Parental indulgence, self-regulation, and young adults’ behavioral and emotional problems

References

• ABC News. (2007). Helicopter parents hover over kids’ lives. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/AmericanFamily/story?id=3699441&page=1
   Google Scholar
• ABC News. (2009). ‘Helicopter moms:’ Hurting or helping your kids? Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/2020/Parenting/story?id=8418453
   Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J., & Taber, S. (1994). Adolescence terminable and interminable: When does adolescence end? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23, 517–537. doi: 10.1007/BF01537734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43–48. doi: 10.1037/h0024919
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95. doi: 10.1177/0272431691111004
   Google Scholar
• Bayer, J. K., Sanson, A. V., & Hemphill, S. A. (2006). Parent influences on early childhood internalizing difficulties. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 542–559. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2006.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem, S. L. (1981). Bem sex role inventory: Professional manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley-Geist, J. C., & Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (2014). Helicopter parents: An examination of the correlates of over-parenting of college students. Education Training, 56, 314–328. doi: 10.1108/et-10-2012-0096
   Google Scholar
• Bredehoft, D., & Walcheski, M. (2008). Overindulgence: Parental overindulgence assessment scale (1.2). Unpublished manuscript, Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Concordia University, St. Paul, MN.
   Google Scholar
• Brody, G. H., & Ge, X. (2001). Linking parenting processes and self-regulation to psychological functioning and alcohol use during early adolescence. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 82–94. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2011). Self-regulation of action and affect. In K. D. Vohs & R. F. Baumeister (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulations: Research, theory, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 3–21). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, P., & Jacobson, K. C. (2012). Developmental trajectories of substance use from early adolescence to young adulthood: Gender and racial/ethnic differences. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50, 154–163. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.05.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Liu, M., & Li, D. (2000). Parental warmth, control, and indulgence and their relations to adjustment in Chinese children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 401–419. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.14.3.401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Child Trend. (2012). Young adult depression. Retrieved from http://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=young-adult-depression
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, J. I., Dawson, C., & Bredehoft, D. (2014). How much is too much? Boston, MA: De Capo Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coccia, C., Darling, C. A., Rehm, M., Cui, M., & Sathe, S. K. (2012). Adolescent health, stress and life satisfaction: The paradox of indulgent parenting. Stress and Health, 28, 211–221. doi: 10.1002/smi.1426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conger, R. D., Cui, M., Bryant, C. M., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (2000). Competence in early adult romantic relationships: A developmental perspective on family influences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 224–237. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, M., & Conger, R. D. (2008). Parenting behavior as mediator and moderator of the association between marital problems and adolescent maladjustment. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18, 261–284. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00560.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, M., Lorenz, F.O., Conger, R.D., Melby, J.N., & Bryant, C.M. (2005). Observer, self, and partner reports of hostile behaviors in romantic relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1169–1181. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00208.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling, C. A., Rehm, M., Coccia, C., & Cui, M. (2015). Adolescent eating behavior: The role of indulgent parenting. Families in Society – The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 96, 257–267. doi: 10.1606/1044-3894.2015.96.37
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R. (1983). The brief symptom inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13, 595–605. doi: 10.1017/S0033291700048017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Digman, J. M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the big five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246–1256. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPrete, T., & Eirich, G. (2006). Cumulative advantage as a mechanism for inequality: A review of theoretical and empirical developments. Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 271–297. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll, A. K., Russell, S. T., & Crockett, L. J. (2008). Parenting styles and youth well-being across immigrant generations. Journal of Family Issues, 29, 185–209. doi: 10.1177/0192513X07307843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccles, J., & Gootman, J. A. (2002). Community programs to promote youth development. Committee on community-level programs for youth. Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences Education, National research Council and Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Elder, G., & Giele, J. (Eds.). (2009). The craft of life course research. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Menard, S. (1989). Multiple problem youth: Delinquency, drugs and mental health problems. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Finkenauer, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2005). Parenting behavior and adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: The role of self-control. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 58–69. doi: 10.1080/01650250444000333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, A., Steinberg, L., & Sellers, E. (1999). Adolescents’ well-being as a function of perceived interparental consistency. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61, 599–610. doi: 10.2307/353563
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furr, S. R., Westefeld, J. S., McConnell, G. N., & Jenkins, J. M. (2001). Suicide and depression among college students: A decade later. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 32, 97–100. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.32.1.97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gar, N. S., & Hudson, J. L. (2008). An examination of the interactions between mothers and children with anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1266–1274. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, D. T., & Silvera, D. S. (1996). Overhelping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 678–690. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2009). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (8th ed.). Wadsworth, CA: Belmont.
   Google Scholar
• Grolnick, W. S., & Farkas, M. (2002). Parenting and the development of children’s self-regulation. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Practical issues in parenting, handbook of parenting (2nd ed., Vol. 5, pp. 89–110). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Ingen, D. J., Freiheit, S. R., Steinfeldt, J. A., Moore, L. L., Wimer, D. J., Knutt, A. D., … Roberts, A. (2015). Helicopter parenting: The effect of an overbearing caregiving style on peer attachment and self-efficacy. Journal of College Counseling, 18, 7–20. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2015.00065.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2000). National survey results on drug use from the monitoring the future study, 1975–1999 (Vol. 2). NIH publication No. 00-4803. Bethesda, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Kindlon, D. (2001). Too much of a good thing. New York, NY: Hyperion.
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, K., Yoo, G., & Bingham, G. E. (2015). Helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood: Support or barrier for Korean college students’ psychological adjustment? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 136–145. doi: 10.1007/s10826-015-0195-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does ‘hovering’ matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31, 399–418. doi: 10.1080/02732173.2011.574038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, J. Y., Campbell, M. A., & Kavanagh, D. (2012). Can a parent do too much for their child? An examination by parenting professionals of the concept of overparenting. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 22, 249–265. doi: 10.1017/jgc.2012.29
   Google Scholar
• Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1–101). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 173–176. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostermann, J., Sloan, F. A., & Taylor, D. H. (2005). Heavy alcohol use and marital dissolution in the USA. Social Science and Medicine, 61, 2304–2316. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, G. (1983). Parental overprotection: A risk factor in psychosocial development. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton.
   Google Scholar
• Patock-Peckham, J. A., & Morgan-Lopez, A. A. (2006). College drinking behaviors: Mediational links between parenting styles, impulse control, and alcohol-related outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 117–125. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.20.2.117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, L. A., & Brody, D. J. (2010). Depression and smoking in the U.S. household population aged 20 and over, 2005–2008. NCHS Data Brief, 34, 1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rehm, M., Darling, C., Coccia, C., & Cui, M. (2016). Parents’ perspectives on indulgence: Remembered experiences and meanings when they were adolescents and as current parents of adolescents. Journal of Family Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/13229400.2015.1106335
   Google Scholar
• Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 330–366. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyno, S. M., & McGrath, P. J. (2006). Predictors of parent training efficacy for child externalizing behavior problems – A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 99–111. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01544.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77, 819–830. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche, K. M., Ensminger, M. E., & Cherlin, A. J. (2007). Variations in parenting and adolescent outcomes among African American and Latino families living in low-income, urban areas. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 882–909. doi: 10.1177/0192513X07299617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, A. S., & Rossi, P. H. (1990). Of human bonding: Parent-child relations across the life course. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., Kuhl, J., & Deci, E. L. (1997). Nature and autonomy: Organizational view of social and neurobiological aspects of self-regulation in behavior and development. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 701–728. doi: 10.1017/S0954579497001405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, E. S. (1965). Children’s reports of parental behavior: An inventory. Child Development, 36, 413–424. doi: 10.2307/1126465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer, J. L. (1997). Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. London: Chapman & Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-Mclean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2013). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 548–557. doi: 10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulenberg, J. E., Sameroff, A. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). The transition to adulthood as a critical juncture in the course of psychopathology and mental health. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 799–806. doi: 10.1017/S0954579404040015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, R., Diehl, M., & Schmitz, G. S. (1999). Self-regulation scales. Retrieved from http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/health/selfreg_e.htm
   Google Scholar
• Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Bauer, A., & Murphy, M. T. (2012). The association between overparenting, parent-child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adult children. Family Relations, 61, 237–252. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00689.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, M., Sharma, N., & Yadava, A. (2011). Parental styles and depression among adolescents. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 37, 60–68.
   Google Scholar
• Time. (2009). The growing backlash against overparenting. Retrieved from http://web.uvic.ca/~gtreloar/Articles/Parenting/Helicopter20Parents20The20Backlash20Against%20Overparenting.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2011). HHS implementation guidance on data collection standards for race, ethnicity, sex, primary language and disability status. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/hhs-implementation-guidance-data-collection-standards-race-ethnicity-sex-primary-language-and-disability-status
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013). Health, United States, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus13.pdf#060
   Google Scholar
• USA Today. (2012). Self-sufficiency elusive to young adults of hovering parenting. Retrieved from http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/jobcenter/workplace/bruzzese/story/2012-08-26/helicopter-parents-hurt-generation-of-workers/57292900/1
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, H., & Nelson, T. F. (2008). What we have learned from the Harvard school of public health college alcohol survey: Focusing attention on college student alcohol consumption and the environmental conditions that promote it. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69, 481–490. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2008.69.481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzman, E. R. (2004). Poor mental health, depression, and associations with alcohol consumption, harm, and abuse in a national sample of young adults in college. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 269–277. doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000120885.17362.94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar