286
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Seasonal changes of progesterone and testosterone concentrations throughout gonad maturation stages of the Mexican octopus, Octopus maya (Octopodidae: Octopus)

, , , , , & show all
Pages 161-172 | Received 05 Dec 2013, Published online: 16 Jun 2015

References

  • Adkins-Regan, E. (2005) Hormones and Animal Social Behavior. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Andrews, P.L.R., Darmaillacq, A.S., Dennison, N., Gleadall, I.G., Hawkins, P., Messenger, J.B., Osorio, D., Smith, V.J. & Smith, J.A. (2013) The identification and management of pain, suffering and distress in cephalopods, including anaesthesia, analgesia and humane killing. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 447, 46–64. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2013.02.010
  • Avila-Poveda, O.H. (2014) Desarrollo gonádico, ciclo reproductivo y perfiles de progesterona y testosterona gonadal de Octopus maya Voss y Solís-Ramírez, 1966, a lo largo de su historia de vida: neonato, juvenil, subadulto y adulto. Ph.D. Dissertation. División de estudios de postgrado, Universidad del Mar, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca.
  • Avila-Poveda, O.H., Calva, R. & Rosas, C. (2009b) Gonad development of female Octopus maya from Sisal, Yucatan, Mexico (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium (CIAC 2009), 03–11 September 2009. Vigo, Spain. [Abstract-P02]
  • Avila-Poveda, O.H., Colin-Flores, R.F. & Rosas, C. (2009a) Gonad development during the early life of Octopus maya (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Biological Bulletin 216, 94–102.
  • Avila-Poveda, O.H., Montes-Pérez, R.C. & Rosas, C. (2009c) Gonad development of female Octopus maya and its relationship to sex steroids. World Aquaculture Society, WAS conference. Veracruz, Mexico. Sep. 25–29, 2009. [Abstract 715, https://www.was.org/meetingabstracts/ShowAbstract.aspx?Id=17412]
  • Avila-Poveda, O.H., Montes-Pérez, R.C., Benítez-Villalobos, F. & Rosas, C. (2013) Development and validation of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for measuring progesterone and testosterone in octopus gonad extracts. Malacologia 56, 121−134. doi: 10.4002/040.056.0209
  • Barbaglio, A., Sugni, M., Di Benedetto, C., Bonasoro, F., Schnell, S., Lavado, R., Porte, C. & Candia-Carnevali, D.M. (2007) Gametogenesis correlated with steroid levels during the gonadal cycle of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 147, 466–474. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.682
  • Benítez-Villalobos, F., Avila-Poveda, O.H. & Gutiérrez-Méndez, I.S. (2013) Reproductive biology of Holothuria fuscocinerea (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Oaxaca, Mexico. Sexuality and Early Development in Aquatic Organisms 1, 13–24. doi: 10.3354/sedao00003
  • Calva, R., Villanueva, R., Zenteno, E., Perez, A. & Rosas, C. (2009) Histological characterization of early juveniles of Octopus maya (Voss and Solis). Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium (CIAC 2009), 03–11 September 2009. Vigo, Spain. [Abstract P6]
  • Calva-Fierro, R. (2010) Caracterización histológica del aparato reproductivo de juveniles cultivados de Octopus maya (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). M.Sc. Thesis, Posgrado Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, UNAM. Mexico City.
  • Chedrese, P.J. (2009) Reproductive Endocrinology. A Molecular Approach. Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, New York.
  • CONAPESCA ‘COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ACUACULTURA Y PESCA’. (2011) Anuario estadístico de acuacultura y pesca 2011. CONAPESCA, Mexico City. [In Spanish]
  • D'Aniello, A., Di Cosmo, A., Di Cristo, C., Assisi, L., Botte, V. & Di Fiore, M.M. (1996) Occurrence of sex steroid hormones and their binding proteins in Octopus vulgaris Lam. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 227, 782–788. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1585
  • De Lisa, E., Paolucci, M. & Di Cosmo, A. (2012) Conservative nature of oestradiol signalling pathways in the brain lobes of Octopus vulgaris involved in reproduction, learning and motor coordination. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 24, 275–284. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02240.x
  • De Lisa, E., Salzano, A.M., Moccia, F., Scaloni, A., & Di Cosmo, A. (2013) Sperm-attractant peptide influences the spermatozoa swimming behavior in internal fertilization in Octopus vulgaris. The Journal of Experimental Biology 216, 2229–2237. doi: 10.1242/jeb.081885
  • Despalatović, M., Grubelić, I., Šimunović, A., Antolić, B. & Žuljević, A. (2004) Reproductive biology of the holothurian Holothuria tubulosa (Echinodermata) in the Adriatic Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, 409–414. doi: 10.1017/S0025315404009361h
  • Di Cosmo, A. & Di Cristo, C. (1998) Neuropeptidergic control of the optic gland of Octopus vulgaris: FMRF-Amide and GnRH immunoreactivity. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 398, 1–12. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980817)398:1<1::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-5
  • Di Cosmo, A. & Polese, G. (2014) Cephalopods meet neuroecology: The role of chemoreception in Octopus vulgaris reproductive behavior, Chapter 6. In: Di Cosmo, A. & Winlow, W. (Eds), Neuroecology and Neuroethology in Molluscs: The Interface between Behaviour and Environment. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp. 117–132.
  • Di Cosmo, A., Paolucci, M., Di Cristo, C., Botte, V. & Ciarcia, G. (1998) Progesterone receptor in the reproductive system of the female of Octopus vulgaris: characterization and immunolocalization. Molecular Reproduction and Development 50, 451–460. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199808)50:4<451::AID-MRD9>3.0.CO;2-H
  • Di Cosmo, A., Di Cristo, C. & Paolucci, M. (2001) Sex steroid hormone fluctuations and morphological changes of the reproductive system of the female of Octopus vulgaris throughout the annual cycle. Journal of Experimental Zoology 289, 33–47. doi: 10.1002/1097-010X(20010101/31)289:1<33::AID-JEZ4>3.0.CO;2-A
  • Di Cosmo, A., Di Cristo, C. & Paolucci, M. (2002) A estradiol-17β receptor in the reproductive system of the female of Octopus vulgaris: Characterization and immunolocalization. Molecular Reproduction and Development 61, 367–375. doi: 10.1002/mrd.10014
  • Di Cristo, C. (2013) Nervous control of reproduction in Octopus vulgaris: a new model. Invertebrate Neuroscience 13, 27–34. doi: 10.1007/s10158-013-0149-x
  • Di Cristo, C., Paolucci, M. & Di Cosmo, A. (2008) Progesterone affects vitellogenesis in Octopus vulgaris. The Open Zoology Journal 1, 29–36. doi: 10.2174/1874336600801010029
  • Di Cristo, C., De Lisa, E. & Di Cosmo, A. (2009) GnRH in the brain and ovary of Sepia officinalis. Peptides 30, 531–537. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.07.008
  • García-Alonso, J., Hoeger, U. & Rebscher, N. (2006) Regulation of vitellogenesis in Nereis virens (Annelida: Polychaeta): Effect of estradiol-17β on eleocytes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 143, 55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.10.022
  • Gauthier-Clerc, S., Pellerin, J. & Amiard, J.C. (2006) Estradiol-17β and testosterone concentrations in male and female Mya arenaria (Mollusca bivalvia) during the reproductive cycle. General and Comparative Endocrinology 145, 133–139. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.08.004
  • Gonçalves, I., João Sendão, J. & Borges, T.C. (2002) Octopus vulgaris (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) gametogenesis: A histological approach to the verification of the macroscopic maturity scales. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 57, 79–88.
  • Gore, A.C. (2002) GnRH: The Master Molecule of Reproduction. Springer Science + Business Media, LLC. New York.
  • Guerra, A. (1975) Determinación de las diferentes fases del desarrollo sexual de Octopus vulgaris Lamarck, mediante un índice de madurez. Investigación Pesquera 39, 397–416. [Renamed as: Scientia Marina] [In Spanish]
  • Hayashi, Y. (1970) Studies on the maturity condition of the common squid-I. A method of expressing maturity condition by numerical values. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 36, 995–999. [In Japanese] doi: 10.2331/suisan.36.995
  • Hines, G.A., Watts, S.A., Sower, S.A. & Walker, C.W. (1992) Sex steroid levels in the testes, ovaries, and pyloric caeca during gametogenesis in the sea star Asterias vulgaris. General and Comparative Endocrinology 87, 451–460. doi: 10.1016/0016-6480(92)90053-M
  • Hoving, H.J.T. (2008) Reproductive biology of oceanic decapodiform cephalopods. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Groningen, Groningen.
  • Huffard, C.L. (2013) Cephalopod neurobiology: An introduction for biologists working in other model systems. Invertebrate Neuroscience 13, 11–18. doi: 10.1007/s10158-013-0147-z
  • ICES. (2010) Report of the Workshop on Sexual Maturity Staging of Cephalopods (WKMSCEPH), 8–11 November 2010, Livorno, Italy. ICES CM 2010/ACOM:49.
  • Idrissi, F.H., Koueta, N., Idhalla, M., Belghyti, D. & Bencherifi, S. (2006) Les modalités du cycle sexuel du poulpe Octopus vulgaris du Sud marocain (Tantan, Boujdour). Comptes Rendus Biologies 329, 902–911. [In French] doi: 10.1016/j.crvi.2006.08.007
  • Ishiyama, V., Siga, B. & Talledo, C. (1999) Biología reproductiva del pulpo Octopus mimus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) de la región de Matarani, Arequipa, Perú. Revista Peruana de Biología 6, 110–122. [In Spanish]
  • Iwakoshi, E., Takuwa-Kuroda, K., Fujisawa, Y., Hisada, M., Ukena, K., Tsutsui, K. & Minakata, H. (2002) Isolation and characterization of a GnRH-like peptide from Octopus vulgaris. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 291, 1187–1193. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6594
  • Iwakoshi-Ukena, E., Ukena, K., Takuwa-Kuroda, K., Kanda, A., Tsutsui, K. & Minakata, H. (2004) Expression and distribution of octopus gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the central nervous system and peripheral organs of the octopus (Octopus vulgaris) by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 477, 310–323. doi: 10.1002/cne.20260
  • Joosse, J. (1972) Endocrinology of reproduction in molluscs. General and Comparative Endocrinology Supplement 3, 591–601. doi: 10.1016/0016-6480(72)90190-6
  • Kanda, A., Takahashi, T., Satake, H. & Minakata, H. (2006) Molecular and functional characterization of a novel gonadotropin-releasing-hormone receptor isolated from the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris). Biochemical Journal 395, 125–135. doi: 10.1042/BJ20051615
  • Kazanidis, G., Lolas, A. & Vafidis, D. (2014) Reproductive cycle of the traditionally exploited sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida) in Pagasitikos Gulf, western Aegean Sea, Greece. Turkish Journal of Zoology 38, 306–315. doi: 10.3906/zoo-1302-31
  • Ketata, I., Denier, X., Hamza-Chaffai, A. & Minier, C. (2008) Endocrine-related reproductive effects in molluscs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 147, 261–270.
  • Khallahi, O.M.F. (2001) Étude de la gamétogenèse chez le poulpe Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797). Bulletin Scientifique du Centre National de Recherches Océanographi ques et des Pêches 28, 44–52. [In French]
  • Kikuyama, S. & Tsutsui, K. (2011) Historical view of development of comparative endocrinology in Japan. General and Comparative Endocrinology 171, 117–123. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.02.004
  • Lafont, R. (2000) The endocrinology of invertebrates. Ecotoxicology 9, 41–57. doi: 10.1023/A:1008912127592
  • Lafont, R. & Mathieu, M. (2007) Steroids in aquatic invertebrates. Ecotoxicology 16, 109–130. doi: 10.1007/s10646-006-0113-1
  • Laptikhovsky, V.V. (1998) Differentiation of reproductive strategies within a taxon, as exemplified by octopods. Ruthenica 8, 77–80.
  • Laptikhovsky, V. (2013) Reproductive strategy of deep-sea and Antarctic octopods of the genera Graneledone, Adelieledone and Muusoctopus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Aquatic Biology 18, 21–29. doi: 10.3354/ab00486
  • Lehoux, J.G. & Sandor, T. (1970) The occurrence of steroids and steroid metabolizing enzyme systems in invertebrates. A review. Steroids 16, 141–171. doi: 10.1016/S0039-128X(70)80102-7
  • de Lima, F.D., Leite, T.S., Haimovici, M. & Lins Oliveira, J.E. (2014) Gonadal development and reproductive strategies of the tropical octopus (Octopus insularis) in northeast Brazil. Hydrobiologia 725, 7–21. doi: 10.1007/s10750-013-1718-z
  • López-Peraza, D.J., Hernández-Rodríguez, M., Barón-Sevilla, B. & Bückle-Ramirez, L.F. (2013) Histological analysis of the reproductive system and gonad maturity of Octopus rubescens. International Journal of Morphology 31, 1459–1469. doi: 10.4067/S0717-95022013000400050
  • Mather, J.A. & Anderson, R.C. (2007) Ethics and invertebrates: A cephalopod perspective. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 75, 119–129. doi: 10.3354/dao075119
  • Matsumoto, T., Osada, M., Osawa, Y. & Mori, K. (1997) Gonadal estrogen profile and immunohistochemical localization of steroidogenic enzymes in the oyster and scallop during sexual maturation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 118, 811–817. doi: 10.1016/S0305-0491(97)00233-2
  • MEDITS. (2012) International bottom trawl survey in the Mediterranean, Instruction manual, Version 6. MEDITS Working Group.
  • Meneghetti, F., Moschino, V. & Da Ros, L. (2004) Gametogenic cycle and variations in oocyte size of Tapes philippinarum from the Lagoon of Venice. Aquaculture 240, 473–488. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.04.011
  • Moltschaniwskyj, N.A., Hall, K., Lipinski, M.R., Marian, J.E.A.R., Nishiguchi, M., Sakai, M., Shulman, D.J., Sinclair, B., Sinn, D.L., Staudinger, M., Van Gelderen, R., Villanueva, R. & Warnke, K. (2007) Ethical and welfare considerations when using cephalopods as experimental animals. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 17, 455–476. doi: 10.1007/s11160-007-9056-8
  • Nigmatullin, Ch.M. & Laptikhovsky, V.V. (1994) Reproductive strategies in the squids of the family Ommastrephidae (preliminary report). Ruthenica 4, 79–82.
  • Nikitina, S.M., Savchenko, O.N., Kogan, M.E. & Ezhkova, N.C. (1977) Extraction of progesterone, testosterone and oestrogens from the tissues of marine invertebrates. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 13, 443–447. [In Russian]
  • O'Dor, R.K. & Wells, M.J. (1973) Yolk protein synthesis in the ovary of Octopus vulgaris and its control by the optic gland gonadotropin. Journal of Experimental Biology 59, 665–674.
  • O'Dor, R.K. & Wells, M.J. (1978) Reproduction versus somatic growth: hormonal control in Octopus vulgaris. Journal of Experimental Biology 77, 15–31.
  • Okubo, K. & Nagahama, Y. (2008) Structural and functional evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in vertebrates. Acta Physiological 193, 3–15. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01832.x
  • Olivares-Paz, A., Bustos-Obregón, E., Castillo-Álvarez, V. & Zúñiga-Romero, O. (2003) Variaciones del funcionamiento testicular Octopus mimus adultos. International Journal of Morphology 21, 315–323. [In Spanish] doi: 10.4067/S0717-95022003000400010
  • Ortiz, N. (2013) Validation of macroscopic maturity stages of the Patagonian red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, 833–842. doi: 10.1017/S0025315412000963
  • Osada, M. & Treen, N. (2013) Molluscan GnRH associated with reproduction. General and Comparative Endocrinology 181, 254–258. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.09.002
  • Polese, G., Bertapelle, C., & Di Cosmo, A. (2015) Role of olfaction in Octopus vulgaris reproduction. General and Comparative Endocrinology 210, 55–62. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.10.006
  • Reis-Henriques, M.A. & Coimbra, J. (1990) Variations in the levels of progesterone in Mytilus edulis during the annual reproductive cycle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Physiology 95, 343–348. doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(90)90230-P
  • Rocha, F., Guerra, A. & González, A.F. (2001) A review of reproductive strategies in cephalopods. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 76, 291–304. doi: 10.1017/S1464793101005681
  • Rodbard, D. (1974) Statistical quality control and routine data processing for radioimmunoassays and immunoradiometric assays. Clinical Chemistry 20, 1255–1270.
  • Rodríguez-Rúa, A., Pozuelo, I., Prado, M.A., Gómez, M.J. & Bruzón, M.A. (2005) The gametogenic cycle of Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) as observed on the Atlantic coast of Andalusia (South of Spain). Marine Biology 147, 927–933. doi: 10.1007/s00227-005-1621-x
  • Romero-Soberanis, M.G. (2007) Bases biológicas para el cultivo del pulpo Octopus maya: ‘efecto del tipo de alimento en el crecimiento y la maduración sexual de hembras tempranas de pulpo O. maya’. B.Sc. Thesis, Ingeniería en Pesquerías, Instituto Tecnológico de Lerma, Campeche. [In Spanish].
  • Roper, C.F.E. & Sweeney, M.J. (1983) Techniques for fixation, preservation, and curation of cephalopods. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 44, 29–47.
  • Rosas, C., Pascual, C., Mascaró, M., Gebauer, P., Farias, A., Paschke, K. & Uriarte, I. (2011) Applied ecophysiology: An integrative form to know how culture environment modulates the performance of aquatic species from an energetic point of view. In: Sladonja, B (Ed), Aquaculture and the Environment –A Shared Destiny. InTech, Croatia, pp. 161–194.
  • Rosas, C., Santos-Valencia, J., Calva, R., Ángeles-González, L.E., López-Rocha, J.A., Mascaró, M. & Avila-Poveda, O.H. (2012) Reproductive biology of Octopus maya: Rescuing Arkhipkińs (1992) maturity scales. Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium (CIAC 2012), 27 October to 02 November 2012. Florianópolis, Brazil. [Abstract-P102]
  • Rosas, C., Gallardo, P., Mascaró, M., Caamal-Monsreal, C. & Pascual, C. (2014) Chapter 20 Octopus maya. In: Iglesias, J, Fuentes, L, Villanueva, R (Eds), Cephalopod Culture. Springer, New York, pp. 383–396.
  • Salas, S., Mexicano-Cintora, G. & Cabrera, M.A. (2006) ¿Hacia donde van las pesquerías en Yucatán? Tendencias, Retos y Perspectivas. CINVESTAV-IPN, Unidad Mérida, Mérida. [In Spanish]
  • Sandor, T. (1980) Steroids in invertebrates. In: Clark, W.H. Jr., Adams, T.S. (Eds), Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction: Development in Endocrinology, vol. 11. Elsevier North-Holland, Inc., Amsterdam, pp. 81–96.
  • Santos-Valencia, J. & Re-Regis, C. (2003) Biología reproductiva del pulpo de costa Octopus maya Voss y Solis, 1966 en el suroeste de la Península de Yucatán. Technical Report, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Pesqueras ‘CRIP’, Lerma, Campeche [In Spanish]
  • Santos-Valencia, J. & Medina-Martínez, C.M. (2003) La pesquería de pulpo de costa Octopus maya. Voss y Solís, 1966 en el estado de Campeche: captura y captura por unidad de esfuerzo. II foro científico de pesca ribereña, SAGARPA-INP-CRIP Mazanillo, Colima, México, October 20–22, 2003. [Abstract 40] [In Spanish]
  • Santos-Valencia, J. & Del-Río-Rodríguez, R. (2006) First histological description of the ovogenesis in Octopus maya from Campeche Bay. World Aquaculture Society Meeting ‘WAS’, Florence, Italy. May 10–13, 2006. [Abstract 390, https://www.was.org/meetingabstracts/ShowAbstract.aspx?Id=10688]
  • Santos-Valencia, J., Del-Río-Rodríguez, R. & Gómez-Solano, M.I. (2006) Gonadic maturation stages of Octopus maya Voss and Solís, 1966 in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. International Conference on Coastal Ecosystems ‘ICCE’: Towards an Integrated Knowledge for an Ecosystems Approach for Fisheries. Campeche, Mexico. June 26–29, 2006. [Abstract – 104]
  • Schoenmakers, H.J.N. & Dieleman, S.J. (1981) Progesterone and estrone levels in the ovaries, pyloric ceca, and perivisceral fluid during the annual reproductive cycle of starfish, Asterias rubens. General and Comparative Endocrinology 43, 63–70. doi: 10.1016/0016-6480(81)90032-0
  • Scott, A.P. (2013) Do mollusks use vertebrate sex steroids as reproductive hormones? II. Critical review of the evidence that steroids have biological effects. Steroids 78, 268–281. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.11.006
  • Sewell, M.A. (1992) Reproduction of the temperate Aspidochirote Stichopus mollis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in New Zealand. Ophelia 35: 103–121. [Continued as: Marine Biology Research] doi: 10.1080/00785326.1992.10429973
  • Solís-Ramírez, M.J. (1967) Aspectos biológicos del pulpo Octopus maya Voss y Solís. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Biológico Pesqueras 18, 1–90. [In Spanish]
  • Solís-Ramírez, M.J. & Chávez, E.A. (1986) Evaluación y régimen óptimo de pesca del pulpo en la península de Yucatán, México. Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología 13, 1–18. [In Spanish]
  • Tosti, E., Di Cosmo, A., Cuomo, A., Di Cristo, C. & Gragnaniello, G. (2001) Progesterone induces activation in Octopus vulgaris spermatozoa. Molecular Reproduction and Development 59: 97–105. doi: 10.1002/mrd.1011
  • Unuma, T., Yamamoto, T. & Akiyama, T. (1999) Effect of steroids on gonadal growth and gametogenesis in the juvenile red sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus. Biological Bulletin 196, 199–204. doi: 10.2307/1542565
  • Van Beek, E. & De Loof, A. (1988) Radioimmunological determinations of concentrations of six C21, C19, and C18 steroids during the reproductive cycle of female Artemia sp. (Crustacea: Anostraca). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 89, 595–599. doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(88)90839-0
  • Wang, Ch. & Croll, R.P. (2004) Effects of sex steroids on gonadal development and gender determination in the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus. Aquaculture 238, 483–498. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.05.024
  • Wang, Ch. & Croll, R.P. (2006) Effects of sex steroids on spawning in the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus. Aquaculture 256, 423–432. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.01.017
  • Wasson, K.M., Gower, B.A., Hines, G.A. & Watts, S.A. (2000) Levels of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol, and androstenedione metabolism in the gonads of Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 126, 153–165.
  • Wells, M.J. & Wells, J. (1959) Hormonal control of sexual maturity in Octopus. Journal of Experimental Biology 36, 1–33.
  • Wells, M.J. & Wells, J. (1969) Pituitary analogue in the octopus. Nature 222, 293–294. doi: 10.1038/222293a0
  • Wells, M.J. & Wells, J. (1972) Optic glands and the state of the testis in Octopus. Marine Behaviour and Physiology 1, 71–83. doi: 10.1080/10236247209386890
  • Wells, M.J. & Wells, J. (1975) Optic gland implants and their effects on the gonads of Octopus. Journal of Experimental Biology 62, 579–588.
  • Wells, M.J., O'Dor, R.K. & Buckley, S.K.L. (1975) An in vitro bioassay for a molluscan gonadotropin. Journal of Experimental Biology 62, 433–446.
  • Xu, R.A. & Barker, M.F. (1990) Annual changes in the steroid levels in the ovaries and the pyloric caeca of Sclerasterias mollis (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) during the reproductive cycle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 95, 127–133. doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(90)90020-S
  • Yan, H., Li, Q., Liu, W., Ke, Q., Yu, R. & Kong, L. (2011) Seasonal changes of oestradiol-17β and testosterone concentrations in the gonad of the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta (Lamarck, 1818). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77, 116–122. doi: 10.1093/mollus/eyq045
  • Yoshida, M. (1952) Some observations on the maturation of the sea urchin, Diadema setosum. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 25, 265–271.
  • Young, J.Z. (1971) The Anatomy of the Nervous System of Octopus Vulgaris. Clarendon, Oxford.
  • Young, L.E. (1992) Vitellogenesis in the Northern octopus, Eledone cirrhosa. Ph.D. Dissertation. Aberdeen University, Aberdeen.
  • Zar, J.H. (2010) Biostatistical Analysis, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.