279
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Identifying core mental health services required for adult justice-involved populations in Australia: a Delphi study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Received 11 Dec 2023, Accepted 19 Feb 2024, Published online: 07 May 2024

References

  • Acil Allen. (2020). Mental Health Workforce Labour Market Analysis Final Report. https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/mental-health-workforce-labour-market-analysis-final-report.docx.
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2024). Prisoners in Australia 2023. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/prisoners-australia/latest-release#key-statistics.
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Rural and remote health. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/rural-remote-australians/rural-and-remote-health.
  • Australian Ministers’ Advisory Council Mental Health Standing Committee. (2006). National Statement of Principles for Forensic Mental Health. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/e615a500-d412-4b0b-84f7-fe0b7fb00f5f/National-Forensic-Mental-Health-Principles.pdf.aspx#:∼:text=The%20National%20Statement%20of%20Principles,of%20forensic%20mental%20health%20services.
  • Baranyi, G., Cassidy, M., Fazel, S., Priebe, S., & Mundt, A. P. (2018). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in prisoners. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxx015
  • Barrett, D., & Heale, R. (2020). What are Delphi studies? Evidence Based Nursing, 23(3), 68–69. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2020-103303
  • Bartels, L., Fitzgerald, R., & Freiberg, A. (2018). Public opinion on sentencing and parole in Australia. Probation Journal, 65(3), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264550518776763
  • Binswanger, I. A., Krueger, P. M., & Steiner, J. F. (2009). Prevalence of chronic medical conditions among jail and prison inmates in the USA compared with the general population. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 63(11), 912–919. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.090662
  • Brett, A., Carroll, A., Green, B., Mals, P., Beswick, S., Rodriguez, M., Dunlop, D., & Gagliardi, C. (2007). Treatment and security outside the wall: Diverse approaches to common challenges in community forensic mental health. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 6(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2007.10471252
  • Butler, T., Andrews, G., Allnutt, S., Sakashita, C., Smith, N. E., & Basson, J. (2006). Mental disorders in Australian prisoners: A comparison with a community sample. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(3), 272–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01785.x
  • Carroll, M., Spittal, M. J., Kemp-Casey, A. R., Lennox, N. G., Preen, D. B., Sutherland, G., & Kinner, S. A. (2017). High rates of general practice attendance by former prisoners: A prospective cohort study. The Medical Journal of Australia, 207(2), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja16.00841
  • Chaplin, E., McCarthy, J., Ali, S., Marshall-Tate, K., Xenitidis, K., Harvey, D., Childs, J., Srivastava, S., McKinnon, I., Robinson, L., Allely, C. S., Hardy, S., Tolchard, B., & Forrester, A. (2022). Severe mental illness, common mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental conditions amongst 9088 lower court attendees in London,UK. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 551. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04150-4
  • Comben, C., Page, I., Gossip, K., John, J., Wright, E., & Diminic, S. (2022). The National Mental Health Service Planning Framework – Service element and activity descriptions – Commissioned by the Australian Government Department of Health. Version AUS V4.1. The University of Queensland.
  • Crocker, A. G., Livingston, J. D., & Leclair, M. C. (2017). Forensic mental health systems internationally. In R. Roesch & A. N. Cook (Eds.), Handbook of Forensic Mental Health Services. Taylor & Francis.
  • David McGrath Consulting. (2019). Report on the review of Forensic Mental Health and Disability Services within the Northern Territory. https://health.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/727657/Report-on-the-Forensic-Mental-Health-and-Disability-Services-within-the-NT.pdf.
  • Davidson, F., Clugston, B., Perrin, M., Williams, M., Heffernan, E., & Kinner, S. A. (2020). Mapping the prison mental health service workforce in Australia. Australasian Psychiatry , 28(4), 442–447. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856219891525
  • Davidson, F., Heffernan, E., Greenberg, D., Butler, T., & Burgess, P. (2016). A critical review of mental health court liaison services in Australia: A first national survey. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 23(6), 908–921. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2016.1155509
  • Dean, K. (2020). Literature Review: Forensic Mental Health Models of Care. A report for the NSW Mental Health Commission. https://www.nswmentalhealthcommission.com.au/sites/default/files/old/literature_review_forensic_models_of_care.pdf.
  • Department of Health and Aged Care. (2022a). National Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Agreement.
  • Department of Health and Aged Care. (2022b). National Mental Health Workforce Strategy 2022-2032. https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-10/national-mental-health-workforce-strategy-2022-2032.pdf.
  • Diminic, S., Gossip, K., Page, I., & Comben, C. (2022). Introduction to the National Mental Health Service Planning Framework – Commissioned by the Australian Government Department of Health. version AUS V4.1. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/976cb3dd-18f1-4870-8cfb-9406a16dc844/introduction-to-the-national-mental-health-service-planning-framework-v4-3.pdf.aspx.
  • Drumm, S., Bradley, C., & Moriarty, F. (2022). More of an art than a science’? The development, design and mechanics of the Delphi Technique. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, 18(1), 2230–2236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.06.027
  • Ellis, A. (2020). Forensic psychiatry and mental health in Australia: An overview. CNS Spectrums, 25(2), 119–121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852919001299
  • Elrod, J. K., & Fortenberry, J. L. (2017). The hub-and-spoke organization design revisited: A lifeline for rural hospitals. BMC Health Services Research, 17(Suppl 4), 795. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2755-5
  • Every-Palmer, S., Brink, J., Chern, T. P., Choi, W., Hern-Yee, J. G., Green, B., Heffernan, E., Johnson, S. B., Kachaeva, M., Shiina, A., Walker, D., Wu, K., Wang, X., & Mellsop, G. (2014). Review of psychiatric services to mentally disordered offenders around the Pacific Rim. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry , 6(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12109
  • Fazel, S., Bains, P., & Doll, H. (2006). Substance abuse and dependence in prisoners: A systematic review. Addiction, 101(2), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01316.x
  • Fazel, S., Hayes, A. J., Bartellas, K., Clerici, M., & Trestman, R. (2016). Mental health of prisoners: Prevalence, adverse outcomes, and interventions. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 3(9), 871–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30142-0
  • Fazel, S., & Seewald, K. (2012). Severe mental illness in 33,588 prisoners worldwide: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry , 200(5), 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096370
  • Forrester, A., Till, A., Simpson, A., & Shaw, J. (2018). Mental illness and the provision of mental health services in prisons. British Medical Bulletin, 127(1), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldy027
  • Forsyth, S. J., Carroll, M., Lennox, N., & Kinner, S. A. (2018). Incidence and risk factors for mortality after release from prison in Australia: A prospective cohort study. Addiction, 113(5), 937–945. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14106
  • Hanley, N. K., & Ross, S. (2013). Forensic mental health in Australia: Charting the gaps. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 24(3), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2013.12035965
  • Heffernan, E., Andersen, K. C., Dev, A., & Kinner, S. (2012). Prevalence of mental illness among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Queensland prisons. The Medical Journal of Australia, 197(1), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja11.11352
  • Iqbal, S., & Pipon-Young, L. (2009). The Delphi Method. The Psychologist, 22(7), 598–601.
  • Jansman-Hart, E. M., Seto, M. C., Crocker, A. G., Nicholls, T. L., & Côté, G. (2011). International trends in demand for forensic mental health services. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(4), 326–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2011.625591
  • Jünger, S., Payne, S. A., Brine, J., Radbruch, L., & Brearley, S. G. (2017). Guidance on conducting and reporting Delphi studies (CREDES) in palliative care: Recommendations based on a methodological systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 31(8), 684–706. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216317690685
  • Kennedy, H. G. (2022). Models of care in forensic psychiatry. BJPsych Advances, 28(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2021.34
  • Khan, A., Maheshwari, R., & Vrklevski, L. (2018). Clinician perspectives of inpatient forensic psychiatric rehabilitation in a low secure setting: A qualitative study. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law , 25(3), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2017.1396863
  • Kinner, S. A., Streitberg, L., Butler, T., & Levy, M. (2012). Prisoner and ex-prisoner health: Improving access to primary care. Australian Family Physician, 41(7), 535–537.
  • Latham, R., & Williams, H. K. (2020). Community forensic psychiatric services in England and Wales. CNS Spectrums, 25(5), 604–617. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852919001743
  • Levy, M. (2005). Prisoner health care provision: Reflections from Australia. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 1(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449200500156905
  • Linnane, D., McNamara, D., & Toohey, L. (2023). Ensuring universal access: The case for Medicare in prison. Alternative Law Journal, 48(2), 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X231171160
  • McKenna, B., Sweetman, L. E. (2020). Models of Care in Forensic Mental Health Services: A review of the international and national literature. Ministry of Health. https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/models-care-forensic-mental-health-services-review-international-and-national-literature.
  • Msibi, P. N., Mogale, R., de Waal, M., & Ngcobo, N. (2018). Using e-Delphi to formulate and appraise the guidelines for women’s health concerns at a coal mine: A case study. Curationis, 41(1), e1–e6. https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v41i1.1934
  • Munetz, M. R., & Griffin, P. A. (2006). Use of the Sequential Intercept Model as an approach to decriminalization of people with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57(4), 544–549. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2006.57.4.544
  • Niederberger, M., & Spranger, J. (2020). Delphi technique in health sciences: A map. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00457
  • O’Donahoo, J., & Simmonds, J. G. (2016). Forensic patients and forensic mental health in Victoria: Legal context, clinical pathways, and practice challenges. Australian Social Work, 69(2), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2015.1126750
  • Page, I. S., Leitch, E., Gossip, K., Charlson, F., Comben, C., & Diminic, S. (2022). Modelling mental health service needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: A review of existing evidence and expert consensus. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 46(2), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13202
  • Penm, J., Vaillancourt, R., & Pouliot, A. (2019). Defining and identifying concepts of medication reconciliation: An international pharmacy perspective. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, 15(6), 632–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.07.020
  • Perdacher, E., Kavanagh, D., & Sheffield, J. (2019). Well-being and mental health interventions for Indigenous people in prison: Systematic review. BJPsych Open, 5(6), e95. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2019.80
  • Pillai, K., Rouse, P., McKenna, B., Skipworth, J., Cavney, J., Tapsell, R., Simpson, A., & Madell, D. (2016). From positive screen to engagement in treatment: A preliminary study of the impact of a new model of care for prisoners with serious mental illness. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0711-2
  • Plueckhahn, T. M., Kinner, S. A., Sutherland, G., & Butler, T. G. (2015). Are some more equal than others? Challenging the basis for prisoners’ exclusion from Medicare. The Medical Journal of Australia, 203(9), 359–361. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja15.00588
  • Productivity Commission. (2020). Mental Health (Report no. 95).
  • Productivity Commission. (2021). Australia’s prison dilemma. Research paper.
  • Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, & Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research. (2022). Principles for forensic mental health in Australia: A national stakeholder consultation. https://qcmhr.org/docman/reports/17-principles-for-forensic-mental-health-report-smallfile1/file.
  • Salize, H. J., Dreßing, H. (2005). Placement and treatment of mentally ill offenders – Legislation and Practice in EU Member States. https://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_projects/2002/promotion/fp_promotion_2002_frep_15_en.pdf.
  • Salize, H. J., Dressing, H., Fangerau, H., Gosek, P., Heitzman, J., Markiewicz, I., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Stompe, T., Wancata, J., Piccioni, M., & de Girolamo, G. (2023). Highly varying concepts and capacities of forensic mental health services across the European Union. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1095743. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1095743
  • Sampson, S., Edworthy, R., Völlm, B., & Bulten, E. (2016). Long-term forensic mental health services: An exploratory comparison of 18 European countries. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 15(4), 333–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2016.1221484
  • Snow, K. J., Petrie, D., Young, J. T., Preen, D. B., Heffernan, E., & Kinner, S. A. (2022). Impact of dual diagnosis on healthcare and criminal justice costs after release from Queensland prisons: A prospective cohort study. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 28(3), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1071/PY21142
  • Southalan, L., Carter, A., Meurk, C., Heffernan, E., Borschmann, R., Waterson, E., Young, J., & Kinner, S. (2020). Mapping the forensic mental health policy ecosystem in Australia: A national audit of strategies. Policies and plans. A report for the National Mental Health Commission.
  • Stewart, A., Ogilvie, J. M., Thompson, C., Dennison, S., Allard, T., Kisely, S., & Broidy, L. (2021). Lifetime prevalence of mental illness and incarceration: An analysis by gender and Indigenous status. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 56(2), 244–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.146
  • Thomas, S. L., Wakerman, J., & Humphreys, J. S. (2014). What core primary care services should be available to Australians living in rural and remote communities? BMC Family Practice, 15, 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-15-143
  • Waggoner, J., Carline, J. D., & Durning, S. J. (2016). Is there a consensus on consensus methodology? Descriptions and recommendations for future consensus research. Academic Medicine , 91(5), 663–668. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001092
  • Watson, K. E., Singleton, J. A., Tippett, V., & Nissen, L. M. (2019). Defining pharmacists’ roles in disasters: A Delphi study. PLoS One, 14(12), e0227132. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227132
  • Westby, M. D., Brittain, A., & Backman, C. L. (2013). Expert consensus on best practices for post-acute rehabilitation after total hip and knee arthroplasty: A Canada and United States Delphi study. Arthritis Care & Research, 66(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22164
  • Whiteford, H., Bagheri, N., Diminic, S., Enticott, J., Gao, C. X., Hamilton, M., Hickie, I. B., Le, L. K., Lee, Y. Y., Long, K. M., McGorry, P., Meadows, G., Mihalopoulos, C., Occhipinti, J., Rock, D., Rosenberg, S., Salvador-Carulla, L., & Skinner, A. (2023). Mental health systems modelling for evidence-informed service reform in Australia. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 57(11), 1417–1427. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674231172113
  • World Health Organisation. (2008). Trencin statement on prisons and mental health. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/108575.
  • Young, A. M., Chung, H., Chaplain, A., Lowe, J. R., & Wallace, S. J. (2022). Development of a minimum dataset for subacute rehabilitation: A three-round e-Delphi consensus study. BMJ Open, 12(3), e058725. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058725