Decision-making and impulsivity in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

References

• Ameringer, K. J., & Leventhal, A. M. (2013). Associations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom domains and DSM-IV lifetime substance dependence. The American Journal on Addictions, 22(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00325.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A. (2004). The role of emotion in decision-making: Evidence from neurological patients with orbitofrontal damage. Brain and Cognition, 55(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2003.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1–3), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V., Weber, W., Curtis, S., Thomell, A., Pfister, K., Jetton, J. G., & Soriano, J. (1997). Is ADHD a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders? Findings from a four-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199701000-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, M., Fujiwara, E., Borsutzky, S., Kalbe, E., Kessler, J., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2005). Decision-making deficits of korsakoff patients in a new gambling task with explicit rules: Associations with executive functions. Neuropsychology, 19(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.19.3.267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brevers, D., Bechara, A., Cleeremans, A., Kornreich, C., Verbanck, P., & Noël, X. (2014). Impaired decision-making under risk in individuals with alcohol dependence. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(7), 1924–1931. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brière, M., Tocanier, L., Allain, P., Le Gal, D., Allet, G., Gorwood, P., & Gohier, B. (2019). Decision-making measured by the Iowa Gambling Task in patients with alcohol use disorders choosing harm reduction versus relapse prevention program. European Addiction Research, 25(4), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.1159/000499709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkman, W. B., Epstein, J. N., Auinger, P., Tamm, L., & Froehlich, T. E. (2015). Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder with early tobacco and alcohol use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 147, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrnes, J. P. (2002). The development of decision-making. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(Suppl. 6), 208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00503-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capusan, A. J., Bendtsen, P., Marteinsdottir, I., Kuja-Halkola, R., & Larsson, H. (2015). Genetic and environmental contributions to the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and alcohol dependence in adulthood: A large population-based twin study. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 168(6), 414–422. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, K. M., & Rounsaville, B. J. (1993). History and significance of childhood attention deficit disorder in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X(93)90050-E
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charach, A., Yeung, E., Climans, T., & Lillie, E. (2011). Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and future substance use disorders: Comparative meta-analyses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.09.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherkil, S., Satish, S., Mathew, S. S., Dinesh, N., Kumar, C. T. S., Lombardo, L. E., Glahn, D. C., & Frangou, S. (2012). Cross-cultural standardization of the South Texas assessment of neurocognition in India. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 136(2), 280–288. https://www.ijmr.org.in/text.asp?2012/136/2/280/100781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppola, M., & Mondola, R. (2018). Impulsivity in alcohol-dependent patients with and without ADHD: The role of atomoxetine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 50(4), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2018.1471247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crone, E. A., Vendel, I., & Van der Molen, M. W. (2003). Decision-making in disinhibited adolescents and adults: Insensitivity to future consequences or driven by immediate reward? Personality and Individual Differences, 35(7), 1625–1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00386-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daigre Blanco, C., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Valero, S., Bosch, R., Roncero, C., Gonzalvo, B., & Nogueira, M. (2009). Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) symptom checklist in patients with substance use disorders. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 37(6), 299–305.
   Google Scholar
• De Alwis, D., Lynskey, M. T., Reiersen, A. M., & Agrawal, A. (2014). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes and substance use and use disorders in NESARC. Addictive Behaviors, 39(8), 1278–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, M., Bandawar, M., Kandasamy, A., & Benegal, V. (2017). Family loading and morbidity risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with alcohol-dependence syndrome. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 39(5), 659. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_263_17
   Google Scholar
• Dickman, S. J. (1993). Impulsivity and information processing. In W. G. McCown, J. L. Johnson, & M. B. Shure (Eds.), The impulsive client: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 151–184). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10500-010
   Google Scholar
• Dom, G., De Wilde, B., Hulstijn, W., Van den Brink, W., & Sabbe, B. (2006). Decision-making deficits in alcohol-dependent patients with and without comorbid personality disorder. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 30(10), 1670–1677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00202.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evren, C., Dalbudak, E., Evren, B., Can, Y., & Umut, G. (2014). The severity of attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and its relationship with lifetime substance use and psychological variables among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(7), 1665–1670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernie, G., Cole, J. C., Goudie, A. J., & Field, M. (2010). Risk-taking but not response inhibition or delay discounting predict alcohol consumption in social drinkers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 112(1–2), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franken, I. H., & Muris, P. (2005). Individual differences in decision-making. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(5), 991–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesh, S., Kandasamy, A., Sahayaraj, U. S., & Benegal, V. (2017). Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with substance use disorders: A study from Southern India. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 39(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.198945
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2002). Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: Neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(10), 1642–1652. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudriaan, A. E., Grekin, E. R., & Sher, K. J. (2007). Decision making and binge drinking: A longitudinal study. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(6), 928–938. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00378.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudriaan, A. E., Grekin, E. R., & Sher, K. J. (2011). Decision making and response inhibition as predictors of heavy alcohol use: A prospective study. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(6), 1050–1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01437.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman, D., & Macchi, L. (2004). Thinking: Psychological perspectives on reasoning, judgment and decision making. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Hasan, N., Sobnom, S., & Uzzaman, S. (2019). The effect of risk taking behavior in gender and educational level (secondary and higher secondary). International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 3(5), 15–21. https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-3-issue-5/15-21.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Henges, A. L., & Marczinski, C. A. (2012). Impulsivity and alcohol consumption in young social drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 37(2), 217–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, M. K., Hopko, D. R., Bare, R., Lejuez, C. W., & Robinson, E. V. (2005). Construct validity of the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART): Associations with psychopathy and impulsivity. Assessment, 12(4), 416–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105278740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzman, R. (1993). Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 43(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.43.1_Part_1.13
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Ames, M., Demler, O., Faraone, S., Hiripi, E., Howes, M. J., Jin, R., Secnik, K., Spencer, T., Ustun, T. B., & Walters, E. E. (2005). The World Health Organization adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS): A short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 35(2), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. T., Hwang, S. S., Kim, H. W., Hwang, E. H., Cho, J., Kang, J. I., & Kim, S. J. (2018). Multidimensional impulsivity as a mediator of early life stress and alcohol dependence. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 4104. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22474-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, Y. T., Lee, S. J., & Kim, S. H. (2006). Effects of the history of conduct disorder on the Iowa Gambling tasks. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 30(3), 466–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00051.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk, R. (1996). Practical significance: A concept whose time has come. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56(5), 746–759. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164496056005002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körner, N., Schmidt, P., & Soyka, M. (2015). Decision making and impulsiveness in abstinent alcohol-dependent people and healthy individuals: A neuropsychological examination. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 10(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-015-0020-7
   Google Scholar
• Kovács, I., Richman, M. J., Janka, Z., Maraz, A., & Andó, B. (2017). Decision making measured by the Iowa Gambling Task in alcohol use disorder and gambling disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 181, 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krawczyk, D. C. (2002). Contributions of the prefrontal cortex to the neural basis of human decision making. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(6), 631–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00021-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, R., Janakiprasad Kumar, K., & Benegal, V. (2019). Underlying decision making processes on Iowa Gambling Task. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2018.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauriola, M., Panno, A., Levin, I. P., & Lejuez, C. W. (2014). Individual differences in risky decision making: A meta-analysis of sensation seeking and impulsivity with the balloon analogue risk task: Personality and risky decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 27(1), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Berre, A.-P., Fama, R., & Sullivan, E. V. (2017). Executive functions, memory, and social cognitive deficits and recovery in chronic alcoholism: A critical review to inform future research. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 41(8), 1432–1443. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejuez, C. W., Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Richards, J. B., Ramsey, S. E., Stuart, G. L., Strong, D. R., & Brown, R. A. (2002). Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-898x.8.2.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., Luo, R., Fu, R., Yuan, C., Xu, X., Zhou, D., Zhao, M., Yuan, T.-F., & Du, J. (2020). The influences of impulsivity and education levels on severity of alcohol dependence. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 737. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeber, S., Duka, T., Welzel, H., Nakovics, H., Heinz, A., Flor, H., & Mann, K. (2009). Impairment of cognitive abilities and decision making after chronic use of alcohol: The impact of multiple detoxifications. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 44(4), 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agp030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lövdén, M., Fratiglioni, L., Glymour, M. M., Lindenberger, U., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2020). Education and cognitive functioning across the life span. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 21(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100620920576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen, A. G., & Dalsgaard, S. (2014). Prevalence of smoking, alcohol and substance use among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Denmark compared with the general population. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 68(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2013.768293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malloy-Diniz, L., Fuentes, D., Leite, W. B., Correa, H., & Bechara, A. (2007). Impulsive behavior in adults with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Characterization of attentional, motor and cognitive impulsiveness. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 13(4), 693–698. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617707070889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurage, P., Lannoy, S., Dormal, V., Blanco, M., & Trabut, J.-B. (2018). Clinical usefulness of the Iowa Gambling Task in severe alcohol use disorders: Link with relapse and cognitive-physiological deficits. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 42(11), 2266–2273. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13873
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguel, C. S., Martins, P. A., Moleda, N., Klein, M., Chaim-Avancini, T., Gobbo, M. A., Alves, T. M., Silva, M. A., & Louzã, M. R. (2016). Cognition and impulsivity in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without cocaine and/or crack dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 160, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller, F. G., Barratt, E. S., Dougherty, D. M., Schmitz, J. M., & Swann, A. C. (2001). Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1783–1793. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, S. T. (2016). The Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) software. Version 2.0 Beta 3. Sourceforge. http://pebl.sourceforge.net/
   Google Scholar
• Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohlmeier, M. D., Peters, K., Te Wildt, B. T., Zedler, M., Ziegenbein, M., Wiese, B., Emrich, H. M., & Schneider, U. (2008). Comorbidity of alcohol and substance dependence with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Alcohol and Alcoholism, 43(3), 300–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agn014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 768–774. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::aid-jclp2270510607><768::aid-jclp2270510607>3.0.co;2-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, Y., Dekkers, T. J., Shoham, R., & Huizenga, H. M. (2019). Risk-taking behavior in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A review of potential underlying mechanisms and of interventions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(5), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1019-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulose, B., & Srinivasan, K. (2009). High risk behaviours following alcohol use in alcohol dependent men. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 129(4), 376–381. https://www.ijmr.org.in/temp/IndianJMedRes1294376-2086057_054740.pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, S. C., Levin, F. R., & Evans, S. M. (2012). Alcohol increases impulsivity and abuse liability in heavy drinking women. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(6), 454–465. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm, J., Greenfield, T. K., Walsh, G., Xie, X., Robson, L., & Single, E. (1999). Assessment methods for alcohol consumption, prevalence of high risk drinking and harm: A sensitivity analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 28(2), 219–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/28.2.219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, W., Peters, J. R., Adams, Z. W., Lynam, D. R., & Milich, R. (2014). Identifying the facets of impulsivity that explain the relation between ADHD symptoms and substance use in a nonclinical sample. Addictive Behaviors, 39(8), 1272–1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segalà, L., Vasilev, G., Raynov, I., Gonzalez, R., & Vassileva, J. (2015). Childhood symptoms of ADHD and impulsivity in abstinent heroin users. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 11(3–4), 174–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2015.1104482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl 20), 22–57. https://www.psychiatrist.com/read-pdf/11980/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehy-Skeffington, J. (2020). The effects of low socioeconomic status on decision-making processes. Current Opinion in Psychology, 33, 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sringeri, S. K. R., Rajkumar, R. P., Muralidharan, K., Chandrashekar, C. R., & Benegal, V. (2008). The association between attention-deÞcit/hyperactivity disorder and early- onset alcohol dependence: A retrospective study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(4), 262–265. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.44748
   Google Scholar
• Statistical Software for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. SPSS Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, J. T., Sykora, K., Schneiderman, J., Naranjo, C. A., & Sellers, E. M. (1989). Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: The revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar). British Journal of Addiction, 84(11), 1353–1357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00737.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuinstra, J., Groothoff, J. W., Van den Heuvel, W. J. A., & Post, D. (1998). Socio–economic differences in health risk behavior in adolescence: Do they exist? Social Science & Medicine, 47(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00034-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatasubramanian, G., Anthony, G., Reddy, U. S., Reddy, V. V., Jayakumar, P. N., & Benegal, V. (2007). Corpus callosum abnormalities associated with greater externalizing behaviors in subjects at high risk for alcohol dependence. Psychiatry Research, 156(3), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdejo-García, A., Lawrence, A. J., & Clark, L. (2008). Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: Review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 777–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K. S. (2013). Relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and alcohol dependence: A genetic view. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors & Addiction, 1(4), 192–193. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.9629
   Google Scholar
• Ward, M. F., Wender, P. H., & Reimherr, F. W. (1993). The Wender Utah rating scale: An aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6), 885–890. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.6.885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weafer, J., Milich, R., & Fillmore, M. T. (2011). Behavioral components of impulsivity predict alcohol consumption in adults with ADHD and healthy controls. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113(2–3), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V., & Spencer, T. (1997). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with early onset substance use disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185(8), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199708000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Young, J. T., Carruthers, S., Kaye, S., Allsop, S., Gilsenan, J., Degenhardt, L., Glind, G. V., Brink, W., & Preen, D. (2015). Comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder complexity and chronicity in treatment-seeking adults. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(6), 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar