916
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Police-reported family violence: are there differences amongst South Asian Australians and Australian-born Australians?

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 05 Apr 2023, Accepted 19 Oct 2023, Published online: 11 Jan 2024

References

  • Abraham, M. (2000). Isolation as a form of marital violence: The South Asian immigrant experience. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 9(3), 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009460002177
  • Abraham, M. (2005). Domestic violence and the Indian diaspora in the United States. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 12(2–3), 427–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/097152150501200212
  • Ahmad, F., Driver, N., McNally, M. J., & Stewart, D. E. (2009). “Why doesn’t she seek help for partner abuse?” An exploratory study with South Asian immigrant women. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 69(4), 613–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.011
  • Ahmad, F., Riaz, S., Barata, P., & Stewart, D. E. (2004). Patriarchal beliefs and perceptions of abuse among South Asian immigrant women. Violence against Women, 10(3), 262–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801203256000
  • Ahmad-Stout, F., Nath, S. R., Khoury, N. M., & Huang, H. (2021). Experiences of intimate partner violence: Findings from interviews with South Asian Women in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(3–4), NP1941–1964NP. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517753850
  • Alexander, M., Garda, L., Kanade, S., Jejeebhoy, S., & Ganatra, B. (2006). Romance and sex: Pre-marital partnership formation among young women and men, Pune District, India. Reproductive Health Matters, 14(28), 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(06)28265-X
  • Ali, P. A., O’Cathain, A., & Croot, E. (2021). Influences of extended family on intimate partner violence: Perceptions of Pakistanis in Pakistan and the United Kingdom. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9-10), 3965–3993. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518785378
  • Archer, J. (2006). Cross-cultural differences in physical aggression between partners: A social-role analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review : An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 10(2), 133–153. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_3
  • Asher, N. (2020, September 20). Suicide cluster highlights dangerous combination of social isolation and family violence for some migrant women. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-20/priya-survived-abuse-isolation-suicide-clusters-coroner/12678298
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2018, March 27). Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), Australia, 2016 -IRSAD Interactive Map. ABS Website. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by Subject/2033.0.55.001∼2016∼Main Features∼IRSAD Interactive Map∼16
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2021). Australia by Country of Birth of Person, 2021 Census Country of birth QuickStats. ABS Website. https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7101_AUS
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2022a). Australia’s population by country of birth. ABS Website. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/australias-population-country-birth/latest-release
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2022b). Search census data. ABS Website. https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/search-by-area
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2022c, September 20). Cultural diversity of Australia. ABS Website. https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/cultural-diversity-australia
  • Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC). (2005). A study of women’s help-seeking decisions and service responses to sexual assault (Issue June).
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2018). Family, domestic and sexual violence in Australia 2018. (Vol. 8, Issue 5). www.aihw.gov.au
  • Ayyub, R. (2000). Domestic violence in the South Asian Muslim immigrant population in the United States. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 9(3), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009412119016
  • Barrett, B. J., Peirone, A., & Cheung, C. H. (2020). Help Seeking experiences of survivors of intimate partner violence in Canada: The role of gender, violence severity, and social Belonging. Journal of Family Violence, 35(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-019-00086-8
  • Belur, J. (2008). Is policing domestic violence institutionally racist? A case study of South Asian women. Policing and Society, 18(4), 426–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460802349312
  • Bhandari, S. (2018). South Asian women’s coping strategies in the face of domestic violence in the United States. Health Care for Women International, 39(2), 220–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2017.1385615
  • Bhandari, S., & Sabri, B. (2020). Patterns of abuse among South Asian women experiencing domestic violence in the United States. International Social Work, 63(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872818767250
  • Block, K., Hourani, J., Sullivan, C., & Vaughan, C. (2022). “It’s about building a network of support”: Australian service provider experiences supporting refugee survivors of sexual and gender-based violence. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 20(3), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2021.1930321
  • Capaldi, D. M., Knoble, N. B., Shortt, J. W., & Kim, H. K. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.e4
  • Colucci, E., O’Connor, M., Field, K., Baroni, A., Pryor, R., & Minas, H. (2021). Nature of domestic/family violence and barriers to using services among Indian immigrant women. Alterstice, 3(2), 9–26. http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2014225531 https://doi.org/10.7202/1077516ar
  • Couture-Carron, A. (2017). One size doesn’t fit all: Dating abuse against women from the perspective of South Asian Muslim youth in Canada. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(23), 3626–3647. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515600875
  • Dasgupta, S. D. (2000). Charting the course: An overview of domestic violence in the South Asian community in the United States. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 9(3), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009403917198
  • De Silva, H. S., Shepherd, S. M., & McEwan, T. E. (2023a). A comparative study of family violence among Hindi-speaking and English-speaking Australian women. Submitted for Publication.
  • De Silva, H. S., Shepherd, S. M., & McEwan, T. E. (2023b). Hidden numbers, hidden people: Family violence among South Asian Australians. Submitted for Publication.
  • Dehingia, N., Dey, A. K., McDougal, L., McAuley, J., Singh, A., & Raj, A. (2022). Help seeking behavior by women experiencing intimate partner violence in india: A machine learning approach to identifying risk factors. PLoS One, 17(2), e0262538. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262538
  • Dowling, C., Morgan, A., Boyd, C., Voce, I., & Brown, R. (2018). Policing domestic violence: A review of the evidence. The Australian Institute of Criminology.
  • Easteal, P. (1996). Double jeopardy: Violence against immigrant women in the home. Family Matters: Australian Institute of Family Studies, 45, 26–30.
  • Ekanayake, S., Ahmad, F., & McKenzie, K. (2012). Qualitative cross-sectional study of the perceived causes of depression in South Asian origin women in Toronto. BMJ Open, 2(1), e000641. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000641
  • Evlin, L. (2020a, June 2). Why did seven women from one area of Melbourne die by suicide within months of each other? SBS News. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/why-did-seven-women-from-one-area-of-melbourne-die-by-suicide-within-months-of-each-other
  • Evlin, L. (2020b, September 8). Calls for cultural support after cluster of suicides among South Asian women in Melbourne. SBS News. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/calls-for-cultural-support-after-cluster-of-suicides-among-south-asian-women-in-melbourne
  • Evlin, L. (2021, May 21). After several women suicided, this Melbourne community is addressing family violence. SBS News. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/after-several-women-suicided-this-melbourne-community-is-addressing-family-violence/ef55f818-e258-49d3-8c66-517e65430bd6
  • Femi-Ajao, O., Kendal, S., & Lovell, K. (2020). A qualitative systematic review of published work on disclosure and help-seeking for domestic violence and abuse among women from ethnic minority populations in the UK. Ethnicity & Health, 25(5), 732–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2018.1447652
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications Inc.
  • Finfgeld-Connett, D., & Johnson, E. D. (2013). Abused South Asian women in Westernized countries and their experiences seeking help. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34(12), 863–873. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2013.833318
  • Gangoli, G., & Rew, M. (2011). Mothers-in-law against daughters-in-law: Domestic violence and legal discourses around mother-in-law violence against daughters-in-law in India. Women’s Studies International Forum, 34(5), 420–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.06.006
  • Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. H. (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Lancet (London, England), 368(9543), 1260–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8
  • Ghafournia, N. (2011). Battered at home, played down in policy: Migrant women and domestic violence in Australia. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(3), 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.02.009
  • Ghafournia, N., & Easteal, P. (2021). Help-Seeking experiences of immigrant domestic violence survivors in australia: A snapshot of Muslim survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(19–20), 9008–9034. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519863722
  • Gill, A. K. (2004). Voicing the silent fear: South Asian women’s experiences of domestic violence. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(5), 465–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2004.00343.x
  • Gill, A. K. (2014). Introduction: “honour” and ’honour’-based violence: Challenging common assumptions. In A. K. Gill, C. Strange, & K. Roberts (Eds.), “Honour” killing and violence: Theory, policy and practice (pp. 1–23). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137289568
  • Gill, A. K. (2017). Women murdered in the name of “honor”. In F. Brookman, E. R. Maguire, & M. Maguire (Eds.), The handbook of homicide (1st ed., pp. 149–164). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118924501.ch9
  • Gill, A. K., & Harrison, K. (2016). Police responses to intimate partner sexual violence in South Asian communities. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 10(4), 446–455. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paw027
  • Hague, G., Gangoli, G., Joseph, H., & Alphonse, M. (2010). Raising silenced voices: South Asian women immigrating after marriage. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care, 3(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.5042/eihsc.2010.0145
  • Harrison, K., & Gill, A. K. (2018). Breaking down barriers : Recommendations for improving sexual abuse reporting rates in British South Asian communities. The British Journal of Criminology, 58(2), 273–290. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azx027
  • Hulley, J., Bailey, L., Kirkman, G., Gibbs, G. R., Gomersall, T., Latif, A., & Jones, A. (2023). Intimate partner violence and barriers to help-seeking among Black, Asian, minority ethnic and immigrant women: A qualitative metasynthesis of global research. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 24(2), 1001–1015. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211050590
  • Hyman, I., Forte, T., Du Mont, J., Romans, S., & Cohen, M. M. (2009). Help-seeking behavior for intimate partner violence among racial minority women in Canada. Women’s Health Issues : Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health, 19(2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2008.10.002
  • Islam, F., Khanlou, N., & Tamim, H. (2014). South Asian populations in Canada: migration and mental health. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 154. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-154
  • Izzidien, S. (2008). “I can’t tell people what is happening at home” Domestic abuse within South Asian communities: The specific needs of women, children and young people. National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
  • Kallivayalil, D. (2010). Narratives of suffering of South Asian immigrant survivors of domestic violence. Violence against Women, 16(7), 789–811. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801210374209
  • Kanagaratnam, P., Mason, R., Hyman, I., Manuel, L., Berman, H., & Toner, B. (2012). Burden of womanhood: Tamil women’s perceptions of coping with intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 27(7), 647–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9461-1
  • Kandiyoti, D. (1988). Bargaining with patriarchy. Gender & Society, 2(3), 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124388002003004
  • Kapadia, D., Brooks, H. L., Nazroo, J., & Tranmer, M. (2017). Pakistani women’s use of mental health services and the role of social networks: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative research. Health & Social Care in the Community, 25(4), 1304–1317. https://doi.org/10.1111/HSC.12305
  • Karasz, A., Gany, F., Escobar, J., Flores, C., Prasad, L., Inman, A., Kalasapudi, V., Kosi, R., Murthy, M., Leng, J., & Diwan, S. (2019). Mental health and stress among South Asians. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 21(Suppl 1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0501-4
  • Kumari, R. (1989). Brides are not for burning: dowry victims in India. Radiant Publishers.
  • Liang, B., Goodman, L., Tummala-Narra, P., & Weintraub, S. (2005). A theoretical framework for understanding help-seeking processes among survivors of intimate partner violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(1-2), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-6233-6
  • Lima, T. D., ’, Solotaroff, J. L., & Pande, R. P. (2020). For the sake of family and tradition: Honour killings in India and Pakistan. Antyajaa: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change, 5(1), 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/2455632719880852
  • Lodhia, S. (2010). Constructing an imperfect citizen-subject: Globalization, national “security,” and violence against South Asian women. WSQ: Women’s Studies Quarterly, 38(1–2), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1353/wsq.0.0210
  • Mahapatra, N. (2012). South Asian women in the U.S. and their experience of domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 27(5), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9434-4
  • Mahapatra, N., & DiNitto, D. M. (2013). Help-seeking behaviors of South Asian women experiencing domestic violence in the United States. Partner Abuse, 4(3), 295–313. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.4.3.295
  • Mahapatra, N., Rai, A. (2019). Every cloud has a silver lining but… “pathways to seeking formal-help and South-Asian immigrant women survivors of intimate partner violence.” Health Care for Women International, 40(11), 1170–1196. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2019.1641502
  • Martin, R., Gangoli, G., & Gill, A. K. (2013). Violence between female in-laws in India. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 14(1), 147–160. http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiwshttp://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol14/iss1/9
  • McCormack, P. D., & Hirschel, D. (2021). Race and the likelihood of intimate partner violence arrest and dual arrest. Race and Justice, 11(4), 434–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368718802352
  • Menjivar, C., & Salcido, O. (2002). Immigrant women and domestic violence: Common experiences in different countries. Gender & Society, 16(6), 898–920. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124302237894
  • Merchant, M. (2000). A comparative study of agencies assisting domestic violence victims: Does the South Asian community have special needs? Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 9(3), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009464103086
  • Midlarsky, E., Venkataramani-Kothari, A., & Plante, M. (2006). Domestic violence in the Chinese and South Asian immigrant communities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087(1), 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1385.003
  • Migration Data Portal. (2021). Total number of emigrants at mid-year 2020. https://www.migrationdataportal.org/international-data?i=stock_abs_origin&t=2020
  • O’Connor, M., & Lee, A. (2022). The health impacts of dowry abuse on South Asian communities in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 216(1), 11–13. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51358
  • Ozturk, B., Li, Q., & Albright, D. L. (2019). Coping strategies among immigrant women who have experienced intimate partner violence in North America: A narrative review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 48, 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.06.001
  • Petersson, J., & Thunberg, S. (2022). Vulnerability factors among women victimized by intimate partner violence and the presence of children. Journal of Family Violence, 37(7), 1057–1069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00328-8
  • Prajapati, R., & Liebling, H. (2022). Accessing mental health services : A systematic review and meta-ethnography of the experiences of South Asian service users in the UK. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(2), 598–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40615-021-00993-X
  • Rai, A. (2021). Indirect experiences with domestic violence and helpseeking preferences among South Asian immigrants in the United States. Journal of Community Psychology, 49(6), 1983–2002. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCOP.22492
  • Rai, A., & Choi, Y. J. (2022). Domestic violence victimization among South Asian immigrant men and women in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(17–18), NP15532–NP15567. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211015262
  • Raj, A., Livramento, K. N., Santana, M. C., Gupta, J., & Silverman, J. G. (2006). Victims of intimate partner violence more likely to report abuse from in-laws. Violence against Women, 12(10), 936–949. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801206292935
  • Raj, A., Sabarwal, S., Decker, M. R., Nair, S., Jethva, M., Krishnan, S., Donta, B., Saggurti, N., & Silverman, J. G. (2011). Abuse from in-laws during pregnancy and post-partum: Qualitative and quantitative findings from low-income mothers of infants in Mumbai, India. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 15(6), 700–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-010-0651-2
  • Raj, A., & Silverman, J. (2002). Violence against immigrant women: The roles of culture, context, and legal immigrant status on intimate partner violence. Violence against Women, 8(3), 367–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778010222183107
  • Raj, A., & Silverman, J. G. (2007). Domestic violence help-seeking behaviors of South Asian battered women residing in the United States. International Review of Victimology, 14(1), 143–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/026975800701400108
  • Rajkhowa, A., Dhanji, S., & Kotnala, S. (2022). Perspectives on mediatised discourses about and state intervention into dowry-related abuse and intimate-partner violence among Indian migrants in Australia: Implications for health and human services. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 33(2), 205–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2022.2042928
  • Rastogi, M., & Therly, P. (2006). Dowry and its link to violence against women in India: Feminist pychological perspectives. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 7(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838005283927
  • Ravi, K. E., Rai, A., & Lindsey, S. (2023). Systematic review of the psychometric properties of culturally responsive domestic violence measures. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 24(3), 1560–1578. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211073844
  • Reddy, S. M. (2019). “If we’re not serving our own community, no one else would”: The lived experience of providers in ethnically similar therapeutic dyads at South Asian women’s organizations. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 28(1), 134–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2019.1570894
  • Römkens, R. (2006). Protecting prosecution: Exploring the powers of law in an intervention program for domestic violence. Violence against Women, 12(2), 160–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205284922
  • Sabri, B., Nnawulezi, N., Njie-Carr, V., Messing, J., Ward-Lasher, A., Alvarez, C., & Campbell, J. (2018). Multilevel risk and protective factors for intimate partner violence among African, Asian, and Latina immigrant and refugee women: Perceptions of effective safety planning interventions. Race and Social Problems, 10(4), 348–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12552-018-9247-Z
  • Sabri, B., Renner, L. M., Stockman, J. K., Mittal, M., & Decker, M. R. (2014). Risk factors for severe intimate partner violence and violence-related injuries among women in India. Women & Health, 54(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2014.896445
  • Sabri, B., & Young, A. M. (2022). Contextual factors associated with gender-based violence and related homicides perpetrated by partners and in-laws: A study of women survivors in India. Health Care for Women International, 43(7–8), 784–805. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2021.1881963
  • Satyen, L., Rogic, A. C., & Supol, M. (2019). Intimate partner violence and help-seeking behaviour: A systematic review of cross-cultural differences. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 21(4), 879–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-018-0803-9
  • Segrave, M. (2017). Temporary migration and family violence: An analysis of victimisation, vulnerability and support. School of Social Sciences, Monash University.
  • Sharma, N., Shaligram, D., & Yoon, G. H. (2020). Engaging South Asian youth and families: A clinical review. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(6), 584–592. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020922881
  • Simister, J., & Mehta, P. S. (2010). Gender-based violence in India: Long-term trends. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(9), 1594–1611. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354577
  • Singh, M. K. (2017, February 7). Indian women are the largest migrant group in Australia to call family violence helpline. SBS News.
  • Singh, M. K. (2019, January 22). I have no choice but to return to India before the next court hearing. SBS News.
  • Singh, S. (2019). The daughter-in-law questions remittances: changes in the gender of remittances among Indian migrants to Australia. Global Networks, 19(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12215
  • Singh, S., & Sidhu, J. (2020). Coercive control of money, dowry and remittances among Indian migrant women in Australia. South Asian Diaspora, 12(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2019.1558757
  • Spencer, C. M., & Stith, S. M. (2020). Risk factors for male perpetration and female victimization of intimate partner homicide: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 21(3), 527–540. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018781101
  • Spivak, B., McEwan, T., Luebbers, S., & Ogloff, J. (2021). Implementing evidence-based practice in policing family violence: The reliability, validity and feasibility of a risk assessment instrument for prioritising police response. Policing and Society, 31(4), 483–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2020.1757668
  • Sripada, P. (2021). Help-seeking behavior of South Asian women in domestic violence: A scoping review. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(6), 729–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1811823
  • State of Victoria. (2016). Royal Commission into family violence: Summary and recommendations. http://www.rcfv.com.au/MediaLibraries/RCFamilyViolence/Reports/Final/RCFV-Summary.pdf
  • Sultana, R., Ozen-Dursun, B., Femi-Ajao, O., Husain, N., Varese, F., & Taylor, P. (2023). A systematic review and meta-synthesis of barriers and facilitators of help- seeking behaviors in South Asian women living in high-income countries who have experienced domestic violence: Perception of domestic violence survivors and service providers. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 24(5), 3187–3204. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221126189
  • Family Violence Protection Act 2008 (Vic).
  • Tillyer, M. S., & Wright, E. M. (2014). Intimate partner violence and the victim-offender overlap. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(1), 29–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427813484315
  • Tomczak, M., & Tomczak, E. (2014). The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. TRENDS in Sport Sciences, 1(21), 19–25.
  • Tonsing, J., & Barn, R. (2017). Intimate partner violence in South Asian communities: Exploring the notion of ‘shame’ to promote understandings of migrant women’s experiences. International Social Work, 60(3), 628–639. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872816655868
  • Tonsing, K., & Tonsing, J. (2019). Exploring South Asian women’s experiences of domestic violence and help-seeking within the sociocultural context in Hong Kong. Violence against Women, 25(12), 1417–1432. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218821443
  • Winstead, A. P., & Stevenson, M. C. (2022). Effects of intimate partner violence perpetrator and victim race on protective order determinations. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(19-20), NP17454–NP17472. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211028164
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). (2021). Violence against women: Key facts. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women
  • Yingling, J., Morash, M., & Song, J. (2015). Outcomes associated with common and immigrant-group-specific responses to intimate terrorism. Violence against Women, 21(2), 206–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214564769
  • Yoshihama, M., Bybee, D., Dabby, C., & Blazevski, J. (2011). Lifecourse experiences of intimate partner violence and help-seeking among Filipina, Indian, and Pakistani Women: Implications for justice system responses. U.S. Department of Justice.