IQ thresholds and influence of the assessor’s professional discipline on fitness to stand trial assessment outcomes in Aotearoa New Zealand

References

• American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). Author. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
   Google Scholar
• Archer, R. P., Buffington-Vollum, J. K., Stredny, R. V., & Handel, R. W. (2006). A survey of psychological test use patterns among forensic psychologists. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(1), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8701_07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, G. A., Ogloff, J., & Rogers, R. (2019). Australian and New Zealand Evaluation of Fitness to Stand Trial – Revised (ANZ-EFST-R). Psychological Assessment Resources, Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Brookbanks, W., & Mackay, R. D. (2010). Decisional competence and ‘best interests’: Establishing the threshold for fitness to stand trial. Otago Law Review, 12(2), 265–284.
   Google Scholar
• Buchwald-Mackintosh, K. V., Williams, M. W. M., & Sakdalan, J. A. (2019). Effects of the Presser and legislative criteria on classifying New Zealand’s fitness to stand trial court outcomes. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law : An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 26(3), 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2018.1506723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C v Police (2018).
   Google Scholar
• Criminal Justice Act. (1985). Retrieved December 12, 2022, from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1985/0120/latest/whole.html
   Google Scholar
• Criminal Procedure (Mentally Impaired Persons) [CP (MIP)] Act. (2003). http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0115/latest/DLM223818.html
   Google Scholar
• L v Police NZHC 708. (2012).
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, J., & Duff, M. (2019). Services for adults with intellectual disability in Aotearoa, New Zealand. BJPsych International, 16(3), 71–73. https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2018.37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ministry of Health. (2003). Intellectual disability (Compulsory Care and Rehabilitation) Act 2003. Ministry of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, G. H., Haroun, A. M., & Naimark, D. (2004). Assessing competency competently: Toward a rational standard for competency-to-stand-trial assessments. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 32(3), 231–245. https://ssrn.com/abstract=590983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossman, D. (2013). When forensic examiners disagree: Bias or just inaccuracy? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 19(1), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029242
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murrie, D. C., Boccaccini, M. T., Zapf, P. A., Warren, J. I., & Henderson, C. E. (2008). Clinician variation in findings of competence to stand trial. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 14(3), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013578
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murrie, D. C., & Zelle, H. (2015). Criminal competencies. In B. L. Cutler & P. A. Zapf (Eds.), APA handbook of forensic psychology, Vol. 1: Individual and situational influences in criminal and civil contexts (pp. 115–157). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14461-005
   Google Scholar
• P v New Zealand Police HC AK Cri-2006-404-20. (2006, September 14).
   Google Scholar
• Petrella, R. C. (1992). Defendants with mental retardation in the forensic services system. In R. W. Conley, R. Luckasson, & G.N. Bouthliet (Eds.), The criminal justice system and mental retardation (pp. 79–96). Paul H. Brookes.
   Google Scholar
• Pirelli, G., Gottdiener, W. H., & Zapf, P. A. (2011). A meta-analytic review of competency to stand trial research. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17(1), 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, R., & Acklin, M. W. (2010). Fitness in paradise: Quality of forensic reports submitted to the Hawaii judiciary. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 33(3), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2010.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, T. P., Blackwood, N. J., Farnham, F., Pickup, G. J., & Watts, M. J. (2008). Fitness to plead and competence to stand trial: A systematic review of the constructs and their application. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 19(4), 576–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940801947909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakdalan, J. A., & Visser, S. (2017, August 31–September 1). Symposium on cognitive bias in forensic psychological assessment. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, Faculty of Forensic Psychiatry.
   Google Scholar
• Sakdalan, J. A., & Visser, S. (2016, June 21–23). Symposium on suggestibility and issues around psychological and cognitive vulnerability within the criminal justice system. International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services (IAFMHS) Conference.
   Google Scholar
• Sakdalan, J. A., & Egan, V. (2014). Fitness to stand trial in New Zealand: Different factors associated with fitness to stand trial between mentally disordered and intellectually disabled defendants in the New Zealand criminal justice system. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21(5), 658–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2014.910857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T v Police (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Visser, S. (2011). Assessment and care of offenders with mental impairments. In F. Seymour, S. Blackwell, & J. Thorburn (Eds.), Psychology and the law in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 193–204). The New Zealand Psychological Society.
   Google Scholar
• Warren, J. I., Murrie, D. C., Stejskal, W., Colwell, L. H., Morris, J., Chauhan, P., & Dietz, P. (2006). Opinion formation in evaluating the adjudicative competence and restorability of criminal defendants: A review of 8,000 evaluations. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 24(2), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, A. J., Batchelor, J., Pulman, S., & Howard, D. (2012). The role of cognitive assessment in determining fitness to stand trial. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11(2), 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2012.688091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar