4,521
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Defendants with intellectual disability and autism spectrum conditions: the perspective of clinicians working across three jurisdictions

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , , , & show all

References

  • Ali, A., Ghosh, S., Strydom, A., & Hassiotis, A. (2016). Prisoners with intellectual disabilities and detention status. Findings from a UK cross sectional study of prisons. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53–54, 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.004
  • Ali, S., & Galloway, S. (2016). Developing a screening tool for offenders with intellectual disabilities – the RAPID. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 7(3), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIDOB-01-2015-0001
  • Allely, C. S. (2016). Autism spectrum disorders in the criminal justice system: police interviewing, the courtroom and the prison environment. In Recent advances in autism (pp. 1–13). SM Group.
  • Allely, C. S. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder in the courtroom: Perceptions and understanding of defendants with autism by judges and jurors. In Elizabeth Kelley (Ed.), Representing people with autism spectrum disorders: A practical guide for criminal defense lawyers. American Bar Association (ABA) Book Publishing.
  • Allely, C. S., & Cooper, P. (2017). Jurors’ and judges’ evaluation of defendants with autism and the impact on sentencing: A systematic Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) review of autism spectrum disorder in the courtroom. Journal of Law and Medicine, 25(1), 105–123.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Archer, N., & Hurley, E. A. (2013). A justice system failing the autistic community. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 4(1/2), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIDOB-02-2013-0003
  • Arstein-Kerslake, A., Gooding, P., Andrews, L., & McSherry, B. (2017). Human rights and unfitness to plead: The demands of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Human Rights Law Review, 17(3), 399–419.
  • Baroff, G. S., Gunn, M., & Hayes, S. (2004). Legal issues. In W. R. Lindsay, J. L. Taylor, & P. Sturmey (Eds.), Offenders with developmental disabilities. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Berryessa, C. M. (2014). Judiciary views on criminal behaviour and intention of offenders with high-functioning autism. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 5(2), 97–106.
  • Berryessa, C. M. (2016). Brief report: Judicial attitudes regarding the sentencing of offenders with high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(8), 2770–2773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2798-1
  • Braatveit, K. J., Torsheim, T., & Hove, O. (2018). Screening for intellectual disabilities: A validation of the Hayes Ability Screening Index for in-patients with substance use disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 72(5), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2018.1468923
  • Bredal, A., & Stefansen, K. (2017). Barnahus for adults? Reinterpreting the barnahus model to accommodate adult victims of domestic violence. In Collaborating against child abuse: Exploring the Nordic Barnahus Model (pp. 311–330). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58388-4_15
  • Brown, P. (2019a). Modernising fitness to plead. Medicine, Science, and the Law, 59(3), 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802419863937
  • Brown, P. (2019b). Unfitness to plead in England and Wales: Historical development and contemporary dilemmas. Medicine, Science and the Law, 59(3), 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802419856761
  • Chaplin, E., McCarthy, J., & Forrester, A. (2017). Defendants with autism spectrum disorders: What is the role of court liaison and diversion? Advances in Autism, 3(4), 220–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0018
  • Chester, V. (2018). People with intellectual and developmental disorders in the United Kingdom criminal justice system. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry: Official Journal of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists = Dong Ya jing shen ke xue zhi: Xianggang jing shen ke yi xue yuan qi kan, 28(4), 150–158. https://doi.org/10.12809/caap1844
  • Cooper, P., & Allely, C. (2017). You can’t judge a book by its cover: Evolving professional responsibilities, liabilities and judgecraft when a party has Asperger’s Syndrome. Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly, 68(1), 35–58. https://doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v68i1.21
  • Cooper, P., & Mattison, M. (2017). Intermediaries, vulnerable people and the quality of evidence: An international comparison of three versions of the English intermediary model. The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 21(4), 351–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365712717725534
  • Council of Europe/European Court of Human Rights (2019). Guide on Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Right to a fair trial (civil limb). https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_6_ENG.pdf
  • Dahl, N. C. (2018). Rett forstått? - Politiets erfaringer fra avhør av mennesker med utviklingshemming. NTNU.
  • Daniel, M. (1843). UKHL J16, 8 ER 718. http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1843/J16.html
  • Department of Health (2009). The Bradley Report: Lord Bradley’s review of people with mental health problems or learning disabilities in the criminal justice system. Department of Health.
  • Esan, F., Chester, V., Gunaratna, I., Hoare, S., & Alexander, R. (2015). The clinical, forensic and treatment outcome factors of patients with autism spectrum disorder treated in a forensic intellectual disability service. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities: JARID, 28(3), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12121
  • Fazel, S., & Seewald, K. (2012). Severe mental illness in 33 588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 200(5), 364–373.
  • Forrester, A., & Hopkin, G. (2019). Mental health in the criminal justice system: A pathways approach to service and research design. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health : CBMH, 29(4), 207–217.
  • Forrester, A., Hopkin, G., Bryant, L., Slade, K., & Samele, C. (2020). Alternatives to custodial remand for women in the criminal justice system: A multi‐sector approach. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health: CBMH, 30(2-–3), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2144
  • Hallett, N. (2020). To what extent should expert psychiatric witnesses comment on criminal culpability? Medicine, Science, and the Law, 60(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802419872844
  • Hayes, S. C. (1997). Prevalence of intellectual disability in local courts. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 22(2), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668259700033311
  • Hayes, S. C. (2000). Hayes Ability Screening Index (HASI) manual. Department of Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, University of Sydney.
  • Hayes, S. C. (2015). Hayes Ability Screening Index (HASI-NV) Manual. HASI Publications.
  • Hellenbach, M. (2012). Learning disabilities and criminal justice: Custody sergeants’ perceptions of alleged offenders with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 40(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2011.00677.x
  • Hellenbach, M., Karatzias, T., & Brown, M. (2017). Intellectual disabilities among prisoners: Prevalence and mental and physical health comorbidities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities: JARID, 30(2), 230–241. March 1). https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12234
  • Helverschou, S. B., Søndenaa, E., Steindal, K., Rasmussen, K., Nilsson, B., & Nøttestad, J. A. (2014). Rettspsykiatrisk undersøkte med autismespekterdiagnoser: Alder ved identifisering og diagnostisk historie. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 51(4), 282–285. https://psykologtidsskriftet.no/fagbulletin/2014/04/rettspsykiatrisk-undersokte-med-autismespekterdiagnoser-alder-ved-identifisering
  • Henshaw, M., & Thomas, S. (2012). Police encounters with people with intellectual disability: prevalence, characteristics and challenges. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : JIDR, 56(6), 620–631.
  • Herrington, V. (2009). Assessing the prevalence of intellectual disability among young male prisoners. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : JIDR, 53(5), 397–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01150.x
  • James, D. V. (2006). Court diversion in perspective. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(6–7), 529–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01835.x
  • Jones, G., & Talbot, J. (2010). No one knows: the bewildering passage of offenders with learning disability and learning difficulty through the criminal justice system. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health: CBMH, 20(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.746
  • Lerace, M. (2010). Fitness to be tried. https://www.publicdefenders.nsw.gov.au/Pages/public_defenders_research/Papers by Public Defenders/public_defenders_fitness_ierace.aspx
  • Magistrates Court of Western Australia (Producer) (2019). Intellectual disability diversion program court. Magistrates Court of Western Australia.
  • Maras, K. L., Crane, L., Mulcahy, S., Hawken, T., Cooper, P., Wurtzel, D., & Memon, A. (2017). Brief report: Autism in the courtroom: Experiences of legal professionals and the autism community. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2610–2620.
  • Marshall-Tate, K., Chaplin, E., McCarthy, J., & Grealish, A. (2020). A literature review about the prevalence and identification of people with an intellectual disability within Court Liaison and Diversion Services. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 11(3), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIDOB-10-2019-0023
  • McCarthy, J., Chaplin, E., Forrester, A., Underwood, L., Hayward, H., Sabet, J., Young, S., Mills, R., Asherson, P., & Murphy, D. (2019). Prisoners with neurodevelopmental difficulties: Vulnerabilities for mental illness and self-harm. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health: CBMH, 29(5-6), 308–320. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2132
  • McCarthy, J., Chaplin, E., Underwood, L., Forrester, A., Hayward, H., Sabet, J., Young, S., Asherson, P., Mills, R., & Murphy, D. (2016). Characteristics of prisoners with neurodevelopmental disorders and difficulties. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : JIDR, 60(3), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12237
  • McCarthy, J., Underwood, L., Chaplin, E., Hayward, H., Mills, R., & Murphy, D. (2016). Screening for autism spectrum disorder in prison. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60, 7–8.
  • McKenzie, K., Michie, A., Murray, A., & Hales, C. (2012). Screening for offenders with an intellectual disability: The validity of the Learning Disability Screening Questionnaire. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(3), 791–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.12.006
  • Mckinnon, I., Thorp, J., & Grubin, D. (2015). Improving the detection of detainees with suspected intellectual disability in police custody. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 9(4), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/AMHID-04-2015-0015
  • Morrissey, C. (2018, October). Offenders with intellectual disabilities in the criminal justice system [Paper presentation]. 5th Bergen International Conference on Forensic Pychiatry, Bergen.
  • Morrissey, C., Geach, N., Alexander, R., Chester, V., Devapriam, J., Duggan, C., Langdon, P. E., Lindsay, B., McCarthy, J., & Walker, D.-M. (2017). Researching outcomes from forensic services for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities: A systematic review, evidence synthesis and expert and patient/carer consultation. Health Services and Delivery Research, 5(3), 1–102. https://doi.org/10.3310/hsdr05030
  • Morrissey, C., Langdon, P. E., Geach, N., Chester, V., Ferriter, M., Lindsay, W. R., McCarthy, J., Devapriam, J., Walker, D.-M., Duggan, C., & Alexander, R. (2017). A systematic review and synthesis of outcome domains for use within forensic services for people with intellectual disabilities. BJPsych Open, 3(1), 41–56. 10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.003616
  • Mottram, P. (2007). HMP Liverpool, Styal and Hindley Study Report. Available from the author from the University of Liverpool, The School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool.
  • Mudathikundan, F., Chao, O., & Forrester, A. (2014). Mental health and fitness to plead proposals in England and Wales. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 37(2), 135–141.
  • Murphy, G., & Mason, J. (2014). Forensic and offending behaviours. In Handbook of psychopathology in intellectual disability (pp. 281–303). Springer.
  • NHS England (2019). www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/national-liaison-and-diversion-service-specification-2019.pdf
  • Norwegian Department of Justice (2019). Endringslov til straffeloven og straffeprosessloven [Changes in the Penal code and the Criminal proceedings code]. Norwegian Department of Justice.
  • NSW Law Reform Commission. (2010). People with cognitive and mental health impairments in the criminal justice system: criminal responsibility and consequences. NSW Law Reform Commission.
  • O’Mahony, B. M. (2010). The emerging role of the Registered Intermediary with the vulnerable witness and offender: Facilitating communication with the police and members of the judiciary. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38(3), 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2009.00600.x
  • O’Mahony, B. M. (2012). Accused of murder: supporting the communication needs of a vulnerable defendant at court and at the police station. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 3(2), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1108/20420921211280060
  • Olsen, T., Kermit, P., Dahl, N. C., Søndenaa, E., & Envik, R. (2018). Rettssikkerhet–likeverd og likeverdig behandling. Bodø.
  • R v M (John) EWCA Crim 3452 (2003).
  • R v Pritchard (1836). 7 C. & P. 303.
  • Rogers, R., & Johansson-Love, J. (2009). Evaluating competency to stand trial with evidence-based practice. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 37(4), 450–460.
  • Rogers, T. P., Blackwood, N. J., Farnham, F., Pickup, G. J., & Watts, M. J. (2008). Fitness to plead and competence to stand trial: A systematic review of the constructs and their application. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 19(4), 576–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940801947909
  • Scott, D. A., McGilloway, S., Dempster, M., Browne, F., & Donnelly, M. (2013). Effectiveness of criminal justice liaison and diversion services for offenders with mental disorders: A review. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 64(9), 843–849. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201200144
  • Scott, D., McGilloway, S., & Donnelly, M. (2016). A prospective comparative evaluation of a Criminal Justice Liaison and Diversion Service in Belfast. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 27(2), 198–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1102313
  • Sentencing Council (2019). Overarching principles: Sentencing offenders with mental health conditions or disorders consultation. Sentencing Council. www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk
  • Sentencing Council (2020). Overarching principles: Sentencing offenders with mental disorders, developmental disorders, or neurological impairments. Response to consultation. www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Mental-Health-guideline-response-to-consultation.pdf
  • Skarstad, K. (2018). Human rights through the lens of disability. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 36(1), 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0924051917753251
  • Smith, T., Polloway, E. A., Patton, J. R., & Beyer, J. F. (2008). Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the criminal justice system and implications for transition planning. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 43(4), 421–430. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ819934
  • Søndenaa, E., & Spro, M. (2016). Lettere psykisk utviklingshemmede i strafferettslig forstand – En gjennomgang av alle registrerte saker fra Lovdata 2002–2014. Lov Og Rett, 56(08), 504–516. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-3061-2016-08-04
  • Søndenaa, E., Linaker, O., Bjørgen, T. G., & Nøttestad, J. A. (2010). Screening for intellectual disability among adults. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening, 130(15), 1475–1477. https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.09.0643
  • Søndenaa, E., Rasmussen, K., Palmstierna, T., & Nøttestad, J. (2008). The prevalence and nature of intellectual disability in Norwegian prisons. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(12), 1129–1137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01072.x
  • Søndenaa, E., Friestad, C., Storvik, B., & Johnsen, B. (2019). Criminal responsibility and challenges in the criminal justice system for people with intellectual disability in Norway. Bergen Journal of Criminal Law & Criminal Justice, 7(1), 97–109. https://doi.org/10.15845/bjclcj.v7i1.2882
  • Srivastava, S., Forrester, A., Davies, S., & Nadkarni, R. (2013). Developing criminal justice liaison and diversion services: Research priorities and international learning. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health: CBMH, 23(5), 315–320. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1888
  • Talbot, J. (2009). No One Knows: Offenders with learning disabilities and learning difficulties. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 5(3), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449200903115797
  • Talbot, J., & Jacobson, J. (2010). Adult defendants with learning disabilities and the criminal courts. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 1(2), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.5042/jldob.2010.0416
  • Taylor, I. L. A. (2011). Fitness to plead and stand trial: The impact of mild intellectual disability. UCL (University College London).
  • Van Kempen, P. H. (2018). The Right to Fair Preliminary Investigation and Trial for Vulnerable Defendants. The law of the European Convention on Human Rights, European Union Law and the Case of the Netherlands (July 12, 2018). In Ronnie Mackay & Warren Brookbanks (Eds.), Fitness to plead: International and comparative perspectives (pp. 231–253). (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2018) (Oxford Monographs on Criminal Law and Justice). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3287898
  • Vanny, K. A., Levy, M., Greenberg, D., & Hayes, S. (2009). Mental illness and intellectual disability in magistrates courts in New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR, 53(3), 289–297.