References
- Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct. Taylor & Francis.
- Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. (2004). The level of service/case management inventory. Multi-Health Systems.
- Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. (2006). The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705281756
- Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2018). Record Crime – Offenders, 2016–17. (4519.0). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4519.0Main+Features12016-17?OpenDocument.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2019). Prisoners in Australia, 2019. (4517.0). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4517.0.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2020). Prisoners in Australia, 2020. (4517.0). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4517.0.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2021). Corrective Services, Australia, September 2021. (4512.0). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/corrective-services-australia/jun-quarter-2021#data-download.
- Australian Institute of Criminology. (2016). Australian crime: Facts & figures: 2014. Australian Institute of Criminology.
- Babcock, J. C., Miller, S. A., & Siard, C. (2003). Toward a typology of abusive women: Differences between partner-only and generally violent women in the use of violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27(2), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00095
- Barlow, C., & Weare, S. (2019). Women as co-offenders: Pathways into crime and offending motifications. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 58(1), 86–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12292
- Blanchette, K., & Brown, S. L. (2006). Frontmatter. In K. Blanchette & S. L. Brown (Eds.), The Assessment and Treatment of Women Offenders: An Integrative Perspective. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Bonta, J., Pang, B., & Wallace-Capretta, S. (1995). Predictors of recidivism among incarcerated female offenders. The Prison Journal, 75(3), 277–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032855595075003002
- Bonta, J., & Wormith, S. J. (2008). Risk and need assessment. In G. McIvor & P. Raynor (Eds.), Developments in social work with offenders (pp. 131–152). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Brennan, T., Breitenbach, M., & Dieterich, W. (2010). Unraveling women’s pathways to serious crime: New findings and links to prior feminist pathways. Perspectives, 34(2), 35–47.
- Byrne, M. K., & Howells, K. (2002). The psychological needs of women prisoners: Implications for rehabilitation and management. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 9(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1375/pplt.2002.9.1.34
- Campbell, M. A., French, S., & Gendreau, P. (2009). The prediction of violence in adult offenders: A meta-analytic comparison of instruments and methods of assessment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(6), 567–590. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809333610
- Campbell, M. J. (2006). Logistic Regression. In Statistics at square two: Understanding modern statistical applications in medicine (2nd ed., pp. 32–52). BMJ Books.
- Chatterjee, D., & Chatterjee, A. (2010). Binary logistic regression using survival analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2010, 759. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1672759
- Covington, S. S., & Bloom, B. E. (2007). Gender-responsive treatment and services in correctional settings. Women & Therapy, 29(3–4), 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1300/J015v29n03_02
- Daly, K. (1992). Women’s pathways to felony court: Feminist theories of law breaking and problems of representation. Review of Law and Women's Studies, 2, 11–52.
- De Souza, J. M., & Doyal, G. T. (1998). Differences between violent female and male offenders: An explanatory study. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 16(3), 67–87.
- de Vogel, V., & de Vries Robbé, M. (2012). Towards a more gender-sensitive violence risk assessment. In C. Logan & L. Johnstone (Eds.), Managing clinical risk: A guide to effective practice (pp. 224–241). Willan.
- de Vogel, V., & Lancel, M. (2016). Gender differences in the assessment and manifestation of psychopathy: Results from a multicenter study in forensic psychiatric patients. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 15(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2016.1138173
- Derkzen, D., Booth, L., Taylor, K., & McConnell, A. (2013). Mental health needs of federal female offenders. Psychological Services, 10(1), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029653
- Dyck, H. L., Campbell, M. A., & Wershler, J. L. (2018). Real-world use of the risk-need-responsivity model and the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory with community-supervised offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 42(3), 258–268.
- Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Garcia-Mansilla, A., Rosenfeld, B., & Cruise, K. R. (2011). Violence risk assessment and women: Predictive accuracy of the HCR-20 in a civil psychiatric sample. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 29(5), 623–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.1005
- Green, D., Schneider, M., Griswold, H., Belfi, B., Herrera, M., & DeBlasi, A. (2016). A comparison of the HCR-20(V3) among male and female insanity acquitteees: A retrospective file study. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 15(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2015.1134726
- Harrell, F. E. (2015). Regression Modeling Strategies with Applications to Linear Models. Logistic and ordinal regression, and survival analysis (2nd ed.). Springer International Publishing.
- Heilbrun, K., Dematteo, D., Fretz, R., Erickson, J., Yasuhara, K., & Anumba, N. (2008). How “specific” are gender-specific rehabilitation needs? An empirical analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(11), 1382–1397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854808323678
- Hye-Sun, K. (2010). Prisoner classification re-visited: A Further Test of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) Intake Assessment. (Doctor of Philosophy), Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Retrieved from http://knowledge.library.iup.edu/etd/233 (233)
- Institute for Crime and Justice Policy Research. (2019). World Prison Brief. Retrieved from https://www.prisonstudies.org
- Manchak, S. M., Skeem, J. L., Douglas, K. S., & Siranosian, M. (2009). Does gender moderate the predictive utility of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) for serious violent offenders? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(5), 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809333058
- McKeown, A. (2010). Female offenders: Assessment of risk in forensic settings. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(6), 422–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2010.07.004
- Murdoch, S., Vess, J., & Ward, T. (2012). A descriptive model of female violent offenders. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19(3), 412–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2011.589942
- Ostermann, M., & Herrschaft, B. A. (2013). Validating the level of service inventory-revised: A gendered perspective. The Prison Journal, 93(3), 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885513490278
- Pollock, J. (1998). Counseling women in prison. Sage Publications.
- Rettinger, L. J., & Andrews, D. A. (2010). General risk and need, gender specificity, and the recidivism of female offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809349438
- Rugge, T. (2006). Risk assessment of male aboriginal offenders: A 2006 Perspective. (Cat. No.: PS3-1/2006-1E-PDF). Canada Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/rsk-sssmnt-ml/rsk-asssmnt-ml-eng.pdf.
- Salisbury, E. J., & van Voorhis, P. (2009). Gendered pathways: A quantitative investigation of women probationers’ paths to incarceration. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(6), 541–566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809334076
- Shepherd, S. M., Adams, Y., McEntyre, E., & Walker, R. (2014). Violence risk assessment in Australian Aboriginal offender populations: A review of the literature. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 20(3), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000017
- Simpson, S. S., Yahner, J. L., & Dugan, L. (2008). Understanding women’s pathways to jail: Analysing the lives of incarcerated women. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 41(1), 84–108. https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.41.1.84
- Smith, P., Cullen, F. T., & Latessa, E. J. (2009). Can 14,737 women be wrong? A meta-analysis of the LSI-R and recidivism for female offenders. Criminology & Public Policy, 8(1), 183–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00551.x
- Sorbello, L., Eccleston, L., Ward, T., & Jones, R. (2002). Treatment needs of female offenders: a review. Australian Psychologist, 37(3), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060210001706876
- Stewart, C. A. (2011). Risk Assessment of Federal Female Offenders. (Doctor of Philosophy Doctoral), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Retrieved from https://ecommons.usask.ca/handle/10388/ETD-2011-11-248
- Van der Knaap, L. M., Alberda, D. L., Oosterveld, P., & Born, M. P. (2012). The predictive validity of criminogenic needs for male and female offenders: Comparing the rleative impact of needs in predicting recidivism. Law and Human Behavior, 36(5), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093932
- Van Voorhis, P., Wright, E., & Bauman, A. (2008). Achieving accurate pictures of risk and identifying gender responsive needs: Two new assessments for women offenders. US Department of Justice.
- Watkins, I. (2011). The utility of level of service inventory – Revised (LSI-R) assessments within NSW correctional environments. NSW: Corrective Services NSW Retrieved from https://www.correctiveservices.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/utility-of-level-of-service-inventory-.pdf.
- Weizmann-Henelius, G., Virkkunen, M., Gammelgard, M., Eronen, M., & Putkonen, H. (2015). The PCL-R and violent recidivism in a prospective follow-up of a nationwide sample of female offenders. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 26(5), 667–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1049192
- Willison, J. S. (2016). Characteristics of violent crime committed by female prisoners. Violence and Victims, 31(3), 552–570. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00027
- Wong, S. C. P., & Gordon, A. (2000). Violence risk scale. [Unpublished manuscript].
- Wong, S. C. P., & Gordon, A. (2006). The validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale: A treatment-friendly violence risk assessment tool. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 12(3), 279–309. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.12.3.279
- Wong, S. C. P., Gordon, A., & DeQiang, G. (2007). Assessment and treatment of violence-prone forensic clients: An integrated approach. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(S49), S66–S74. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.190.5.s66