Police officers’ perceptions of a dynamic sex offender risk assessment tool (the ‘SHARP’) and registered sex offenders

References

• Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct (5th ed.). LexisNexis, Matthew Bender.
   Google Scholar
• Beech, A. R., Fisher, D. D., & Thornton, D. (2003). Risk assessment of sex offenders. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(4), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.4.339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beech, A. R., Wakeling, H. C., Szumski, F., & Freemantle, N. (2016). Problems in the measurement of dynamic risk factors in sexual offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 22(1-2), 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2015.1109095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bench, L. L., & Allen, T. D. (2013). Assessing sex offender recidivism using multiple measures: A longitudinal analysis. The Prison Journal, 93(4), 411–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885513500765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtson, S., & Långström, N. (2007). Unguided clinical and actuarial assessment of re-offending risk: A direct comparison with sex offenders in Denmark. Sexual Abuse, 19(2), 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/107906320701900205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beshears, M. L. (2017). Neighbors of registered sex offenders: A qualitative analysis of their lived experiences. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 48, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierie, D. M. (2016). The utility of sex offender registration: A research note. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 22(2), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2015.1100760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boer, D. P., Hart, S. D., Kropp, P. R., & Webster, C. D. (1997). Manual for the Sexual Violence Risk—20: Professional guidelines for assessing risk of sexual violence. British Columbia Institute Against Family Violence.
   Google Scholar
• Bouffard, J. A., & Askew, L. N. (2019). Time-series analysis of the impact of sex offender registration and notification law implementation and subsequent modifications on rates of sexual offenses. Crime & Delinquency, 65(11), 1483–1512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128717722010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, L. A., & Beech, A. R. (2010). Towards a guide to best practice in conducting actuarial risk assessments with sex offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(4), 278–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2010.01.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, L. A., Beech, A. R., & Browne, K. D. (2006). Cross-validation of the risk matrix 2000 sexual and violent scales. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(5), 612–633. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260506286876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, L. A., Browne, K. D., & Beech, A. R. (2008). Assessing risk in sex offenders. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Craun, S. W., & Theriot, M. T. (2009). Misperceptions of sex offender perpetration: Considering the impact of sex offender registration. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(12), 2057–2072. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508327706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly, K., & Bouhours, B. (2010). Rape and attrition in the legal process: A comparative analysis of five countries. Crime and Justice, 39(1), 565–650. https://doi.org/10.1086/653101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. R., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2008). Key considerations and problems in assessing risk for violence. In D. Canter & R. Žukauskiene (Eds.), Psychology and law: Bridging the gap (pp. 191–210). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Day, A., Carson, E., Boni, N., & Hobbs, G. (2014). The management of sex offenders in the community: From policy to practice. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 49(3), 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2014.tb00312.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, A., Carson, E., Newton, D., & Hobbs, G. (2014). Professional views on the management of sex offenders in the community. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 53(3), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2014.887605
   Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V., Koster, K., & Bogaerts, S. (2015). Assessing protective factors for sexually violent offending with the SAPROF. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27(1), 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063214550168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbé, M., Mann, R. E., Maruna, S., & Thornton, D. (2015). An exploration of protective factors supporting desistance from sexual offending. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27(1), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063214547582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doren, D. M. (2004). Stability of the interpretative risk percentages for the RRASOR and Static-99. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 16(1), 25–36. doi:10.1023/B:SEBU.0000006282.36584.a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, D. J., Ogloff, J., & Thomas, S. (2011). Designated as dangerous: Characteristics of sex offenders subject to post-sentence orders in Australia. Australian Psychologist, 46(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9544.2010.00006.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duwe, G. (2019). Better practices in the development and validation of recidivism risk assessments: The Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool-4. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 30(4), 538–564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403417718608
   Google Scholar
• Gannon, R., & Doig, A. (2010). Ducking the answer? Fraud strategies and police resources. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research Policy, 20(1), 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460903377329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossi, L. M. (2017). Sexual offenders, violent offenders, and community reentry: Challenges and treatment considerations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K. (1998). What do we know about sex offender risk assessment? Psychology Public Policy, and Law, 4(1–2), 50–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.4.1-2.50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., & Bussière, M. T. (1998). Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. E. (2005). The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1154–1163. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. E. (2009). The accuracy of recidivism risk assessments for sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of 118 prediction studies. Psychological Assessment, 21(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., Harris, A. J. R., Letourneau, E., Helmus, L. M., & Thornton, D. (2018). Reductions in risk based on time offense-free in the community: Once a sexual offender, not always a sexual offender. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 24(1), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, S. D., Kropp, P. R., Laws, D. R., Klaver, J., Logan, C., & Watt, K. A. (2003). The Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP): Structured professional guidelines for assessing risk of sexual violence. Mental Health, Law, & Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
   Google Scholar
• Helmus, L. M. (2018). Sex offender risk assessment: Where are we and where are we going? Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0909-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmus, L. M., Hanson, R. K., Thornton, D., Babchishin, K. M., & Harris, A. J. R. (2012). Absolute recidivism rates predicted by Static-99R and Static-2002R sex offender risk assessment tools vary across samples: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(9), 1148–1171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854812443648
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmus, L., Thornton, D., Hanson, R. K., & Babchishin, K. M. (2012). Improving the predictive accuracy of static-99 and static-2002 with older sex offenders: Revised age weights. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 24, 64–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063211409951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoggett, J., McCartan, K., & O’Sullivan, J. (2020). Risk, discretion, accountability and control: Police perceptions of sex offender risk management policy in England and Wales. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 20(4), 433–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895819839747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innes, M. (2010). A ‘mirror’ and a ‘motor’: Researching and reforming policing in an age of austerity. Policing, 4(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pap058
   Google Scholar
• Jung, S., Ennis, L., Stein, S., Choy, A. L., & Hook, T. (2013). Child pornography possessors: Comparisons and contrasts with contact- and non-contact sex offenders. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 19(3), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2012.741267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernsmith, P. D., Craun, S. W., & Foster, J. (2009). Public attitudes toward sexual offenders and sex offender registration. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18(3), 290–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710902901663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langevin, R., & Curnoe, S. (2012). Lifetime criminal history of sex offenders seen for psychological assessment in five decades. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56(7), 997–1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11420084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langevin, R., Curnoe, S., Fedoroff, P., Bennett, R., Langevin, M., Peever, C., Pettica, R., & Sandhu, S. (2004). Lifetime sex offender recidivism: A 25-year follow-up study. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 46(5), 531–552. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.46.5.531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanterman, J. L., Boyle, D. J., & Ragusa-Salerno, L. M. (2014). Sex offender risk assessment, sources of variation, and the implications of misuse. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(7), 822–843. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854813515237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latessa, E. J., & Lovins, B. (2010). The role of offender risk assessment: A policy maker guide. Victims & Offenders, 5(3), 203–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2010.485900
   Google Scholar
• Letourneau, E. J., Levenson, J. S., Bandyopadhyay, D., Armstrong, K. S., & Sinha, D. (2010). Effects of South Carolina’s sex offender registration and notification policy on deterrence of adult sex crimes. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(5), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854810363569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letourneau, E. J., Levenson, J. S., Bandyopadhyay, D., Sinha, D., & Armstrong, K. S. (2010). Effects of South Carolina’s sex offender registration and notification policy on adult recidivism. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 21(4), 435–458. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403409353148
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., Brannon, Y. N., Fortney, T., & Baker, J. (2007). Public perceptions about sex offenders and community protection policies. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 7(1), 070619081026002–070619081026161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2007.00119.x
   Google Scholar
• Lonsway, K. A., & Archambault, J. (2012). The “justice gap” for sexual assault cases: Future directions for research and reform. Violence Against Women, 18(2), 145–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212440017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, K., & Boer, D. P. (2013). SHARP dynamic assessment of risk. Unpublished Victoria Police Service document.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, K., & Boer, D. P. (2017). SHARP dynamic sexual risk protocol. Unpublished Victoria Police Service document.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, K., Boer, D. P., Kirby, E. M., & Davis, M. R. (2019). Assessing risk in a law enforcement context: The SHARP sexual risk protocol. Police Science: Australia & New Zealand Journal of Evidence Based Policing, 4, 21–25. http://www.anzsebp.com/police-science
   Google Scholar
• Lussier, P., Gress, C., Deslauriers-Varin, N., & Amirault, J. (2014). Community risk management of high-risk sex offenders in Canada: Findings from a quasi-experimental study. Justice Quarterly, 31(2), 287–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2011.649694
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machin, S., & Marie, O. (2011). Crime and police resources: The street crime initiative. Journal of the European Economic Association, 9(4), 678–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01018.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, K. B., & Kebbell, M. R. (2019). Police’officers’ perceptions of a sex offender registration scheme: Identifying and responding to risk. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 26(3), 396–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2018.1506717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, H. A. (2006). A dynamic assessment of offender risk, needs, and strengths in a sample of pre-release general offenders. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 24(6), 767–782. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, M. R. (2016). Scum cuddlers’: Police offender managers and the sex offenders’ register in England and Wales. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research Policy, 26(4), 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2014.942855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olver, M. E., & Wong, S. C. P. (2006). Psychopathy, sexual deviance, and recidivism among sex offenders. Sexual Abuse : A Journal of Research and Treatment, 18(1), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11194-006-9006-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrunik, M., Murphy, L., & Fedoroff, J. P. (2008). American and Canadian approaches to sex offenders: A study of the politics of dangerousness. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 21(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2008.21.2.111
   Google Scholar
• Powell, M., Day, A., Benson, M., Vess, J., & Graffam, J. (2014). Australian police officers’ perceptions of sex offender registries. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research Policy, 24(1), 120–133. doi:0.1080/10439463.2013.784299 https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.784299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott, J. J., & Rockoff, J. E. (2011). Do sex offender registration and notification laws affect criminal behavior? The Journal of Law and Economics, 54(1), 161–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/658485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, C. F., Doren, D. M., & Thornton, D. (2002). Dimensions associated with assessments of sex offender recidivism risk. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29(5), 569–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/009385402236733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sample, L. L., & Kadleck, C. (2008). Sex offender laws: Legislators’ accounts of the need for policy. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 19(1), 40–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403407308292
   Google Scholar
• Schiavone, S. K., & Jeglic, E. L. (2009). Public perception of sex offender social policies and the impact on sex offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53(6), 679–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X08323454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidler, K. (2010). Community management of sex offenders: Stigma versus support. Sexual Abuse in Australia and New Zealand, 2, 66–76. https://www.anzatsa.org/saanz-journal/
   Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C., & Eke, A. W. (2015). Predicting recidivism among adult male child pornography offenders: Development of the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT). Law and Human Behavior, 39(4), 416–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C., Cantor, J. M., & Blanchard, R. (2006). Child pornography offenses are a valid diagnostic indicator of pedophilia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(3), 610–615. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C., Reeves, L., & Jung, S. (2010). Explanations given by child pornography offenders for their crimes. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 16(2), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600903572396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons, M. L. (2019). Evaluating the legal assumptions of Victoria’s Sex Offender Registration Act 2004 from a psychological perspective. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law : An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 26(5), 783–796. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2019.1642254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smid, W. J., Kamphuis, J. H., Wever, E. C., & van Beek, D. (2013). Treatment referral for sex offenders based on clinical judgment versus actuarial risk assessment: Match and analysis of mismatch. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(11), 2273–2289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512475313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. C. (2017). Community perceptions of a public sex offender registry in Western Australia. Police Practice and Research, 18(3), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2017.1291572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry, K. J. (2015). Sex offender laws in the United States: Smart policy or disproportionate sanctions? International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 39(2), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2014.973048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewksbury, R., & Jennings, W. G. (2010). Assessing the impact of sex offender registration and community notification on sex-offending trajectories. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(5), 570–582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854810363570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewksbury, R., Jennings, W. G., & Zgoba, K. M. (2012). A longitudinal examination of sex offender recidivism prior to and following the implementation of SORN. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30(3), 308–328. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.1009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, D. (2013). Implications of our developing understanding of risk and protective factors in the treatment of adult male sex offenders. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 8(3-4), 62–65. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100985
   Google Scholar
• Tully, R. J., Chou, S., & Browne, K. D. (2013). A systematic review on the effectiveness of sex offender risk assessment tools in predicting sexual recidivism of adult male sex offenders. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(2), 287–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Berg, J. W., Smid, W., Schepers, K., Wever, E., van Beek, D., Janssen, E., & Gijs, L. (2018). The predictive properties of dynamic sex offender risk assessment instruments: A meta-analysis. Psychological Assessment, 30(2), 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vess, J., Day, A., Powell, M., & Graffam, J. (2014). International sex offender registration laws: Research and evaluation issued based on a review of current scientific literature. Police Practice and Research, 15(4), 322–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2011.646744
   Google Scholar
• Vess, J., Langskaill, B., Day, A., Powell, M., & Graffam, J. (2011). A comparative analysis of Australian sex offender legislation for sex offender registries. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 44(3), 404–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865811419065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitting, L., Day, A., & Powell, M. (2014). The impact of community notification on the management of sex offenders in the community: An Australian perspective. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 47(2), 240–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865813503349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgoba, K. M., & Levenson, J. (2012). Failure to register as a predictor of sex offense recidivism: the big bad wolf or a red herring? Sexual Abuse : A Journal of Research and Treatment, 24(4), 328–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063211421019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgoba, K. M., Jennings, W. G., & Salerno, L. M. (2018). Megan’s Law 20 years later: An empirical analysis and policy review. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(7), 1028–1046. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818771409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar