Questioning Child Witnesses: Exploring the Benefits and Risks of Intermediary Models in New Zealand

References

• Brown , D. , Lamb , M.E. , Pipe , M.-E. and Orbach , Y. 2008 . “ Pursuing ‘the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth’: Forensic interviews with child victims or witnesses of abuse ” . In Stress, trauma, and children's memory development: Neurobiological, cognitive, clinical, and legal perspectives , Edited by: Howe , M.L. , Goodman , G.S. and Cicchetti , D. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , E. , Hanna , K. , Henderson , E. and White , M.J. 2011 . Prerecording children's entire testimony: Potential benefits and risks . New Zealand Law Journal, November, 335–338 ,
   Google Scholar
• Davies , E. , Henderson , E. and Hanna , K. 2010 . Facilitating children to give best evidence: Are there better ways to challenge children's testimony? . Criminal Law Journal , 34 ( 6 ) : 347 – 362 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , E. , Henderson , E. and Seymour , F.W. 1997 . In the interests of justice? The cross-examination of child complainants of sexual abuse in criminal proceedings . Psychiatry, Psychology and Law , 4 ( 2 ) : 217 – 229 . doi: 10.1080/13218719709524912
   Google Scholar
• Dent , H.R. and Stephenson , G.M. 1979 . An experimental study of the effectiveness of different techniques of questioning child witnesses . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 18 : 41 – 51 . doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1979.tb00302.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison , L. 2001 . The mosaic art? Cross-examination and the vulnerable witness . Legal Studies , 21 ( 3 ) : 353 – 375 . doi: 10.1111/j.1748-121X.2001.tb00172.x
   Google Scholar
• Freshwater , K. and Aldridge , J. 1994 . The knowledge and fears about court of child witnesses, schoolchildren and adults . Child Abuse Review , 3 : 183 – 195 . doi: 10.1002/car.2380030307
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , G.S. , Taub , E.P. , Jones , D.P.H. , England , P. , Port , L.K. Rudy , L. 1992 . Testifying in criminal court: Emotional effects on child sexual assault victims . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 57 ( 5 ) : 1 – 159 . doi: 10.2307/1166127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna , K. , Davies , E. , Crothers , C. and Henderson , E. 2012 . Questioning child witnesses in New Zealand's criminal justice system: Is cross-examination fair? . Psychiatry, Psychology & Law, , 19 ( 4 ) : 530 – 546 . doi: 10.1080/13218719.2011.615813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna , K. , Davies , E. , Henderson , E. , Crothers , C. and Rotherham , C. 2010 . Child witnesses in the New Zealand criminal courts: A review of practice and implications for policy , Auckland , , New Zealand : Institute of Public Policy .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , E. 2000 . Cross-examination: A critical examination , Cambridge University . Unpublished PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , E. 2010 . “ Innovative practices in other jurisdictions ” . In Child witnesses in the New Zealand criminal courts: A review of practice and implications for policy , Edited by: Hanna , K. , Davies , E. , Henderson , E. , Crothers , C. and Rotherham , C. Auckland , , New Zealand : Institute of Public Policy, AUT University .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , E. , Hanna , K. and Davies , E. 2012 . Pre-recording children's evidence: The Western Australian experience . Criminal Law Review , 1 : 3 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Lamb , M.E. and Fauchier , A. 2001 . The effects of question type on self-contradictions by children in the course of forensic interviews . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 483 – 491 . doi: 10.1002/acp.726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb , M.E. , Hershkowitz , I. , Orbach , Y. and Esplin , P.W. 2008 . Tell me what happened: Structured investigative interviews of child victims and witnesses , Chichester , , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lamb , M.E. , Orbach , Y. , Hershkowitz , I. , Horowitz , D. and Abbott , C.B. 2007 . Does the type of prompt affect the accuracy of information provided by alleged victims of abuse in forensic interviews? . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 21 : 1117 – 1130 . doi: 10.1002/acp.1318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , N.W. , McAuliff , B.D. , Tam , P. , Claycomb , L. , Dostal , C. and Flanagan , C. 1995 . When lawyers question children: Is justice served? . Law and Human Behavior , 19 ( 6 ) : 609 – 629 . doi: 10.1007/BF01499377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotnikoff , J. and Woolfson , R. 2007 . The go-between: Evaluation of intermediary pathfinder projects , Hitchin , , UK : Lexicon Limited . Retrieved from http://www.lexiconlimited.co.uk/witness_projects.htm
   Google Scholar
• Plotnikoff , J. and Woolfson , R. 2012 . “ ‘Kicking and screaming': The slow road to best evidence ” . In Children and cross-examination: Time to change the rules? , Edited by: Spencer , J.R. and Lamb , M.E. (pp. 21–42) Oxford , , UK : Hart .
   Google Scholar
• Poole , D.A. and Lamb , M.E. 1998 . Investigative interviews of children: A guide for helping professionals , Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Salhany , R.E. 2006 . Cross-examination: The art of the advocate , (3rd edn) , Markham , ON : LexisNexis Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Sas , L. 2002 . The interaction between children's developmental capabilities and the courtroom environment: The impact on testimonial competency Retrieved from http://www.justicecanada.ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2002/rr02_6/rr02_6.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Whitney , L. and Cook , A. 1990 . The use of closed-circuit television in New Zealand courts: The first six trials , Wellington , , New Zealand : Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Zajac , R. and Cannan , P. 2009 . Cross-examination of sexual assault complainants: A developmental comparison . Psychiatry, Psychology and Law , 16 doi: 10.1080/13218710802620448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajac , R. , Gross , J. and Hayne , H. 2003 . Asked and answered: Questioning children in the courtroom . Psychiatry, Psychology and Law , 10 ( 1 ) : 199 – 209 . doi: 10.1375/pplt.2003.10.1.199
   Google Scholar
• Zajac , R. and Hayne , H. 2003 . I don't think that's what really happened: The effect of cross-examination on the accuracy of children's reports . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 9 ( 3 ) : 187 – 195 . doi: 10.1037/1076-898X.9.3.187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajac , R. and Hayne , H. 2006 . The negative effect of cross-examination style questioning on children's accuracy: Older children are not immune . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 20 : 3 – 16 . doi: 10.1002/acp.1169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar