743
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Methamphetamine dependence in Australia–why is ‘ice’ (crystal meth) so addictive?

ORCID Icon
Received 12 Aug 2022, Accepted 13 Apr 2023, Published online: 04 Jul 2023

References

  • Acheson, L. S., Ezard, N., Lintzeris, N., Dunlop, A., Brett, J., Rodgers, C., Gill, A., Christmass, M., McKetin, R., Farrell, M., Shoptaw, S., & Siefried, K. J. (2022). Lisdexamfetamine for the treatment of acute methamphetamine withdrawal: A pilot feasibility and safety trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 241, 109692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109692
  • Acheson, L. S., Williams, B. H., Farrell, M., McKetin, R., Ezard, N., & Siefried, K. J. (2023). Pharmacological treatment for methamphetamine withdrawal: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials. Drug and Alcohol Review, 42(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13511
  • Adams, V. J. M., & Volkow, N. D. (2020). Ethical imperatives to overcome stigma against people with substance use disorders. AMA Journal of Ethics, 22(8), 702–708.
  • Addison, M., Kaner, E., Spencer, L., McGovern, W., McGovern, R., Gilvarry, E., & O'Donnell, A. (2021). Exploring pathways into and out of amphetamine type stimulant use at critical turning points: a qualitative interview study. Health Sociology Review: The Journal of the Health Section of the Australian Sociological Association, 30(2), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2020.1811747
  • Akindipe, T., Wilson, D., & Stein, D. J. (2014). Psychiatric disorders in individuals with methamphetamine dependence: prevalence and risk factors. Metabolic Brain Disease, 29(2), 351–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-014-9496-5
  • Akiyama, K. (2006). Longitudinal clinical course following pharmacological treatment of methamphetamine psychosis which persists after long‐term abstinence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1074(1), 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1369.012
  • Akiyama, K., Saito, A., & Shimoda, K. (2011). Chronic methamphetamine psychosis after long‐term abstinence in Japanese incarcerated patients. The American Journal on Addictions, 20(3), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00124.x
  • Alammehrjerdi, Z., Briggs, N. E., Biglarian, A., Mokri, A., & Dolan, K. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive behavioral therapy for regular methamphetamine use in methadone treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(3), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1578445
  • Alexander, A. C., Obong’o, C. O., Chavan, P. P., Dillon, P. J., & Kedia, S. K. (2018). Addicted to the ‘life of methamphetamine’: Perceived barriers to sustained methamphetamine recovery. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 25(3), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2017.1282423
  • Altshuler, R. D., Lin, H., & Li, X. (2020). Neural mechanisms underlying incubation of methamphetamine craving: A mini-review. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 199, 173058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173058
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text revision). American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
  • Arunogiri, S., McKetin, R., Verdejo-Garcia, A., & Lubman, D. I. (2020). The methamphetamine-associated psychosis spectrum: A clinically focused review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9934-4
  • Australian Government. (2015). Taking action to combat ice. Australian Government.
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2015). The health of Australia’s prisoners 2015. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/population-groups/prisoners/overview
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2016). Alcohol and other drug treatment services in Australia 2014–15. Drug treatment series no. 27. Cat. no. HSE 173. AIHW.
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2020a). National drug strategy household survey 2019. Drug Statistics series no. 31. Cat. no. PHE 214. AIHW.
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2020b). National drug strategy household survey 2019. Drug Statistics series no. 32. Cat. no. PHE 270. AIHW.
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2017). National drug strategy household survey 2016: Detailed findings. Drug Statistics series no. 32. Cat. no. PHE 720. AIHW.
  • Arya, S., Delic, M., Ruiz, B. I. I., Klimas, J., Papanti, D., Stepanov, A., Cock, V., & Krupchanka, D. (2020). Closing the gap between training needs and training provision in addiction medicine. BJPsych International, 17(2), 37–39. https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2019.27
  • AshaRani, P. V., Hombali, A., Seow, E., Ong, W. J., Tan, J. H., & Subramaniam, M. (2020). Non-pharmacological interventions for methamphetamine use disorder: A systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 212, 108060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108060
  • Avery, J. D., Taylor, K. E., Kast, K. A., Kattan, J., Gordon-Elliot, J., Mauer, E., Avery, J. J., & Penzner, J. B. (2019). Attitudes toward individuals with mental illness and substance use disorders among resident physicians. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 21(1), 26676. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.18m02382
  • Avery, J., Zerbo, E., & Ross, S. (2016). Improving psychiatrists’ attitudes towards individuals with psychotic disorders and co-occurring substance use disorders. Academic Psychiatry: The Journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry, 40(3), 520–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-015-0361-6
  • Ayres, T. C., & Jewkes, Y. (2012). The haunting spectacle of crystal meth: A media-created mythology? Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal, 8(3), 315–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659012443234
  • Baker, R., Leichtling, G., Hildebran, C., Pinela, C., Waddell, E. N., Sidlow, C., Leahy, J. M., & Korthuis, P. T. (2021). “Like Yin and Yang”: Perceptions of methamphetamine benefits and consequences among people who use opioids in rural communities. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 15(1), 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000669
  • Basterfield, C., Hester, R., & Bowden, S. C. (2019). A meta-analysis of the relationship between abstinence and neuropsychological functioning in methamphetamine use disorder. Neuropsychology, 33(5), 739–753. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000552
  • Beck, A. K., Larance, B., Deane, F. P., Baker, A. L., Manning, V., Hides, L., Shakeshaft, A., Argent, A., & Kelly, P. J. (2021). The use of Australian SMART Recovery groups by people who use methamphetamine: Analysis of routinely-collected nationwide data. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 225, 108814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108814
  • Benfer, I., Zahnow, R., Barratt, M. J., Maier, L., Winstock, A., & Ferris, J. (2018). The impact of drug policy liberalisation on willingness to seek help for problem drug use: A comparison of 20 countries. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 56, 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.032
  • Berryessa, C. M. (2021). “Second chance” mechanisms as a first step to ending the war on drugs. The American Journal of Bioethics: AJOB, 21(4), 54–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2021.1891333
  • Bielenberg, J., Swisher, G., Lembke, A., & Haug, N. A. (2021). A systematic review of stigma interventions for providers who treat patients with substance use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 131, 108486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108486
  • Bonomo, Y., Norman, A., Biondo, S., Bruno, R., Daglish, M., Dawe, S., Egerton-Warburton, D., Karro, J., Kim, C., Lenton, S., Lubman, D. I., Pastor, A., Rundle, J., Ryan, J., Gordon, P., Sharry, P., Nutt, D., & Castle, D. (2019). The Australian drug harms ranking study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 33(7), 759–768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119841569
  • Bramness, J. G., Gundersen, Ø. H., Guterstam, J., Rognli, E. B., Konstenius, M., Løberg, E.-M., Medhus, S., Tanum, L., & Franck, J. (2012). Amphetamine-induced psychosis-a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable? BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 221. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-221
  • Brecht, M. L., & Herbeck, D. M. (2013). Methamphetamine use and violent behavior: User perceptions and predictors. Journal of Drug Issues, 43(4), 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042613491098
  • Brecht, M. L., & Herbeck, D. (2014). Time to relapse following treatment for methamphetamine use: a long-term perspective on patterns and predictors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 139, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.702
  • Brookfield, S. J., Selvey, L., Maher, L., & Fitzgerald, L. (2021). “It Just Kind of Cascades”: A critical ethnography of methamphetamine-related pleasure among people in recovery. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 98, 103427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103427
  • Brown, H. D., & DeFulio, A. (2020). Contingency management for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder: A systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 216, 108307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108307
  • Bryant, J., Horwitz, R., Gray, R. M., Lafferty, L., Jops, P., Blunden, H., Hudson, S., & Brener, L. (2022). Improving access to drug and alcohol treatment in NSW Australia: The role of self‐determination and peer support. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30(5), e2050–e2057. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13639
  • Bun, M. J., Kelaher, R., Sarafidis, V., & Weatherburn, D. (2020). Crime, deterrence and punishment revisited. Empirical Economics, 59(5), 2303–2333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01758-6
  • Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Nutt, D. J. (2017). Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 31(9), 1091–1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117725915
  • Carrillo Beck, R., Szlapinski, J., Pacheco, N., Sabri Laghaei, S., Isard, R., Oudshoorn, A., & Marshall, C. A. (2022). Violence and victimisation in the lives of persons experiencing homelessness who use methamphetamine: A scoping review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30(5), 1619–1636. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13716
  • Chalfin, A., & McCrary, J. (2017). Criminal deterrence: A review of the literature. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 5–48. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20141147
  • Chalmers, J., Lancaster, K., & Hughes, C. (2016). The stigmatisation of ‘ice’ and under-reporting of meth/amphetamine use in general population surveys: a case study from Australia. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 36, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.06.001
  • Chan, B., Freeman, M., Kondo, K., Ayers, C., Montgomery, J., Paynter, R., & Kansagara, D. (2019). Pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine/amphetamine use disorder—a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114(12), 2122–2136. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14755
  • Chan, G. C. K., Sun, T., Lim, C., Stjepanović, D., Rutherford, B., Johnson, B., Hall, W., & Leung, J. (2022). Did the under-reporting of meth/amphetamine use increase in a general population survey in Australia as negative media coverage increased? Addiction (Abingdon, England), 117(6), 1787–1793. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15783
  • Chang, X., Sun, Y., Zhang, Y., Muhai, J., Lu, L., & Shi, J. (2018). A review of risk factors for methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 603. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00603
  • Chiang, M., Lombardi, D., Du, J., Makrum, U., Sitthichai, R., Harrington, A., Shukair, N., Zhao, M., & Fan, X. (2019). Methamphetamine‐associated psychosis: Clinical presentation, biological basis, and treatment options. Human Psychopharmacology, 34(5), e2710. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2710
  • Chen, Y. C., Chen, C. K., & Wang, L. J. (2015). Predictors of relapse and dropout during a 12-week relapse prevention program for methamphetamine users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 47(4), 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2015.1071447
  • Chen, Y., Zhang, J., & Sun, Y. (2019). The relationship between childhood abuse and depression in a sample of Chinese people who use methamphetamine. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology: IJCHP, 19(3), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.06.003
  • Chen, L. Y., Strain, E. C., Alexandre, P. K., Alexander, G. C., Mojtabai, R., & Martins, S. S. (2014). Correlates of nonmedical use of stimulants and methamphetamine use in a national sample. Addictive Behaviors, 39(5), 829–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.018
  • Cho, A. K., & Melega, W. P. (2002). Patterns of methamphetamine abuse and their consequences. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 21(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1300/j069v21n01_03
  • Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2015a). Final report of the national ice taskforce. Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  • Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2015b). National ice action strategy. Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
  • Cohn, A., O'Connor, R., Lancaster, K., Rawstorne, P., & Nathan, S. (2020). Media and political framing of crystal methamphetamine use in Australia. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 27(4), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2019.1679089
  • Cook, R., Quinn, B., Heinzerling, K., & Shoptaw, S. (2017). Dropout in clinical trials of pharmacological treatment for methamphetamine dependence: The role of initial abstinence. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 112(6), 1077–1085. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13765
  • Courtney, K. E., & Ray, L. A. (2014). Methamphetamine: An update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 143, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.003
  • Coyne, J., & Westendorf, T. (2021). High rollers: A study of criminal profits along Australia’s heroin and methamphetamine supply chains. Australasian Policing, 13(4), 35–49.
  • Crapanzano, K. A., Hammarlund, R., Ahmad, B., Hunsinger, N., & Kullar, R. (2019). The association between perceived stigma and substance use disorder treatment outcomes: A review. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S183252
  • Cruickshank, C. C., & Dyer, K. R. (2009). A review of the clinical pharmacology of methamphetamine. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 104(7), 1085–1099. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x
  • Crummy, E. A., O'Neal, T. J., Baskin, B. M., & Ferguson, S. M. (2020). One is not enough: understanding and modelling polysubstance use. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 569. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00569
  • Cumming, C., Kinner, S. A., McKetin, R., Li, I., & Preen, D. (2020). Methamphetamine use, health and criminal justice system outcomes: A systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Review, 39(5), 505–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13062
  • Cumming, C., Troeung, L., Young, J. T., Kelty, E., & Preen, D. B. (2016). Barriers to accessing methamphetamine treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 168, 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.001
  • Dakhili, A., Sangchooli, A., Jafakesh, S., Zare-Bidoky, M., Soleimani, G., Batouli, S. A. H., Kazemi, K., Faghiri, A., Oghabian, M. A., & Ekhtiari, H. (2022). Cue-induced craving and negative emotion disrupt response inhibition in methamphetamine use disorder: Behavioral and fMRI results from a mixed go/no-go task. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 233, 109353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109353
  • Darke, S., Kaye, S., McKetin, R., & Duflou, J. (2008). Major physical and psychological harms of methamphetamine use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 27(3), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230801923702
  • Darke, S., Kaye, S., & Duflou, J. (2017). Rates, characteristics and circumstances of methamphetamine‐related death in Australia: A national 7‐year study. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 112(12), 2191–2201. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13897
  • Darke, S., Kaye, S., Duflou, J., & Lappin, J. (2019). Completed suicide among methamphetamine users: A national study. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(1), 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12442
  • De Crescenzo, F., Ciabattini, M., D'Alò, G. L., De Giorgi, R., Del Giovane, C., Cassar, C., Janiri, L., Clark, N., Ostacher, M. J., & Cipriani, A. (2018). Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychosocial interventions for individuals with cocaine and amphetamine addiction: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 15(12), e1002715. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002715
  • Deen, H., Kershaw, S., Newton, N., Stapinski, L., Birrell, L., Debenham, J., Champion, K. E., Kay-Lambkin, F., Teesson, M., & Chapman, C. (2021). Stigma, discrimination and crystal methamphetamine (‘ice’): Current attitudes in Australia. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 87, 102982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102982
  • Degenhardt, L., Sara, G., McKetin, R., Roxburgh, A., Dobbins, T., Farrell, M., Burns, L., & Hall, W. D. (2017). Crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine‐related harms in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 36(2), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12426
  • Department of Health. (2008). Patterns of usage associated with specific populations of methamphetamine users in Australia. Commonwealth of Australia.
  • Dobson, K. S., & Rose, S. (2022). “Myths and facts” campaigns are at best ineffective and may increase mental illness stigma. Stigma and Health, 7(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000323
  • Doherty, L., & Sullivan, T. (2020). How and where police detainees obtain methamphetamine. Statistical Bulletin no. 23. Australian Institute of Criminology.
  • Dore, G., & Sweeting, M. (2006). Drug-induced psychosis associated with crystalline methamphetamine. Australasian Psychiatry: Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 14(1), 86–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1665.2006.02252.x
  • Douglass, C. H., Early, E. C., Wright, C. J. C., Palmer, A., Higgs, P., Quinn, B., Dietze, P. M., & Lim, M. S. C. (2017). “Just not all ice users do that”: Investigating perceptions and potential harms of Australia’s Ice Destroys Lives campaign in two studies. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0175-9
  • Edinoff, A. N., Kaufman, S. E., Green, K. M., Provenzano, D. A., Lawson, J., Cornett, E. M., Murnane, K. S., Kaye, A. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2022). Methamphetamine use: A narrative review of adverse effects and related toxicities. Health Psychology Research, 10(3), 38161. https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.38161
  • Ellis, M. S., Kasper, Z. A., & Cicero, T. J. (2018). Twin epidemics: The surging rise of methamphetamine use in chronic opioid users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 193, 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.029
  • Eslami-Shahrbabaki, M., Fekrat, A., & Mazhari, S. (2015). A study of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with methamphetamine-induced psychosis. Addiction & Health, 7(1-2), 37.
  • Farrell, M., Martin, N. K., Stockings, E., Bórquez, A., Cepeda, J. A., Degenhardt, L., Ali, R., Tran, L. T., Rehm, J., Torrens, M., Shoptaw, S., & McKetin, R. (2019). Responding to global stimulant use: Challenges and opportunities. Lancet (London, England), 394(10209), 1652–1667. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32230-5
  • First, M. B., Gaebel, W., Maj, M., Stein, D. J., Kogan, C. S., Saunders, J. B., Poznyak, V. B., Gureje, O., Lewis-Fernández, R., Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Claudino, A., Pike, K. M., Baird, G., Skuse, D., Krueger, R. B., Briken, P., Burke, J. D., … Reed, G. M. (2021). An organization‐and category‐level comparison of diagnostic requirements for mental disorders in ICD‐11 and DSM‐5. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 20(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20825
  • Fitzpatrick, R. E., Rubenis, A. J., Lubman, D. I., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2020). Cognitive deficits in methamphetamine addiction: Independent contributions of dependence and intelligence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 209, 107891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107891
  • Foulds, J. A., & Nutt, D. (2020). Principled sentencing for drug supply offences: Revised methamphetamine sentencing guidelines in New Zealand. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6, 205032452094234–2050324520942347. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520942347
  • Foulds, J. A., Boden, J. M., McKetin, R., & Newton-Howes, G. (2020). Methamphetamine use and violence: findings from a longitudinal birth cohort. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 207, 107826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107826
  • Francis, M., Manning, V., & Cheetham, A. (2020). Exploring stigmatizing attitudes among community mental health clinicians working with clients who have a dual diagnosis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(5), 1437–1445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00171-5
  • Fredrickson, A., Gibson, A. F., Lancaster, K., & Nathan, S. (2019). “Devil’s lure took all i had”: Moral panic and the discursive construction of crystal methamphetamine in Australian news media. Contemporary Drug Problems, 46(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450918823340
  • Galloway, G. P., & Singleton, E. G. (2009). The Methamphetamine Treatment Project. How long does craving predict use of methamphetamine? Assessment of use one to seven weeks after the assessment of craving. Substance Abuse, 1, 63–79.
  • Goldfeder, S., Scott, R., & Briggs, J. (2023). Forensic assessments alcohol, cannabis and methamphetamine intoxication in cases of violent offending. Journal of Law and Medicine, 30, 99–130.
  • Gonin, P., Beysard, N., Yersin, B., & Carron, P. N. (2018). Excited delirium: a systematic review. Academic Emergency Medicine: Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 25(5), 552–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13330
  • Gordon, D. G., & de Jong, G. (2018). Gaps in the ice: Methamphetamine in Australia; its history, treatment, and ramifications for users and their families. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27(6), 1861–1868. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12480
  • Gray, R. (2010). Shame, labeling and stigma: Challenges to counseling clients in alcohol and other drug settings. Contemporary Drug Problems, 37(4), 685–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/009145091003700409
  • Green, B., Hayllar, J., & Anderson, C. (2020). Speeding: A review of self-reported effects of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). Addiction Research & Theory, 28(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2019.1622000
  • Green, D. P., & Winik, D. (2010). Using random judge assignments to estimate the effects of incarceration and probation on recidivism among drug offenders. Criminology, 48(2), 357–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00189.x
  • Grodin, E. N., Courtney, K. E., & Ray, L. A. (2019). Drug-induced craving for methamphetamine is associated with neural methamphetamine cue reactivity. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 80(2), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2019.80.245
  • Guerin, A. A., Drummond, K. D., Bonomo, Y., Lawrence, A. J., Rossell, S. L., & Kim, J. H. (2021). Assessing methamphetamine-related cue reactivity in people with methamphetamine use disorder relative to controls. Addictive Behaviors, 123, 107075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107075
  • Hamel, C., Corace, K., Hersi, M., Rice, D., Willows, M., Macpherson, P., Sproule, B., Flores-Aranda, J., Garber, G., Esmaeilisaraji, L., Skidmore, B., Porath, A., Ortiz Nunez, R., & Hutton, B. (2020). Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions for methamphetamine addiction: Protocol for a scoping review of the literature. Systematic Reviews, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01499-z
  • Harding, R. W., Wagner, K. T., Fiuty, P., Smith, K. P., Page, K., & Wagner, K. D. (2022). “It’s called overamping”: experiences of overdose among people who use methamphetamine. Harm Reduction Journal, 19(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-022-00588-7
  • Hamilton, M., & Dunlop, A. J. (2016). “Ice” (crystal methamphetamine): Concerns and responses. The Medical Journal of Australia, 204(4), 136–137. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja15.01253
  • Harris, D. S., Boxenbaum, H., Everhart, E. T., Sequeira, G., Mendelson, J. E., & Jones, R. T. (2003). The bioavailability of intranasal and smoked methamphetamine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 74(5), 475–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2003.08.002
  • Hart, C. L., Gunderson, E. W., Perez, A., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Thurmond, A., Comer, S. D., & Foltin, R. W. (2008). Acute physiological and behavioral effects of intranasal methamphetamine in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(8), 1847–1855. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301578
  • Hartz, D. T., Frederick-Osborne, S. L., & Galloway, G. P. (2001). Craving predicts use during treatment for methamphetamine dependence: A prospective, repeated-measures, within-subject analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 63(3), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00217-9
  • Heal, D. J., Smith, S. L., Gosden, J., & Nutt, D. J. (2013). Amphetamine, past and present–a pharmacological and clinical perspective. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 27(6), 479–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881113482532
  • Howard, D. (2020). The special commission of inquiry into the drug ‘ice’. https://www.dpc.nsw.gov.au/publications/special-commissions-of-inquiry/the-special-commission-of-inquiry-into-the-drug-ice/
  • Huckans, M., Boyd, S., Moncrief, G., Hantke, N., Winters, B., Shirley, K., Sano, E., McCready, H., Dennis, L., Kohno, M., Hoffman, W., & Loftis, J. M. (2021). Cognition during active methamphetamine use versus remission. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 43(6), 599–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2021.1976734
  • Huestis, M. A., & Cone, E. J. (2007). Methamphetamine disposition in oral fluid, plasma, and urine. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1098(1), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1384.038
  • Hussain, M. A., Iudicello, J. E., Morgan, E. E., Kamat, R., Heaton, R. K., & Grant, I. (2021). Apathy is associated with poorer abstinence self-efficacy in individuals with methamphetamine dependence. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 13, 100331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100331
  • Iwanami, A., Sugiyama, A., Kuroki, N., Toda, S., Kato, N., Nakatani, Y., Horita, N., & Kaneko, T. (1994). Patients with methamphetamine psychosis admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Japan: A preliminary report. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(6), 428–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01541.x
  • Isoardi, K. Z., Ayles, S. F., Harris, K., Finch, C. J., & Page, C. B. (2019). Methamphetamine presentations to an emergency department: Management and complications. Emergency Medicine Australasia: EMA, 31(4), 593–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13219
  • Jones, R., Usher, K., & Woods, C. (2019). Crystal methamphetamine’s impact on frontline emergency services in Victoria, Australia. Australasian Emergency Care, 22(4), 201–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.auec.2019.07.004
  • Jones, R., Woods, C., & Usher, K. (2021). Methamphetamines: Cross sectional-survey exploring police and paramedic attitudes and perceptions of deservingness of care. Nursing & Health Sciences, 23(1), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12787
  • Kamp, F., Proebstl, L., Hager, L., Schreiber, A., Riebschläger, M., Neumann, S., Straif, M., Schacht-Jablonowsky, M., Manz, K., Soyka, M., & Koller, G. (2019). Effectiveness of methamphetamine abuse treatment: Predictors of treatment completion and comparison of two residential treatment programs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 201, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.010
  • Karlsson, A., & Burns, L. (2018). Australian drug trends 2017. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). In Australian drug trend series: No. 181. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia.
  • Kaye, S., Lewandowski, A., Bowman, J., & Doyle, M. F. (2021). Crystal methamphetamine use among young people entering custody: Prevalence, correlates and comorbidity. Drug and Alcohol Review, 40(7), 1266–1274. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13210
  • Kenny, P., Harney, A., Lee, N. K., & Pennay, A. (2011). Treatment utilization and barriers to treatment: Results of a survey of dependent methamphetamine users. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 6(1), 1–7.
  • Kershaw, S., Chapman, C., Birrell, L., Champion, K., Deen, H., Stapinski, L., Kay-Lambkin, H. F., Teesson, M., & Newton, N. (2021). 1220 Barriers to care for people who use crystal methamphetamine. International Journal of Epidemiology, 50(Supplement_1), dyab168-340. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab168.340
  • Khani, Y., Barati, H., Mollajan, A., Faghihi, M. M., & Rimaz, S. (2018). Investigating the trend and severity of withdrawal symptoms in Methamphetamine users amongst homeless addicts. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 7(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.66880
  • Kim, I., Oyler, J. M., Moolchan, E. T., Cone, E. J., & Huestis, M. A. (2004). Urinary pharmacokinetics of methamphetamine and its metabolite, amphetamine following controlled oral administration to humans. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 26(6), 664–672. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200412000-00013
  • Kirby, K. C., Benishek, L. A., Dugosh, K. L., & Kerwin, M. E. (2006). Substance abuse treatment providers’ beliefs and objections regarding contingency management: Implications for dissemination. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85(1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.03.010
  • Kittirattanapaiboon, P., Srikosai, S., & Wittayanookulluk, A. (2017). Methamphetamine use and dependence in vulnerable female populations. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(4), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000335
  • Kohno, M., Morales, A. M., Ghahremani, D. G., Hellemann, G., & London, E. D. (2014). Risky decision making, prefrontal cortex, and mesocorticolimbic functional connectivity in methamphetamine dependence. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(7), 812–820. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.399
  • Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2005). Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the ‘dark side’ of drug addiction. Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1442–1444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1105-1442
  • Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016). Neurobiology of addiction: A neurocircuitry analysis. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 3(8), 760–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8
  • Koob, G. F. (2013). Negative reinforcement in drug addiction: The darkness within. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23(4), 559–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2013.03.011
  • Kunz, S. N., Þórðardóttir, S., & Jónasson, J. G. (2021). Arrest-related death on the basis of a drug-induced excited delirium syndrome. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 77, 102091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102091
  • Lago, L., Bruno, R., & Degenhardt, L. (2016). Concordance of ICD-11 and DSM-5 definitions of alcohol and cannabis use disorders: A population survey. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 3(7), 673–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00088-2
  • Lai, F. Y., O'Brien, J., Bruno, R., Hall, W., Prichard, J., Kirkbride, P., Gartner, C., Thai, P., Carter, S., Lloyd, B., Burns, L., & Mueller, J. (2016). Spatial variations in the consumption of illicit stimulant drugs across Australia: A nationwide application of wastewater-based epidemiology. The Science of the Total Environment, 568, 810–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.207
  • Lancaster, K., Ritter, A., & Colebatch, H. (2014). Problems, policy and politics: Making sense of Australia’s ‘ice epidemic. Policy Studies, 35(2), 147–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2013.875144
  • Lanyon, C., Nambiar, D., Higgs, P., Dietze, P., & Quinn, B. (2019). Five-year changes in methamphetamine use, dependence, and remission in a community-recruited co- hort. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 13(2), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000469
  • Lappin, J. M., Roxburgh, A., Kaye, S., Chalmers, J., Sara, G., Dobbins, T., Burns, L., & Farrell, M. (2016). Increased prevalence of self-reported psychotic illness predicted by crystal methamphetamine use: evidence from a high-risk population. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 38, 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.018
  • Leamon, M. H., Flower, K., Salo, R. E., Nordahl, T. E., Kranzler, H. R., & Galloway, G. P. (2010). Methamphetamine and paranoia: The methamphetamine experience questionnaire. The American Journal on Addictions, 19(2), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2009.00014.x
  • Lecomte, T., Dumais, A., Dugre, J. R., & Potvin, S. (2018). The prevalence of substance-induced psychotic disorder in methamphetamine misusers: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 268, 189–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.033
  • Lee, N. K., & Rawson, R. A. (2008). A systematic review of cognitive and behavioural therapies for methamphetamine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Review, 27(3), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230801919494
  • Lee, N. K., Pohlman, S., Baker, A., Ferris, J., & Kay-Lambkin, F. (2010). It’s the thought that counts: Craving metacognitions and their role in abstinence from methamphetamine use. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 38(3), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2009.12.006
  • Lewis, D., Kenneally, M., van den Heuvel, C., & Byard, R. W. (2021). Methamphetamine deaths: Changing trends and diagnostic issues. Medicine, Science, and the Law, 61(2), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025802420986707
  • Lopez, R. B., Onyemekwu, C., Hart, C. L., Ochsner, K. N., & Kober, H. (2015). Boundary conditions of methamphetamine craving. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(6), 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000049
  • Luoma, J. B., Kulesza, M., Hayes, S. C., Kohlenberg, B., & Larimer, M. (2014). Stigma predicts residential treatment length for substance use disorder. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 40(3), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2014.901337
  • Luoma, J. B., Chwyl, C., & Kaplan, J. (2019). Substance use and shame: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 70, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.03.002
  • Lüscher, C., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2020). The transition to compulsion in addiction. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 21(5), 247–263. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-020-0289-z
  • Man, N., Sisson, S. A., McKetin, R., Chrzanowska, A., Bruno, R., Dietze, P. M., Price, O., Degenhardt, L., Gibbs, D., Salom, C., & Peacock, A. (2022). Trends in methamphetamine use, markets and harms in Australia, 2003–2019. Drug and Alcohol Review, 41(5), 1041–1052. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13468
  • Martínez-Vispo, C., Martínez, Ú., López-Durán, A., Fernandez del Rio, E., & Becoña, E. (2018). Effects of behavioural activation on substance use and depression: A systematic review. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 13(1), 1–13.
  • Mather, M., Clewett, D., Sakaki, M., & Harley, C. W. (2016). Norepinephrine ignites local hotspots of neuronal excitation: How arousal amplifies selectivity in perception and memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39, 1–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X15000667
  • Matone, A., Gandin, C., Ghirini, S., & Scafato, E. (2022). Alcohol and substance use disorders diagnostic criteria changes and innovations in ICD-11: An overview. Clinical Psychology in Europe, 4(Special Issue), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.32872/cpe.9539
  • Maxwell, J. C. (2014). A new survey of methamphetamine users in treatment: Who they are, why they like “meth,” and why they need additional services. Substance Use & Misuse, 49(6), 639–644. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.841244
  • May, A. C., Aupperle, R. L., & Stewart, J. L. (2020). Dark times: The role of negative reinforcement in methamphetamine addiction. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 114. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00114
  • Mendelson, J., Uemura, N., Harris, D., Nath, R. P., Fernandez, E., Jacob, P., Everhart, E. T., & Jones, R. T. (2006). Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 80(4), 403–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2006.06.013
  • Mendiola, C. K., Galetto, G., & Fingerhood, M. (2018). An exploration of emergency physicians’ attitudes toward patients with substance use disorder. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 12(2), 132–135. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000377
  • McGinty, E. E., & Barry, C. L. (2020). Stigma reduction to combat the addiction crisis—developing an evidence base. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(14), 1291–1292. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2000227
  • McGregor, C., Srisurapanont, M., Jittiwutikarn, J., Laobhripatr, S., Wongtan, T., & White, J. M. (2005). The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 100(9), 1320–1329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01160.x
  • McKenna, S. (2013). “The meth factor”: Group membership, information management, and the navigation of stigma. Contemporary Drug Problems, 40(3), 351–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/009145091304000304
  • McKetin, R. (2016). Will the Australian Government’s response to its ‘National Ice Taskforce’ deliver more treatment as promised? Drug and Alcohol Review, 35(3), 247–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12423
  • McKetin, R., McLaren, J., & Kelly, E. (2005). The Sydney methamphetamine market: Patterns of supply, use, personal harms and social consquences. National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund.
  • McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Lubman, D. I., & Hides, L. (2006). The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 101(10), 1473–1478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01496.x
  • McKetin, R., Kelly, E., & McLaren, J. (2006). The relationship between crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85(3), 198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.007
  • McKetin, R., Lubman, D. I., Baker, A. L., Dawe, S., & Ali, R. L. (2013). Dose-related psychotic symptoms in chronic methamphetamine users: Evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(3), 319–324. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.283
  • McKetin, R., Kothe, A., Baker, A. L., Lee, N. K., Ross, J., & Lubman, D. I. (2018). Predicting abstinence from methamphetamine use after residential rehabilitation: Findings from the Methamphetamine Treatment Evaluation Study. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12528
  • McKetin, R., Leung, J., Stockings, E., Huo, Y., Foulds, J., Lappin, J. M., Cumming, C., Arunogiri, S., Young, J. T., Sara, G., Farrell, M., & Degenhardt, L. (2019). Mental health outcomes associated with the use of amphetamines: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 16, 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.09.014
  • McKetin, R., Boden, J. M., Foulds, J. A., Najman, J. M., Ali, R., Degenhardt, L., Baker, A. L., Ross, J., Farrell, M., & Weatherburn, D. (2020). The contribution of methamphetamine use to crime: Evidence from Australian longitudinal data. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 216, 108262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108262
  • McKetin, R., Chrzanowska, A., Man, N., Peacock, A., Sutherland, R., & Degenhardt, L. (2021). Trends in treatment episodes for methamphetamine smoking and injecting in Australia, 2003–2019. Drug and Alcohol Review, 40(7), 1281–1286. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13258
  • McKetin, R., Quinn, B., Higgs, P., Berk, M., Dean, O. M., Turner, A., Kelly, P. J., Lubman, D. I., Carter, G., Baker, A. L., Manning, V., Thomas, T., Bathish, R., Raftery, D., Saunders, L., Wrobel, A., Meehan, A., Sinclair, B., Reid, D., … Dietze, P. M. (2021). Clinical and demographic characteristics of people who smoke versus inject crystalline methamphetamine in Australia: Findings from a pharmacotherapy trial. Drug and Alcohol Review, 40(7), 1249–1255. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13183
  • MacLean, S., Hengsen, R., & Stephens, R. (2017). Critical considerations in responding to crystal methamphetamine use in Australian Aboriginal communities. Drug and Alcohol Review, 36(4), 502–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12468
  • Meredith, C. W., Jaffe, C., Ang-Lee, K., & Saxon, A. J. (2005). Implications of chronic methamphetamine use: A literature review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 13(3), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220591003605
  • Meyers, R. J., Roozen, H. G., & Smith, J. E. (2011). The community reinforcement approach: An update of the evidence. Alcohol Research & Health, 33(4), 380.
  • Mitchell, O., Cochran, J. C., Mears, D. P., & Bales, W. D. (2017). The effectiveness of prison for reducing drug offender recidivism: A regression discontinuity analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 13(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-017-9282-6
  • Moallem, N. R., Courtney, K. E., & Ray, L. A. (2018). The relationship between impulsivity and methamphetamine use severity in a community sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 187, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.034
  • Monahan, C., & Coleman, M. (2018). Ice in the outback: the epidemiology of amphetamine-type stimulant-related hospital admissions and presentations to the emergency department in Hedland, Western Australia. Australasian Psychiatry : Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 26(4), 417–421. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856218762307
  • Moniruzzaman, A., Rezansoff, S. N., & Somers, J. M. (2022). The Relationship between the legal status of drug possession and the criminalization of marginalized drug users: A literature review. Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being, 7(4), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.287
  • Morelli, M., & Tognotti, E. (2021). Brief history of the medical and non-medical use of amphetamine-like psychostimulants. Experimental Neurology, 342, 113754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113754
  • Morgan, A., & Gannoni, A. (2020). Methamphetamine dependence and domestic violence among police detainees. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 588, 1–17.
  • Moszczynska, A. (2021). Current and emerging treatments for methamphetamine use disorder. Current Neuropharmacology, 19(12), 2077–2091. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210803091637
  • Moszczynska, A., & Callan, S. P. (2017). Molecular, behavioral, and physiological consequences of methamphetamine neurotoxicity: Implications for treatment. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 362(3), 474–488. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.116.238501
  • Murphy, S. M. (2020). The cost of opioid use disorder and the value of aversion. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 217, 108382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108382
  • Murphy, S. M., McDonell, M. G., McPherson, S., Srebnik, D., Angelo, F., Roll, J. M., & Ries, R. K. (2015). An economic evaluation of a contingency-management intervention for stimulant use among community mental health patients with serious mental illness. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 153, 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.004
  • Newton, T. F., De La Garza, R., Kalechstein, A. D., Tziortzis, D., & Jacobsen, C. A. (2009). Theories of addiction: Methamphetamine users’ explanations for continuing drug use and relapse. The American Journal on Addictions, 18(4), 294–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490902925920
  • Nieweglowski, K., Corrigan, P. W., Tyas, T., Tooley, A., Dubke, R., Lara, J., Washington, L., Sayer, J., & Sheehan, L. (2018). Exploring the public stigma of substance use disorder through community-based participatory research. Addiction Research & Theory, 26(4), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1409890
  • Oluwoye, O., Kriegel, L., Alcover, K. C., McPherson, S., McDonell, M. G., & Roll, J. M. (2020). The dissemination and implementation of contingency management for substance use disorders: A systematic review. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 34(1), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000487
  • Orjiakor, C. T., Eze, J., Chinweoke, M., Ezenwa, M., Orjiakor, I., Onwujekwe, O., & Palamar, J. (2023). A systematic review of actors, actions, and outcomes of community-based efforts to prevent or reduce methamphetamine use. Addiction Research & Theory, 1, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2023.2167982
  • Oyler, J. M., Cone, E. J., Joseph, R. E., Jr., Moolchan, E. T., & Huestis, M. A. (2002). Duration of detectable methamphetamine and amphetamine excretion in urine after controlled oral administration of methamphetamine to humans. Clinical Chemistry, 48(10), 1703–1714. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.10.1703
  • Ozkok, H., Tatar, B. H., Ayyıldız, T. N., Eskin, M., Erdem, G., & Turan, B. (2022). To blame or not to blame: The role of belief in free will in substance use and suicide stigma. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(6), 3301–3314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00755-8
  • Paulus, M. P., & Stewart, J. L. (2020). Neurobiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of methamphetamine use disorder: A review. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(9), 959–966. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0246
  • Petersén, E., Thurang, A., & Berman, A. H. (2021). Staff experiences of encountering and treating outpatients with substance use disorder in the psychiatric context: A qualitative study. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 16(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-021-00235-9
  • Pfund, R. A., Ginley, M. K., Rash, C. J., & Zajac, K. (2022). Contingency management for treatment attendance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 133, 108556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108556
  • Peacock, A., Uporova, J., Karlsson, A., Price, O., Gibbs, D., Swanton, R., Chan, R., Bruno, R., Dietze, P., Lenton, S., Salom, C., Degenhardt, L., & Farrell, M. (2021). Australian drug trends 2020: Key Findings from the National Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) interviews. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney.
  • Pisarski, K. (2021). A narrative review of the recent ‘Ice’ epidemic: An Australian perspective. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 15, 117822182110105. https://doi.org/10.1177/11782218211010502
  • Plettinckx, E., Antoine, J., Gremeaux, L., & Van Oyen, H. (2018). Alternatives to prison for drug offenders in Belgium during the past decade. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 61, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.09.003
  • Potvin, S., Pelletier, J., Grot, S., Hebert, C., Barr, A. M., & Lecomte, T. (2018). Cognitive deficits in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: A meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 80, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.021
  • Proebstl, L., Kamp, F., Manz, K., Krause, D., Adorjan, K., Pogarell, O., Koller, G., Soyka, M., Falkai, P., & Kambeitz, J. (2019a). Effects of stimulant drug use on the dopaminergic system: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo neuroimaging studies. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 59, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.003
  • Proebstl, L., Krause, D., Kamp, F., Hager, L., Manz, K., Schacht-Jablonowsky, M., Straif, M., Riebschläger, M., Neumann, S., Schreiber, A., Soyka, M., & Koller, G. (2019b). Methamphetamine withdrawal and the restoration of cognitive functions–A study over a course of 6 months abstinence. Psychiatry Research, 281, 112599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112599
  • Queensland Health. (2017). Queensland methamphetamine paper. Brisbane, Queensland Health. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0021/641316/methpaper.pdf
  • Quinn, B., Ward, B., Agius, P. A., Jenkinson, R., Hickman, M., Sutton, K., Hall, C., McKetin, R., Farrell, M., Cossar, R., & Dietze, P. M. (2021). A prospective cohort of people who use methamphetamine in Melbourne and non‐metropolitan Victoria, Australia: Baseline characteristics and correlates of methamphetamine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Review, 40(7), 1239–1248. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13194
  • Quinn, B., Stoové, M., & Dietze, P. (2013). Factors associated with professional support access among a prospective cohort of methamphetamine users. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(2), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2013.02.003
  • Raftery, D., Kelly, P. J., Deane, F. P., Baker, A. L., Dingle, G., & Hunt, D. (2020). With a little help from my friends: Cognitive-behavioral skill utilization, social networks, and psychological distress in SMART Recovery group attendees. Journal of Substance Use, 25(1), 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2019.1664654
  • Rahim, M., & Patton, R. (2015). The association between shame and substance use in young people: A systematic review. PeerJ, 3, e737. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.737
  • Rao, H., Mahadevappa, H., Pillay, P., Sessay, M., Abraham, A., & Luty, J. (2009). A study of stigmatized attitudes towards people with mental health problems among health professionals. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 16(3), 279–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01369.x
  • Rawstorne, P., O'Connor, R., Cohn, A., Fredrickson, A., Jayasinha, R., Hayen, A., Lancaster, K., & Nathan, S. (2020). Australian news media reporting of methamphetamine: An analysis of print media 2014–2016. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 44(6), 468–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13030
  • Reilly, R., Wand, H., McKetin, R., Quinn, B., Ezard, N., Dunlop, A., Conigrave, K., Treloar, C., Roe, Y., Gray, D., Stephens, J., Ward, J., & the NIMAC Community Researchers and Partner Sites. (2020). Survey methods and characteristics of a sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous people who have recently used methamphetamine: the NIMAC survey. Drug and Alcohol Review, 39(6), 646–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13085
  • Richards, J. R., Hawkins, J. A., Acevedo, E. W., & Laurin, E. G. (2019). The care of patients using methamphetamine in the emergency department: Perception of nurses, residents, and faculty. Substance Abuse, 40(1), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2018.1449170
  • Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2008). Review. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: Some current issues. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 363(1507), 3137–3146. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0093
  • Roche, A., & McEntee, A. (2017). Ice and the outback: Patterns and prevalence of methamphetamine use in rural Australia. The Australian Journal of Rural Health, 25(4), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12331
  • Rognli, E. B., & Bramness, J. G. (2015). Understanding the relationship between amphetamines and psychosis. Current Addiction Reports, 2(4), 285–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0077-4
  • Ronsley, C., Nolan, S., Knight, R., Hayashi, K., Klimas, J., Walley, A., Wood, E., & Fairbairn, N. (2020). Treatment of stimulant use disorder: A systematic review of reviews. PloS One, 15(6), e0234809. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234809
  • Rubenis, A. J., Fitzpatrick, R. E., Lubman, D. I., & Verdejo‐Garcia, A. (2018a). Impulsivity predicts poorer improvement in quality of life during early treatment for people with methamphetamine dependence. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 113(4), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14058
  • Rubenis, A. J., Fitzpatrick, R. E., Lubman, D. I., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2018b). Sustained attention but not effort-based decision-making predicts treatment motivation change in people with methamphetamine dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 95, 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2018.09.007
  • Salani, D., Valdes, B., De Santis, J., & Zdanowicz, M. (2020). Back with a vengeance: The reappearance of methamphetamine and its implications for health care providers. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 16(7), 483–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.03.005
  • Sanatkar, S., Heinsch, M., Tickner, C., Hunt, S., Teesson, M., Geddes, J., Gilbert, J., Pedemont, L., McKetin, R., & Kay-Lambkin, F. (2022). A systematic literature review and narrative synthesis of effective interventions for family and caregivers of people who use methamphetamine. Substance Abuse, 43(1), 1190–1196. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2022.2074600
  • Sato, M. (1992). A lasting vulnerability to psychosis in patients with previous methamphetamine psychosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25965.x
  • Saunders, J. B. (2017). Substance use and addictive disorders in DSM-5 and ICD 10 and the draft ICD 11. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(4), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000332
  • Schep, L. J., Slaughter, R. J., & Beasley, D. M. G. (2010). The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 48(7), 675–694. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2010.516752
  • Schultz, W. (2015). Neuronal reward and decision signals: From theories to data. Physiological Reviews, 95(3), 853–951. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2014
  • Schmidt, M., Dillon, P. J., Jackson, B. M., Pirkey, P., & Kedia, S. K. (2019). “Gave me a line of ice and I got hooked”: Exploring narratives of initiating methamphetamine use. Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.), 36(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12568
  • Schulze, B. (2007). Stigma and mental health professionals: A review of the evidence on an intricate relationship. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 19(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701278929
  • Scott, N., Caulkins, J. P., Ritter, A., Quinn, C., & Dietze, P. (2015). High‐frequency drug purity and price series as tools for explaining drug trends and harms in Victoria, Australia. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 110(1), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12740
  • Seger, D. (2010). Cocaine, metamfetamine, and MDMA abuse: the role and clinical importance of neuroadaptation. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 48(7), 695–708. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2010.516263
  • Selseng, L. B. (2017). Formula stories of the “substance-using client” Addicted, unreliable, deteriorating, and stigmatized. Contemporary Drug Problems, 44(2), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450917698963
  • Shin, E.-J., Dang, D.-K., Tran, T.-V., Tran, H.-Q., Jeong, J. H., Nah, S.-Y., Jang, C.-G., Yamada, K., Nabeshima, T., & Kim, H.-C. (2017). Current understanding of methamphetamine-associated dopaminergic neurodegeneration and psychotoxic behaviors. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 40(4), 403–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-017-0897-y
  • Siefried, K. J., Acheson, L. S., Lintzeris, N., & Ezard, N. (2020). Pharmacological treatment of methamphetamine/amphetamine dependence: A systematic review. CNS Drugs, 34(4), 337–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-020-00711-x
  • Simon, S. L., Dean, A. C., Cordova, X., Monterosso, J. R., & London, E. D. (2010). Methamphetamine dependence and neuropsychological functioning: Evaluating change during early abstinence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(3), 335–344. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2010.71.335
  • SMART Recovery Australia. (2021). https://smartrecoveryaustralia.com.au/
  • Snijder, M., & Kershaw, S. (2019). Review of methamphetamine use among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Australian Indigenous Health Bulletin, 19(3), 1–29.
  • Spivak, B., Shepherd, S., Borschmann, R., Kinner, S. A., Ogloff, J. R., & Hachtel, H. (2020). Crystalline methamphetamine (ice) use prior to youth detention: A forensic concern or a public health issue? PLoS One, 15(5), e0229389. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229389
  • Stoneberg, D. M., Shukla, R. K., & Magness, M. B. (2018). Global methamphetamine trends: an evolving problem. International Criminal Justice Review, 28(2), 136–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567717730104
  • Strakowski, S. M., Sax, K. W., Setters, M. J., Stanton, S. P., & Keck, P. E. Jr. (1997). Lack of enhanced response to repeated d-amphetamine challenge in first-episode psychosis: implications for a sensitization model of psychosis in humans. Biological Psychiatry, 42(9), 749–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00052-8
  • Stuart, A. M., Baker, A. L., Denham, A. M. J., Lee, N. K., Hall, A., Oldmeadow, C., Dunlop, A., Bowman, J., & McCarter, K. (2020). Psychological treatment for methamphetamine use and associated psychiatric symptom outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 109, 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2019.09.005
  • Sussman, S. (2021). Commentary: Addiction, stigma, and neurodiversity. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 44(2), 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/01632787211012036
  • Svingen, L., Dykstra, R. E., Simpson, J. L., Jaffe, A. E., Bevins, R. A., Carlo, G., DiLillo, D., & Grant, K. M. (2016). Associations between family history of substance use, childhood trauma, and age of first drug use in persons with methamphetamine dependence. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 10(4), 269–273. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000233
  • Tait, R. J., Whetton, S., Shanahan, M., Cartwright, K., Ferrante, A., Gray, D., Kaye, S., McKetin, R., Pidd, K., Ritter, A., Roche, A., & Allsop, S. (2018). Quantifying the societal cost of methamphetamine use to Australia. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 62, 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.08.015
  • Ticehurst, A., & Sullivan, T. (2018). The methamphetamine market: Police detainee perspectives. Statistical Bulletin. Australian Institute of Criminology, Commonwealth of Australia.
  • Tomaz, V., Moreira, D., & Souza Cruz, O. (2023). Criminal reactions to drug-using offenders: A systematic review of the effect of treatment and/or punishment on reduction of drug use and/or criminal recidivism. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 935755. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.935755
  • Topp, L., Degenhardt, L., Kaye, S., & Darke, S. (2002). The emergence of potent forms of methamphetamine in Sydney, Australia: A case study of the IDRS as a strategic early warning system. Drug and Alcohol Review, 21(4), 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/0959523021000023199
  • Tran, M. T. N., Luong, Q. H., Le Minh, G., Dunne, M. P., & Baker, P. (2021). Psychosocial interventions for amphetamine type stimulant use disorder: An overview of systematic reviews. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 512076. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.512076
  • Ujike, H., & Sato, M. (2004). Clinical features of sensitization to methamphetamine observed in patients with methamphetamine dependence and psychosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1025(1), 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1316.035
  • Unadkat, A., Subasinghe, S., Harvey, R. J., & Castle, D. J. (2019). Methamphetamine use in patients presenting to emergency departments and psychiatric inpatient facilities: What are the service implications? Australasian Psychiatry : Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 27(1), 14–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856218810155
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2022). Drug market trends: Cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants, new psychoactive substances. World Drug Report, 2022.
  • Usher, K., Jackson, D., Woods, C., Sayers, J., Kornhaber, R., & Cleary, M. (2017). Safety, risk, and aggression: Health professionals’ experiences of caring for people affected by methamphetamine when presenting for emergency care. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 26(5), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12345
  • Van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P., Van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. (2013). Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: Systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(1–2), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.018
  • Voce, A., & Sullivan, T. (2019). Drug use monitoring in Australia: Drug use among police detainees, 2018 (No. AIC Statistical Report 18). Australian Institute of Criminology.
  • Voce, A., Calabria, B., Burns, R., Castle, D., & McKetin, R. (2019). A systematic review of the symptom profile and course of methamphetamine-associated psychosis: substance use and misuse. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(4), 549–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1521430
  • Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2016). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. The New England Journal of Medicine, 374(4), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1511480
  • Volkow, N. D., Michaelides, M., & Baler, R. (2019). The neuroscience of drug reward and addiction. Physiological Reviews, 99(4), 2115–2140. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00014.2018
  • von Hippel, C., Brener, L., & Horwitz, R. (2018). Implicit and explicit internalized stigma: Relationship with risky behaviors, psychosocial functioning and healthcare access among people who inject drugs. Addictive Behaviors, 76, 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.036
  • Waller, L., & Clifford, K. (2020). Ice towns: Television representations of crystal methamphetamine use in rural Australia. Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal, 16(2), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659019845025
  • Wang, G., Shi, J., Chen, N., Xu, L., Li, J., Li, P., Sun, Y., & Lu, L. (2013). Effects of length of abstinence on decision-making and craving in methamphetamine abusers. PloS One, 8(7), e68791. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068791
  • Wang, Y., Zuo, J., Hao, W., Shen, H., Zhang, X., Deng, Q., Liu, M., Zhao, Z., Zhang, L., Zhou, Y., Li, M., Liu, T., & Zhang, X. (2020). Quality of life in patients with methamphetamine use disorder: Relationship to impulsivity and drug use characteristics. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579302
  • Ward, B., Lane, R., Quinn, B., & Russell, G. (2021). Qualitative understandings of access to primary care services for consumers who use methamphetamine. Australian Journal of General Practice, 50(7), 505–510. https://doi.org/10.31128/AJGP-07-20-5550
  • Wearne, T. A., & Cornish, J. L. (2018). A comparison of methamphetamine-induced psychosis and schizophrenia: a review of positive, negative, and cognitive symptomatology. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00491
  • Webb, M., Deitzer, J., & Copes, H. (2017). Methamphetamine, symbolic boundaries, and using status. Deviant Behavior, 38(12), 1393–1405. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1254988
  • Weber, M., Lessig, R., Richter, C., Ritter, A. P., & Weiß, I. (2017). Medico-legal assessment of methamphetamine and amphetamine serum concentrations—what can we learn from survived intoxications? International Journal of Legal Medicine, 131(5), 1253–1260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1607-5
  • Weiss, F. (2005). Neurobiology of craving, conditioned reward and relapse. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 5(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2004.11.001
  • Wise, R. A. (2008). Dopamine and reward: The anhedonia hypothesis 30 years on. Neurotoxicity Research, 14(2-3), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03033808
  • Woodhead, E. L., Timko, C., Han, X., & Cucciare, M. A. (2019). Stigma, treatment, and health among stimulant users: Life stage as a moderator. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 60, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2018.11.005
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). (2022). International classification of diseases 11th revision. WHO.
  • Yimsaard, P., Maes, M. M., Verachai, V., & Kalayasiri, R. (2018). Pattern of methamphetamine use and the time lag to methamphetamine dependence. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 12(2), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000371
  • Yang, M., Yang, C., Liu, T., & London, E. D. (2020). Methamphetamine-associated psychosis: links to drug use characteristics and similarity to primary psychosis. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 24(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2019.1676451
  • Yui, K., Ikemoto, S., Ishiguro, T., & Goto, K. (2000a). Studies of amphetamine or methamphetamine psychosis in Japan: relation of methamphetamine psychosis to schizophrenia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 914(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05178.x
  • Yui, K., Goto, K., Ikemoto, S., Jima, K. N., Kamada, Y., & Ishiguro, T. (2000b). Increased sensitivity to stress associated with noradrenergic hyperactivity, involving dopaminergic hyperactivity in spontaneous recurrences in methamphetamine psychosis. Addiction Biology, 5(3), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2000.tb00201.x
  • Yui, K., Ikemoto, S., & Goto, K. (2002). Factors for susceptibility to episode recurrence in spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine psychosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 965(1), 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04171.x
  • Zhang, R., & Volkow, N. D. (2019). Brain default-mode network dysfunction in addiction. NeuroImage, 200, 313–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.036
  • Zarrabi, H., Khalkhali, M., Hamidi, A., Ahmadi, R., & Zavarmousavi, M. (2016). Clinical features, course and treatment of methamphetamine-induced psychosis in psychiatric inpatients. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0745-5
  • Zhao, J., Kral, A. H., Simpson, K. A., Ceasar, R. C., Wenger, L. D., Kirkpatrick, M., & Bluthenthal, R. N. (2021). Factors associated with methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms among people who inject drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 223, 108702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108702
  • Zhong, N., Jiang, H., Du, J., Zhao, Y., Sun, H., Xu, D., Li, C., Zhuang, W., Li, X., Hashimoto, K., & Zhao, M. (2016). The cognitive impairments and psychological wellbeing of methamphetamine dependent patients compared with health controls. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 69, 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.005
  • Zorick, T., Nestor, L., Miotto, K., Sugar, C., Hellemann, G., Scanlon, G., Rawson, R., & London, E. D. (2010). Withdrawal symptoms in abstinent methamphetamine‐dependent subjects. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 105(10), 1809–1818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03066.x
  • Zweben, J. E., Cohen, J. B., Christian, D., Galloway, G. P., Salinardi, M., Parent, D., & Iguchi, M. (2004). Psychiatric symptoms in methamphetamine users. The American Journal on Addictions, 13(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490490436055

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.