Classrooms.” The Asian ESP Journal 16 (2.2): 210–231.
   Google Scholar
• Negi, J. S. 2009. “The role of Teachers’ Non-Verbal Communication in ELT Classroom.” Journal of NELTA 14 (1-2): 101–110.
   Google Scholar
• Nunan, D., and K. M. Bailey. 2009. Exploring Second Language Classroom Research: A Comprehensive Guide. Canada: Heinle Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. 2002. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Rajabiaa, S., A. Azizifaraa, and H. Gowhary. 2015. “The Effect of Explicit Instruction on Pragmatic Competence Development; Teaching Requests to EFL Learners of English.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 199: 231–239.
   Google Scholar
• Rosati-Peterson, G. L., J. S. Piro, C. Straub, and C. O’Callaghan. 2021. “A Nonverbal Immediacy Treatment with Preservice Teachers Using Mixed Reality Simulations.” Cogent Education 8 (1): 1882114. doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2021.1882114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searle, J. R. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in The Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, S., and P. Vyas. 2022. “Enhancing Non-Verbal Communication in Online Classes: A Conceptual Framework.” Journal of Education for Teaching 48 (1): 135–137. doi: 10.1080/02607476.2021.2011166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y. 2018. “A Pragmatic Study on English Teachers’ Speech Acts in Universities.” Advances in Computer Science Research 83: 89–92.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer-Oatey, H. 2008. Culturally Speaking. Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory (2nd edition). London: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Tabatabaei, S. 2019. “Language Proficiency and Appropriateness of Using Refusal Speech Acts by Iranian EFL Learners.” Applied Linguistics Research Journal 4 (1): 35–45.
   Google Scholar
• Urbani, J. M., S. Roshandel, R. Michaels, and E. Truesdell. 2017. “Developing and Modelling 21st Century Skills with Preservice Teachers.” Teacher Education Quarterly 44 (4): 27–50.
   Google Scholar
• Vargas, M. F. 1986. Louder Than Words. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Willems, G. M. 2002. Language Teacher Education Policy Promoting Linguistic Diversity and Intercultural Communication. Language Policy Division, Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
   Google Scholar
• Yakut, R. E. 2019. “A Cross-Cultural Pragmatics Approach to Speech Acts in American English and Turkish: The case of refusals in TV series.” (Master Thesis). Erciyes University.
   Google Scholar
• Yi-xuan, N. 2016. “Analysis of Appropriateness in a Speech Act of Request in L2 English.” Pragmatics 16 (4): 513–533.
   Google Scholar
• Zeff, B. B. 2016. “The Pragmatics of Greetings: Teaching Speech Acts in the EFL Classroom.” English Teaching Forum 54 (1): 2–11.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. 2010. “Developing Students’ Intercultural Communication Competences in Western Etiquette Teaching.” English Language Teaching 3 (4): 224–227.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y., D. Jindal-Snape, K. Topping, and J. Todman. 2008. “Theoretical Models of Culture Shock and Adaptation in International Students in Higher Education.” Studies in Higher Education 33 (1): 63–75. doi: 10.1080/03075070701794833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar