1,928
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Exploring the barriers to freshwater policy implementation in New Zealand

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 91-104 | Received 01 Dec 2019, Accepted 18 Jul 2020, Published online: 03 Aug 2020

References

  • Ansell, C., E. Sørensen, and J. Torfing. 2017. “Improving Policy Implementation through Collaborative Policymaking.” Policy & Politics 45: 467–486. doi:10.1332/030557317X14972799760260.
  • Arthington, A. H., J. G. Kennen, E. D. Stein, and J. A. Webb. 2018. “Recent Advances in Environmental Flows Science and Water Management – Innovation in the Anthropocene.” Freshwater Biology 63: 1022–1034. doi:10.1111/fwb.13108.
  • Backhaus, J. 2010. “Intermediaries as Innovating Actors in the Transition to a Sustainable Energy System.” Central European Journal of Public Policy 4: 86–109.
  • Barbosa, M. C., K. Alam, and S. Mushtaq. 2016. “Water Policy Implementation in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: Key Challenges and Opportunities.” Environmental Science & Policy 60: 11–18. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2016.02.017.
  • Boston, J., J. Martin, J. Pallot, and P. Walsh. 1996. Public Management: The New Zealand Model. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
  • Bracken, L. J., and E. A. Oughton. 2013. “Making Sense of Policy Implementation: The Construction and Uses of Expertise and Evidence in Managing Freshwater Environments.” Environmental Science & Policy 30: 10–18. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2012.07.010.
  • Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3: 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
  • Bridgman, P., and G. Davis. 1998. The Australian Policy Handbook. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
  • Bridgman, P., and G. Davis. 2003. “What Use Is a Policy Cycle? Plenty, if the Aim Is Clear.” Australian Journal of Public Administration 62: 98–102. doi:10.1046/j.1467-8500.2003.00342.x.
  • Brisbois, M. C., and R. C. de Loë. 2016. “State Roles and Motivations in Collaborative Approaches to Water Governance: A Power Theory-based Analysis.” Geoforum 74: 202–212. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.06.012.
  • Brown, M. A., R. Peart, and M. Wright. 2016. Evaluating the Environmental Outcomes of the RMA. Environmental Defence Society. https://www.eds.org.nz/assets/Publications/Evaluating%20the%20Environmental%20Outcomes%20of%20the%20RMA%20Report%20Final.pdf
  • Bührs, T. 2000. “The Environment and the Role of the State in New Zealand.” In Environmental Planning and Management in New Zealand, edited by P. A. Memon and H. C. Perkins, 27–35. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press.
  • Cheyne, C. 2015. “Local Government.” In New Zealand Government and Politics, edited by J. Hayward, 190–204. 6th ed. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
  • Collins, D., R. Kearns, and R. Le Heron. 1998. “Politics, Potential, and Production: Irrigation and Horticulture in Maungatapere, Northland.” Occasional Paper No.37. Auckland: University of Auckland Department of Geography.
  • DeCuir-Gunby, J. T., P. L. Marshall, and A. W. McCulloch. 2011. “Developing and Using a Codebook for the Analysis of Interview Data: An Example from a Professional Development Research Project.” Field Methods 23: 136–155. doi:10.1177/1525822X10388468.
  • Duncan, R. 2014. “Regulating Agricultural Land Use to Manage Water Quality: The Challenges for Science and Policy in Enforcing Limits on Non-point Source Pollution in New Zealand.” Land Use Policy 41: 378–387. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.06.003.
  • Duncan, R., and M. Robson-Williams. 2018. “Shaping Southland’s Regional Forum: Drawing on Lessons from Elsewhere.” Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research Contract Report LC3293. Lincoln, New Zealand.
  • Duncan, R., M. Robson-Williams, G. Nicholas, J. Turner, R. Smith, and G. Diprose. 2018. “Transformation Is ‘Experienced, Not Delivered’: Insights from Grounding the Discourse in Practice to Inform Policy and Theory.” Sustainability 10: 3177. doi:10.3390/su10093177.
  • Everett, S. 2003. “The Policy Cycle: Democratic Process or Rational Paradigm Revisited?” Australian Journal of Public Administration 62: 65–70. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00325.
  • Farley, P. 1994. Privatization of irrigation schemes in New Zealand. Colombo: International Irrigation Management Institute.
  • Fenemor, A. D., C. Phillips, W. J. Allen, R. G. Young, G. R. Harmsworth, W. B. Bowden, L. Basher, et al. 2011b. “Integrated Catchment Management: Interweaving Social Process and Science Knowledge.” New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 45: 313–331. doi:10.1080/00288330.2011.593529.
  • Fenemor, A. D., D. Neilan, W. Allen, and S. Russell. 2011a. “Improving Water Governance in New Zealand: Stakeholder Views of Catchment Management Processes and Plans.” Policy Quarterly 7: 10–19. doi:10.26686/pq.v7i4.4397.10324-10337.
  • Fereday, J., and E. Muir-Cochrane. 2006. “Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 5: 80–92. doi:10.1177/160940690600500107.
  • Friend, J., and A. Hickling. 2005. Planning under Pressure: The Strategic Choice Approach. Oxford: Routledge.
  • Geels, F. 2011. “The Multi-level Perspective on Sustainability Transitions: Responses to Seven Criticisms.” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 1: 24–40. doi:10.1016/j.eist.2011.02.002.
  • Gillham, B. 2005. Research Interviewing: The Range of Techniques. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.
  • Giordano, M., and T. Shah. 2014. “From IWRM Back to Integrated Water Resources Management.” International Journal of Water Resources Development 30 (3): 364–376. doi:10.1080/07900627.2013.851521.
  • Greenhalgh, S., and O. Samarasinghe. 2018. “Sustainably Managing Freshwater Resources.” Ecology and Society 23. doi:10.5751/ES-10233-230244.
  • Grundy, K. J., and B. J. Gleeson. 1996. “Sustainable Management and the Market: The Politics of Planning Reform in New Zealand.” Land Use Policy 13: 197–211. doi:10.1016/0264-8377(96)00001-4.
  • Gunningham, N. 2008. Innovative Governance and Regulatory Design: Managing Water Resources (Landcare Research Contract Report: LC0708/137). Lincoln: Landcare Research.
  • Gunningham, N., and D. Sinclair. 2002. “Partnerships, Management Systems and the Search for Innovative Regulation in the Vehicle Body Shop Industry.” Business Strategy and the Environment 11: 236–253. doi:10.1002/bse.327.
  • Harmsworth, G., S. Awatere, and M. Robb. 2016. “Indigenous Māori Values and Perspectives to Inform Freshwater Management in Aotearoa-New Zealand.” Ecology and Society 21. doi:10.5751/ES-08804-210409.
  • Holley, C. 2015. “Crafting Collaborative Governance: Water Resources, California’s Delta Plan, and Audited Self-management in New Zealand.” Environmental Law Reporter 45: 10324-10337.
  • Howard, C. 2005. “The Policy Cycle: A Model of post-Machiavellian Policy Making?” Australian Journal of Public Administration 64: 3–13. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8500.2005.00447.x.
  • Jackson, K. 2003. “Parliament.” In New Zealand Government and Politics, edited by R. Miller, 77–89. 3rd ed. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
  • James, C. 1986. The Quiet Revolution: Turbulence and Transition in Contemporary New Zealand. Wellington: Allen and Unwin.
  • Jann, W., and K. Wegrich. 2007. “Theories of the Policy Cycle.” In Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods, edited by F. Fischer, G. J. Miller, and M. S. Sidney, 43–62. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Janssen, M., and N. Helbig. 2018. “Innovating and Changing the Policy-cycle: Policy-makers Be Prepared!” Government Information Quarterly 35: S99–S105. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2015.11.009.
  • Jenkins, B. 2018. Water Management in New Zealand’s Canterbury Region: A Sustainability Framework. Springer.
  • Jenkins, B. 2020. “Outcome-based Management for Sustainability.” Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 38: 1–12. doi:10.1080/14615517.2019.1711340.
  • Jordan, A., and A. Lenschow. 2010. “Environmental Policy Integration: A State of the Art Review.” Environmental Policy and Governance 20: 147–158. doi:10.1002/eet.539.
  • Jowett, I., and B. Biggs. 2009. “Application of the ‘Natural Flow Paradigm’ in a New Zealand Context.” River Research and Applications 25: 1126–1135. doi:10.1002/rra.1208.
  • Kalimullah, N. A., K. M. A. Alam, and M. N. A. Nour. 2012. “New Public Management: Emergence and Principles.” BUP Journal 1: 1–22.
  • Kallis, G., M. Kiparsky, and R. Norgaard. 2009. “Collaborative Governance and Adaptive Management: Lessons from California’s CALFED Water Program.” Environmental Science and Policy 12: 631–643. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2009.07.002.
  • Kelsey, J. 1995. The New Zealand Experiment: A World Model for Structural Adjustment? Auckland: Auckland University Press.
  • Kirk, N. A. 2015. Local government authority and autonomy in Canterbury’s freshwater politics between 1989 and 2010. PhD thesis. Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.
  • Kirschke, S., J. Newig, J. Völker, and D. Borchardt. 2017. “Does Problem Complexity Matter for Environmental Policy Delivery? How Public Authorities Address Problems of Water Governance.” Journal of Environmental Management 196: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.068.
  • Kivimaa, P., W. Boon, S. Hyysalo, and L. Klerkx. 2019. “Towards A Typology of Intermediaries in Sustainability Transitions: A Systematic Review and A Research Agenda.” Research Policy 48: 1062–1075. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.006.
  • Klerkx, L., A. Hall, and C. Leeuwis. 2009. “Strengthening Agricultural Innovation Capacity: Are Innovation Brokers the Answer?” No. 2009-019. UNU-MERIT.
  • Klerkx, L., and C. Leeuwis. 2009. “Establishment and Embedding of Innovation Brokers at Different Innovation Systems Levels: Insights from the Dutch Agricultural Sector.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 76: 849–860. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2008.10.001.
  • LAWF (Land and Water Forum). 2017a. “Land and Water Forum Commentary on Implementation of the NPS-FM.” Accessed 3 March 2020. http://www.landandwater.org.nz/includes/download.ashx?ID=148664
  • LAWF (Land and Water Forum). 2017b. “Land and Water Forum Commentary on MfE’s NPS-FM Implementation Review.” Accessed 3 March 2020. http://www.landandwater.org.nz/includes/download.ashx?ID=148665
  • Lipsky, M. 1980. Street-level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Logan, H. 2013. “Inside the Black Box: The Influence of Government Executive Forces on Environmental Policy Effectiveness in New Zealand.” PhD thesis. Lincoln, New Zealand: Lincoln University.
  • Loorbach, D., N. Frantzeskaki, and F. Avelino. 2017. “Sustainability Transitions Research: Transforming Science and Practice for Social Change.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 42: 599–627. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021340.
  • Marshall, M. N. 1996. “The Key Informant Technique.” Family Practice 13: 92–97. doi:10.1093/fampra/13.1.92.
  • Medema, W., B. McIntosh, and P. Jeffery. 2008. “From Premise to Practice: A Critical Assessment of Integrated Water Resources Management and Adaptive Management Approaches in the Water Sector.” Ecology and Society 13. doi:10.5751/ES-02611-130229.
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment). 2011. National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2011. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment.
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment). 2014. National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2014. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment.
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment). 2017a. National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2017. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment.
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment). 2017b. National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management Implementation Review: Horizons-Manawatū-Whanganui. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment.
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment). 2017c. National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management Implementation Review: Taranaki. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment.
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment). 2017d. National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management Implementation Review: National Themes Report. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment.
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment). 2019a. Action for Healthy Waterways: A Discussion Document on National Direction for Our Essential Freshwater. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment.
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment). 2019b. “Improving Our Resource Management System.” Accessed 3 March 2020. https://www.mfe.govt.nz/rma/improving-our-resource-management-system
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment). 2019c. “Draft National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management.” Accessed 3 March 2020. https://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Fresh%20water/draft-npsfm.pdf
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment). 2020. “Draft National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management.” Accessed 26 June 2020. https://www.mfe.govt.nz/fresh-water/national-policy-statement/about-nps#nps2020
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment) and Statistics New Zealand. 2015. New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Environment Aotearoa 2015. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment and Statistics New Zealand.
  • MfE (Ministry for the Environment) and Statistics New Zealand. 2019. New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Environment Aotearoa 2019. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment and Statistics New Zealand.
  • Midgley, G. 2000. Systemic Intervention: Philosophy, Methodology, and Practice. New York: Kluwer Academic.
  • Minichiello, V., R. Aroni, E. Timewell, and L. Alexander. 1990. In-depth Interviewing: Researching People. Melboune, VIC: Longman-Chesire Pty .
  • Mitchell, B. 2011. “The Implementation Gap: From Policy to Action.” In Water Innovation Forum: A Competitive and Innovative Agricultural Sector, edited by C. Cunningham, L. Coates, and M. Harris, 56–59. London, Ontario: Lawrence National Centre for Policy and Management.
  • Moss, T., W. Medd, S. Guy, and S. Marvin. 2009. “Organising Water: The Hidden Role of Intermediary Work.” Water Alternatives 2: 16–33.
  • Neto, S., J. Camkin, A. Fenemor, P. L. Tan, J. M. Baptista, M. Ribeiro, R. Schulze, S. Stuart-Hill, C. Spray, and E. Rahmah. 2018. “OECD Principles on Water Governance in Practice: An Assessment of Existing Frameworks in Europe, Asia-Pacific, Africa and Southern America.” Water International 43: 60–89. doi:10.1080/02508060.2018.1402650.
  • New Zealand Parliament. 2012. Local Government Act 2002 Amendment Bill 2012. Wellington: New Zealand Parliament.
  • Nielsen, H., P. Frederiksen, H. Saarikoski, A. Rytkönen, and A. Pedersen. 2013. “How Different Institutional Arrangements Promote Integrated River Basin Management. Evidence from the Baltic Sea Region.” Land Use Policy 30: 437–445. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.04.011.
  • Nielsen, H., P. Frederiksen, H. Saarikoski, A. Rytkönen, and A. Pedersen. 2013. “How Different Institutional Arrangements Promote Integrated River Basin Management. Evidence from the Baltic Sea Region.” Land Use Policy30: 437–445. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.04.011. 1 30
  • Painter, B. 2018. “Protection of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems in Canterbury, New Zealand: The Targeted Stream Augmentation Project.” Sustainable Water Resources Management 4: 291–300. doi:10.1007/s40899-017-0188-2.
  • Paudel, N. 2009. “A Critical Account of Policy Implementation Theories: Status and Reconsideration.” Nepalese Journal of Public Policy and Governance 25: 36–54.
  • PCE (Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment). 2018. Overseer and Regulatory Oversight: Models, Uncertainty and Cleaning up Our Waterways. Wellington: Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment.
  • Peart, R. 2007. The Community Guide to the Resource Management Act 1991. Waitakere City: Environmental Defence Society.
  • Pressman, J., and A. Wildavksy. 1973. Implementation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Rahaman, M. M., and O. Varis. 2005. “Integrated Water Resources Management: Evolution, Prospects and Future Challenges.” Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 1: 15–21.
  • Resource Management Act. 1991. N.Z.
  • Roche, M. M. 1994. Land and Water: Water and Soil Conservation and Central Government in New Zealand 1941-1988. Wellington: Historical Branch of the Department of Internal Affairs.
  • Rouillard, J. J., T. Ball, K. V. Heal, and A. D. Reeves. 2015. “Policy Implementation of Catchment-scale Flood Risk Management: Learning from Scotland and England.” Environmental Science & Policy 50: 155–165. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.02.009.
  • Sabatier, P. A., Ed. 2007. Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Sabatier, P. A., W. Frocht, M. Lubell, Z. Tracthenberg, A. Vedlitz, and M. Matlock, Eds. 2005. Swimming Upstream: Collaborative Approaches to Watershed Management. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Salmon, G. 11-12 June 2008. “Governance of the Rural Environment: Are Existing Approaches Working?” In Paper presented at the Environment Defence Society Conference – Conflict in paradise: The transformation of rural New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • Salmond, A. 2014. “Tears of Rangi: Water, Power and People in New Zealand.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 4: 285–309. doi:10.14318/hau4.3.017.
  • Stoa, R. 2014. “Subsidiarity in Principle: Decentralization of Water Resources Management.” Utrecht Law Review 10: 31. doi:10.18352/ulr.267.
  • Swedish Government Inquiries. 2009. “Sweden’s Environmental Objectives: New Perspectives: Report of the Inquiry on the Environmental Objectives System.” Accessed 3 March 2020. https://www.government.se/49b75e/contentassets/a13cbca67aef4a12aac9e2792ca494ef/swedens-environmental-objectives—new-perspectives-sou-200983
  • Tadaki, M. Y. 2018. “Filling the Void: Struggles over Implementing Freshwater Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand.” PhD thesis. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia.
  • Tadaki, M. Y. 2020. “Is There Space for Politics in the Environmental Bureaucracy? Discretion and Constraint in Aotearoa New Zealand’s Ministry for the Environment.” Geoforum 111: 229–238. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.02.021.
  • Tharme, R. E. 2003. “A Global Perspective on Global Environmental Flow Assessment: Emerging Trends in the Development and Application of Environmental Flow Methodologies for Rivers.” River Research and Applications 19: 397–441. doi:10.1002/rra.736.
  • Upton, S. 1991. “Resource Management Bill: Third Reading.” In New Zealand Parliamentary Debates 20: 3018.
  • Upton, S. 1995. “Purpose and Principle in the Resource Management Act.” Waikato Law Review 3: 17–55.
  • van Lente, H., M. Hekkert, R. Smiths, and B. A. S. Van Waveren. 2003. “Roles of Systemic Intermediaries in Transition Processes.” International Journal of Innovation Management 7: 247–279. doi:10.1142/S1363919603000817.
  • Wiering, M., D. Liefferink, and A. Crabbé. 2018. “Stability and Change in Flood Risk Governance: On Path Dependencies and Change Agents.” Journal of Flood Risk Management 11: 230–238. doi:10.1111/jfr3.12295.
  • Young, J. C., D. C. Rose, H. S. Mumby, F. Benitez-Capistros, C. J. Derrick, T. Finch, C. Garcia, E. Marwaha, C. Morgans, and S. Parkinson. 2018. “A Methodological Guide to Using and Reporting on Interviews in Conservation Science Research.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9: 10–19. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12828.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.