1,906
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Gender differences in stalking, threats and online abuse reported by Victorian politicians

, &

References

  • Adams, S. J., Hazelwood, T. E., Pitre, N. L., Bedard, T. E., & Landry, S. D. (2009). Harassment of members of parliament and the legislative assemblies in Canada by individuals believed to be mentally disordered. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20(6), 801–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940903174063
  • Akhtar, S., & Morrison, C. M. (2019). The prevalence and impact of online trolling of UK members of parliament. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 322–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.015
  • Amess, D. (2020). Ayes & ears: A survivor’s guide to Westminster. Luath Press.
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS]. (2016). Personal Safety, Australia. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/personal-safety-australia/latest-release#articles
  • Barry-Walsh, J., James, D. V., & Mullen, P. E. (2020). Fixated threat assessment centers: Preventing harm and facilitating care in public figure threat cases and those thought to be at risk of lone-actor grievance-fueled violence. CNS Spectrums, 25(5), 630–637. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852920000152
  • Bartlett, J., Norrie, R., Patel, S., Rumpel, R., Wibberley, S. (2014). Mysogyny on Twitter. https://demosuk.wpengine.com/files/MISOGYNY_ON_TWITTER.pdf?1399567516
  • Bjelland, H. F., & Bjørgo, T. (2014). Trusler og Trusselhendelser mot Politikere: En Spɸrreundersɸkelse Blant Norske Stortingsrepresentanter og Regjeringsmedlemmer [‘Threats and threat events against politicians: A survey of Norwegian Members of Parliament and Government Officials’].
  • Brottsförebyggande rådet [Crime Prevention Council]. (2012). Politikernas Trygghetsundersökning 2012; Fökningrtroendevaldas utsatthet och oro för hot, våld och trakasserier Rapport 2012:14 [Politicians: The security survey 2012: Elected officials, vulnerability and concern for threats, violence and harassment. Report 2012:14.
  • Cruickshank, P., & Rassler, D. (2020). A view from the CT Foxhole: A virtual roundtable on COVID-19 and counterterrorism with Audrey Kurth Cronin, Lieutenant General (Ret) Michael Nagata, Magnus Ranstorp, Ali Soufan, and Juan Zarate. CTC Sentinel, 13(6), 1–34. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/CTC-SENTINEL-062020.pdf
  • Every-Palmer, S., Barry-Walsh, J., & Pathé, M. (2015). Harassment, stalking, threats and attacks targeting New Zealand politicians: A mental health issue. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(7), 634–641.
  • Fein, R. A., & Vossekuil, B. (1988). Preventing attacks on public officials and public figures: A Secret Service perspective. In J. R. Meloy (Ed.), The psychology of stalking: Clinical and forensic perspectives (pp. 175–192). Elsevier.
  • Fixated Research Group. (2006). Inappropriate communications, approaches and attacks on the british royal family, with additional consideration of attacks on politicians (Research Report). 68.
  • Freudenberg, G. (2006). Calwell, Arthur Augustus (1896–1973). In Australian dictionary of biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
  • Gill, P., Silver, J., Horgan, J., Corner, E., & Bouhana, N. (2021). Similar crimes, similar behaviors? Comparing lone-actor terrorists and public mass murderers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 66(5), 1797–1804. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14793
  • Hough, A. (2021, April 19). Quotas for women in parliament. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2021/April/Quotas_for_women_in_parliament
  • Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2016). Sexism, harassment and violence against women parliamentarians. https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/issue-briefs/2016-10/sexism-harassment-and-violence-against-women-parliamentarians
  • James, D. (2016, June 20). Some MPs think putting up with violent behaviour is part of their job. It isn’t. The Guardian: UK edition. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/20/mps-violent-behaviour-part-job-attacks-jo-cox-protection
  • James, D. V., Farnham, F. R., Sukhwal, S., Jones, K., Carlisle, J., & Henley, S. (2016). Aggressive/intrusive behaviours, harassment and stalking of members of the United Kingdom Parliament: A prevalence study and cross-sectional comparison. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 27(2), 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1124908
  • James, D. V., Kerrigan, T., Forfar, R., Farnham, F., & Preston, L. (2010). The fixated threat assessment centre: Preventing harm and facilitating care. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 21(4), 521–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789941003596981
  • James, D. V., Mullen, P. E., Meloy, J. R., Pathé, M. T., Farnham, F. R., Preston, L., & Darnley, B. (2007). The role of mental disorder in attacks on European politicians 1990–2004. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116(5), 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01077.x
  • James, D. V., Mullen, P. E., Pathé, M. T., Meloy, J. R., Farnham, F. R., Preston, L., & Darnley, B. (2008). Attacks on the British Royal Family: The role of psychotic illness. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 36(1), 59–67.
  • James, D. V., Mullen, P. E., Meloy, J. R., Pathé, M. T., Preston, L., Darnley, B., Farnham, F. R., & Scalora, M. J. (2011). Stalkers and harassers of Royalty: An exploration of proxy behaviours for violence. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 29(1), 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.922
  • James, D. V., Sukhwal, S., Farnham, F. R., Evans, J., Barrie, C., Taylor, A., & Wilson, S. P. (2016). Harassment and stalking of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament: Associations and consequences. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 27(3), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1124909
  • Jutasi, C., & McEwan, T. E. (2021). Stalking of professionals: A scoping review. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 8(3), 94–124. https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000160
  • Lowry, T. J., Pathé, M. T., Phillips, J. H., Haworth, D. J., Mulder, M. J., & Briggs, C. J. (2015). Harassment and other problematic behaviors experienced by the staff of public office holders. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 2(1), 1–10. (https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000039
  • Malsch, M., Visscher, M., & Blaauw, E. (2002). Stalking van bekende personen [Stalking of celebrities].
  • Manne, K. (2017). Down girl: The logic of Misogyny. Oxford University Press.
  • McEwan, T. E., & Pathé, M. (2013). Stalking. In G. Bruinsma, & Weisburd, D. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice (pp. 5026–5038). Springer.
  • McEwan, T. E., Simmons, M., Clothier, T., & Senkans, S. (2021). Measuring stalking: The development and evaluation of the Stalking Assessment Indices (SAI). Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 28(3), 435–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2020.1787904
  • Meloy, J. R., Hoffman, J., Guldimann, A., & James, D. V. (2012). The role of warning behaviors in threat assessment: An exploration and suggested typology. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30(3), 256–279.
  • Meloy, J. R., James, D. V., Farnham, F. R., Mullen, P. E., Pathe, M., Darnley, B., & Preston, L. (2004). A research review of public figure threats, approaches, attacks, and assassinations in the United States. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49(5), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS2004102
  • Millard, C. (2011). Destiny of the Republic: A tale of madness, medicine and the murder of a president. Doubleday.
  • Mullen, P. E., James, D. V., Meloy, J. R., Pathé, M. T., Farnham, F. R., Preston, L., Darnley, B., & Berman, J. (2009). The fixated and the pursuit of public figures. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940802197074
  • Narud, K., & Dahl, A. V. (2015). Stalking experiences reported by Norwegian members of parliament compared to a general population sample. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 26(1), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2014.981564
  • Pathé, M., Phillips, J., Perdacher, E., & Heffernan, E. (2014). The harassment of Queensland Members of Parliament: A mental health concern. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21(4), 577–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2013.858388
  • Pathé, M. T., Haworth, D. J., Goodwin, T-a., Holman, A. G., Amos, S. J., Winterbourne, P., & Day, L. (2018). Establishing a joint agency response to the threat of lone-actor grievance-fuelled violence. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 29(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2017.1335762
  • Pathé, M. T., Lowry, T., Haworth, D. J., Winterbourne, P., & Day, L. (2016). Public figure fixation: Cautionary findings for mental health practitioners. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 34(5), 681–692. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2252
  • Purcell, R. M., Pathé, M. T., & Mullen, P. E. (2002). The prevalence and nature of stalking in the Australian community. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36(1), 114–120.
  • Purcell, R., Pathé, M., & Mullen, P. E. (2004). When do repeated intrusions become stalking? Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 15(4), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940412331313368
  • Sheridan, L., Pyszora, N., Cooper, B., & Bendlin, M. (2019). Problematic behaviors experienced by electorate and ministerial office staff: Results of and responses to a Western Australian survey. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 6(3–4), 128–137. https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000130
  • Taylor-Dunn, H., Bowen, E., & Gilchrist, E. A. (2021). Reporting harassment and stalking to the Police: A qualitative study of victims’ experiences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11–12), NP5965–NP5992. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518811423
  • Theocharis, Y., Barberá, P., Fazekas, Z., Popa, S. A., & Parnet, O. (2016). A bad workman blames his tweets: The consequences of citizens’ uncivil Twitter use when interacting with party candidates. Journal of Communication, 66(6), 1007–1031. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12259
  • van der Meer, B. B., Bootsma, L., & Meloy, R. (2012). Disturbing communications and problematic approaches to the Dutch Royal Family. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 23(5–6), 571–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2012.727453
  • Wallin, L., & Wallin, S. (2014). Politikernas Trygghetsundersökning 2013: Utsatthet och oro för trakasserier, hot och våld [Politicians security survey 2013: Vulnerability and concern – harassment, threats and violence].
  • Williams, C. (2020). Terrorism in the era of Covid-19. The Strategist. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/terrorism-in-the-era-of-covid-19/
  • Wilson, S. P., Pathé, M. T., Farnham, F. R., & James, D. V. (2021). The Fixated Threat Assessment Centers – the joint policing and psychiatric approach to risk assessment and management in cases of public figure threat and lone actor grievance-fuelled violence. In J. R. Meloy & J. Hoffmann (Eds.), International Handbook of Threat Assessment (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Yellow. (2020). Social Media Report 2020: Part 1-Consumers. https://www.yellow.com.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/Yellow_Social_Media_Report_2020_Consumer.pdf
  • Zhou, N. (2021, August 6). Australia’s state parliaments lagging on racial and cultural diversity, report finds. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/aug/06/australias-state-parliaments-lagging-on-racial-and-cultural-diversity-report-finds