References
- Amer, A.B. (2013). Informed consent in adult psychiatry. Oman Medical Journal, 28(4), 228–231. doi:https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2013.67
- Axelrod, B.N. (2002). Validity of the Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence and other very short forms of estimating intellectual functioning. Assessment, 9(1), 17–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191102009001003
- Baddeley, A.D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Baddeley, A.D. (1994). The magical number seven: Still magic after all these years? Psychological Review, 101(2), 353–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.353
- Baddeley, A.D. (2012). Working memory: Theories, models, and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 1–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422
- Beail, N. (2002). Interrogative suggestibility, memory and intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15(2), 129–137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3148.2002.00108.x
- Brown, D. (1997). PACE ten years on: A review of the research, home office research study no. 155. London, UK: Home Office.
- Carloway, C. (2012). Reforming scots criminal law and practice: The carloway report. Retrieved from: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2012/07/4794/12.
- Chaulk, S.J., Eastwood, J., & Snook, B. (2014). Measuring and predicting police caution comprehension in adult offenders. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 56(3), 323–340. doi:https://doi.org/10.3138/CJCCJ.2013.E02
- Clare, I.C., & Gudjonsson, G.H. (1993). Interrogative suggestibility, confabulation, and acquiescence in people with mild learning disabilities (mental handicap): Implications for reliability during police interrogations. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32(3), 295–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01059.x
- Clare, I.C., Gudjonsson, G.H., & Harari, P.M. (1998). Understanding of the current police caution (England and Wales). Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 8(5), 323–329.
- Clark, C., & Dugdale, G. (2008). Literacy changes lives: The role of literacy in offending behaviour. Literacy Trust. Retrieved from: https://literacytrust.org.uk/research-services/research-reports/literacy-changes-lives-2008-role-literacy-offending-behaviour/.
- Clements, S., Corney, S., Humin, Y., Karmas, R., & Henderson, C. (2015). Cognitive functioning: Supporting people with mental health conditions and cognitive impairment. Retrieved from: http://www.mhcc.org.au/media/76989/2016.02.17._supporting_cognitive_functioning-_mhcc_version__v._10__.pdf.
- Colwell, L.H., Cruise, K.R., Guy, L.S., McCoy, W.K., Fernandez, K., & Ross, H.H. (2005). The influence of psychosocial maturity on male juvenile offenders’ comprehension and understanding of the Miranda Warning. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 33(4), 444–454.
- Cooke, D.J., & Philip, L. (1998). Comprehending the Scottish caution: Do offenders understand their right to remain silent? Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3(1), 13–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8333.1998.tb00349.x
- Cooper, V.G., & Zapf, P.A. (2008). Psychiatric patients' comprehension of Miranda rights. Law and Human Behavior, 32(5), 390–405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-007-9099-3
- Coyote v. United States. (1967). 380 F.2d 305. Retrieved from: https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914c83badd7b049347e8974
- Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. (2018). CASP Cohort Study Checklist. Retrieved from: https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/CASP-Cohort-Study-Checklist.pdf.
- Davis, K., Fitzsimmons, C.L., & Moore, T.E. (2011). Improving the comprehensibility of a Canadian police caution on the right to silence. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 26(2), 87–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-011-9086-y
- Eastwood, J., & Snook, B. (2009). Comprehending Canadian police cautions: Are the rights to silence and legal counsel understandable? Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 28(3), 377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.898
- Eastwood, J., & Snook, B. (2012). The effect of listenability factors on the comprehension of police cautions. Law and Human Behavior, 36(3), 177–183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093955
- Everington, C., & Fulero, S.M. (1999). Competence to confess: Measuring understanding and suggestibility of defendants with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 37(3), 212–220. doi:https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(1999)037<0212:CTCMUA>2.0.CO;2
- Eysenck, M.W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M.G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
- Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorder in 23 000 prisoners: A systematic review of 62 surveys. The Lancet, 359(9306), 545–550. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07740-1
- Federal Bureau of Statistics (2018). Inmate gender: statistics based on prior month’s data. Retrieved from: https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/statistics_inmate_gender.jsp.
- Fenner, S., Gudjonsson, G.H., & Clare, I.C.H. (2002). Understanding of the current police caution (England and Wales) among suspects in police detention. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12(2), 83–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.658
- Ferreira, F., & Patson, N.D. (2007). The ‘good enough’ approach to language comprehension. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(1-2), 71–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00007.x
- Frumkin, E.B., Lally, S.J., & Sexton, J.E. (2012). The Grisso tests for assessing understanding and appreciation of Miranda warnings with a forensic sample. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30(6), 673–692. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2018
- Fulero, S.M., & Everington, C. (1995). Assessing competency to waive Miranda rights in defendants with mental retardation. Law and Human Behavior, 19(5), 533–543. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01499342
- Goldstein, A.A., & Goldstein, N.E.S. (2010). Evaluating capacity to waive miranda rights. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Goldstein, A.M., Zelle, H., & Grisso, T. (2012). Miranda Rights comprehension instruments: MRCI. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
- Goldstein, N.E.S., Zelle, H., & Grisso, T. (2014). The miranda rights comprehension instruments: Manual for juvenile and adult evaluations. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
- Grisso, T. (1980). Juveniles’ capacities to waive Miranda rights: An empirical analysis. California Law Review, 68(6), 1134–1166. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3480263
- Grisso, T. (1981). Juveniles’ waiver of rights: Legal and psychological competence. New York, NY: Plenum.
- Grisso, T. (1986). Evaluating competencies: Forensic assessments and instruments (1st ed.). New York, NY: Plenum.
- Grisso, T. (1998). Instruments for assessing understanding and appreciation of Miranda rights. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.
- Gudjonsson, G.H. (1984). A new scale of interrogative suggestibility. Personality and Individual Differences, 5(3), 303–314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(84)90069-2
- Gudjonsson, G.H. (1997). Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales manual. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
- Haahr, M. (1998). True random number generator. Retrieved from: https://www.random.org/.
- Hughes, M., Bain, S.A., Gilchrist, E., & Boyle, J. (2013). Does providing a written version of the police caution improve comprehension in the general population? Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(7), 549–564. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2011.644793
- Hyde, J.S., & Linn, M.C. (1988). Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 104(1), 53–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.53
- Irby, S.M., & Floyd, R.G. (2013). Test review: Wechsler Abbreviate Scale of Intelligence, second edition. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 28(3), 295–299. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573513493982
- Johnson, M.B., Citron-Lippmann, K., Massey, C., Raghavan, C., & Kavanagh, A.M. (2015). Interrogation expectations: Individual and race/ethnic group variation among an adult sample. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 13(1), 16–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2014.936641
- Kaempf, A., & Pinals, D.A. (2008). Competence to waive Miranda rights. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 36(3), 400–402.
- Kassin, S.M., Drizin, S.A., Grisso, T., Gudjonsson, G.H., Leo, R.A., & Redlich, A.D. (2010). Police-induced confessions: Risk factors and recommendations. Law & Human Behaviour, 34(3), 33–38.
- The Law Library of Congress. (2016). Miranda warning equivalents abroad. Retrieved from: https://www.loc.gov/law/help/miranda-warning-equivalents-broad/miranda-warning-equivalents-abroad.pdf.
- Lynn, R., & Irwing, P. (2008). Sex differences in mental arithmetic, digit span, and g defined as working memory capacity. Intelligence, 36(3), 226–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2007.06.002
- McHugh, M.L. (2012). Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276–282. doi:https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2012.031
- Marton, K., Schwartz, R.G., Farkas, L., & Katsnelson, V. (2006). Effect of sentence length and complexity on working memory performance in Hungarian children with specific language impairment (SLI): A cross-linguistic comparison. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 41(6), 653–673. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13682820500420418
- Miranda v. Arizona. (1966). 384 U.S. 436. Retrieved from: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/384/436
- Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Public Library of Science, 6(7), 1–6.
- Moran, T.P. (2016). Anxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 142(8), 831–864. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000051
- Murphy, G.H., Gardner, J., & Freeman, M.J. (2017). Screening prisoners for intellectual disabilities in three English prisons. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities: Jarid, 30(1), 198–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12224
- O'Connell, M.J., Garmoe, W., & Goldstein, N.E.S. (2005). Miranda comprehension in adults with mental retardation and the effects of feedback style on suggestibility. Law and Human Behavior, 29(3), 359–369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-005-2965-y
- Olley, M.C., Ogloff, J.R., & Jager, L. (1993). Do people understand their rights when arrested? The test of charter comprehension. Rehabilitation Review, 4, 1–2.
- Otto, R.K., Musick, J.E., & Sherrod, C.B. (2010). ILK: Inventory of legal knowledge professional manual. Lutz, FL: Professional Assessment Resources.
- Patry, M.W., Connors, C.J., Adams-Quackenbush, N.M., & Smith, S.M. (2017). When both sides are mistaken: Layperson and legal professionals’ misconceptions of Canadian suspects’ legal rights upon arrest. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 32(1), 56–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-016-9198-5
- Petticrew, M. (2003). Why certain systematic reviews reach uncertain conclusions. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 326(7392), 756–758. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7392.756
- Psychological Corporation. (2002). Wechsler individual achievement test (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Author.
- Rogers, R. (2005). Miranda Statements Scale. Unpublished measure. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas.
- Rogers, R. (2006). Miranda Rights Scale. Unpublished measure. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas.
- Rogers, R., & Drogan, J.D. (2014). Mirandized statements: Successfully navigating the legal and psychological issues. Chicago, IL: ABA Publishing.
- Rogers, R., Fiduccia, C.E., Robinson, E.V., Steadham, J.A., & Drogin, E.Y. (2013). Investigating the effects of repeated Miranda warnings: Do they perform a curative function on common Miranda misconceptions? Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 31(4), 397–410. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2071
- Rogers, R., Gillard, N.D., Wooley, C.N., & Fiduccia, C.E. (2011). Decrements in Miranda abilities: An investigation of situational effects via a mock-crime paradigm. Law and Human Behavior, 35(5), 392–401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-010-9248-y
- Rogers, R., Harrison, K.S., Hazelwood, L.L., & Sewell, K.W. (2007). Knowing and intelligent: A study of Miranda warnings in mentally disordered defendants. Law and Human Behavior, 31(4), 401–418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-006-9070-8
- Rogers, R., Harrison, K.S., Rogstad, J.E., LaFortune, K.A., & Hazelwood, L.L. (2010). The role of suggestibility in determinations of Miranda abilities: A study of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales. Law and hHuman Behaviorbehavior, 34(1), 66–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-009-9186-8
- Rogers, R., Harrison, K.S., Shuman, D.W., Sewell, K.W., & Hazelwood, L.L. (2007). An analysis of Miranda warnings and waivers: Comprehension and coverage. Law and Human Behavior, 31(2), 177–192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-006-9054-8
- Rogers, R., Hazelwood, L.L., Sewell, K.W., Blackwood, H.L., Rogstad, J.E., & Harrison, K.S. (2009). Development and initial validation of the Miranda Vocabulary Scale. Law and Human Behavior, 33(5), 381–392. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9159-3
- Rogers, R., Hazelwood, L.L., Sewell, K.W., Harrison, K.S., & Shuman, D.W. (2008). The language of Miranda warnings in American jurisdictions: A replication and vocabulary analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 32(2), 124–136. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-007-9091-y
- Rogers, R., Henry, S.A., Sharf, A.J., Robinson, E.V., & Williams, M.M. (2017). Dodging self-incriminations: An examination of feigned Miranda abilities on the SAMA. Assessment, 24(8), 975–986. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116634206
- Rogers, R., Robinson, E.V., & Henry, S.A. (2017). Feigned adjudicative incompetence: Testing effectiveness of the ILK and SAMA with jail detainees. Assessment, 24(2), 173–182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115605613
- Rogers, R., Rogstad, J.E., Gillard, N.D., Drogin, E.Y., Blackwood, H.L., & Shuman, D.W. (2010). Everyone knows their Miranda rights”: Implicit assumptions and countervailing evidence. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16(3), 300–318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019316
- Rogers, R., Rogstad, J.E., Steadham, J.A., & Drogin, E.Y. (2011). In plain English: Avoiding recognized problems with Miranda miscomprehension. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17(2), 264–285. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022508
- Rogers, R., Sewell, K.W., Drogin, E.Y., & Fiduccia, C.E. (2012). Standardized Assessment of Miranda Abilities (SAMA) professional manual. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources.
- Rubin, D.L. (2012). Listenability as a tool for advancing health literacy. Journal of Health Communication, 17(sup3), 176–190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2012.712622
- Rumrill, P.D., & Fitzgerald, S.M. (2001). Speaking of research: Using narrative literature reviews to build a scientific knowledge base. Work, 16(2), 165–170.
- Ryba, N.L., Brodsky, S.L., & Shlosberg, A. (2007). Evaluations of capacity to waive Miranda rights: A survey of practitioners’ use of the Grisso instruments. Assessment, 14(3), 300–309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191110730284
- Sangero, B., & Halpert, M. (2007). Why a conviction should not be based on a single piece of evidence: A proposal for reform. Jurimetrics, 48(1), 43–94.
- Scherr, K.C., & Madon, S. (2012). You have the right to understand: The deleterious effect of stress on suspects’ ability to comprehend Miranda. Law and Human Behavior, 36(4), 275–282. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093972
- SIGN. (2012). Scottish intercollegiate guidelines network – Methodology checklists. Retrieved from: http://www.sign.ac.uk/methodology/checklists.html.
- Silverstein, A.B. (1982). Two- and four-subtest short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(3), 415–418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.50.3.415
- Snook, B., Luther, K., Eastwood, J., Collins, R., & Evans, S. (2016). Advancing legal literacy: The effect of listenability on the comprehension of interrogation rights. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 21(1), 174–188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12053
- Spitzer, R.L., & Endicott, J. (1978). Schedule of affective disorders and schizophrenia – change version. New York: Biometrics Research.
- Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., Gibbon, M., & First, M.B. (1990). Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R-patient edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
- US National Library of Medicine. (2017). Medical subject headings 2017. Retrieved from: https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/search.
- Viljoen, J.L., Roesch, R., & Zapf, P.A. (2002). An examination of the relationship between competency to stand trial, competency to waive interrogation rights, and psychopathology. Law and Human Behavior, 26(5), 481–506. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020299804821
- Wallentin, M. (2009). Putative sex differences in verbal abilities and language cortex: A critical review. Brain and Language, 108(3), 175–183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2008.07.001
- Wechsler. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Revised). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
- Wechsler. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
- Wechsler . (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
- Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
- Willner, P. (2011). Assessment of capacity to participate in court proceedings: A selective critique and some recommendations. Psychology Crime and Law, 17(2), 117–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160903392400
- Woodcock, R.W., McGrew, K.S., & Mather, N. (2007). Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement. Rolling Meadows, IL: Riverside.
- World Health Organisation. (1992). ICD-10 classification of mental and behaviour disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva: World Health Organisation.
- Zelle, H., Romaine, C.L., & Goldstein, N.E.S. (2015). Juveniles’ Miranda comprehension: Understanding, appreciation, and totality of circumstances factors. Law and Human Behavior, 39(3), 281–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000116