Authentic leadership, employees’ job satisfaction, and work engagement: a hierarchical linear modelling approach

References

• Abramis, D. J. (1994). Work role ambiguity, job satisfaction, and job performance: Meta-analyses and review. Psychological Reports, 75, 1411–1433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the roots of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 315–338.10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Walumbwa, F., Luthans, F., & May, D. R. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 15, 801–823.10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20, 4–28.10.1080/1359432X.2010.485352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begley, P. T. (2006). Self-knowledge, capacity and sensitivity: Prerequisites to authentic leadership by school principals. Journal of Educational Administration, 44, 570–589.10.1108/09578230610704792
   Google Scholar
• Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Brass, D. J. (1984). Being in the right place: A structural analysis of individual influence in an organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 518–539.10.2307/2392937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Černe, M., Dimovski, V., Marič, M., Penger, S., & Škerlavaj, M. (2014). Congruence of leader self-perceptions and follower perceptions of authentic leadership: Understanding what authentic leadership is and how it enhances employees’ job satisfaction. Australian Journal of Management, 39, 453–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Černe, M., Jaklič, M., & Škerlavaj, M. (2013). Authentic leadership, creativity, and innovation: A multilevel perspective. Leadership, 9, 63–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, A. W. L., Hannah, S. T., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Veritable authentic leadership: Emergence, functioning, and impact. In W. L. Gardner, B. J. Avolio, & F. O. Walumbwa (Eds.), Authentic Leadership Theory and Practice: Origins, Effects and Development (pp. 3–41). Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Clapp-Smith, R., Vogelgesang, G. R., & Avey, J. B. (2009). Authentic leadership and positive psychological capital: The mediating role of trust at the group level of analysis. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15, 227–240.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. G., Ledford, G. E., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1996). A predictive model of self-managing work team effectiveness. Human Relations, 49, 643–676.10.1177/001872679604900506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, C. D., Scandura, T. A., & Schriesheim, C. A. (2005). Looking forward but learning from our past: Potential challenges to developing authentic leadership theory and authentic leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 475–493.10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., Connell, J. P., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Self-determination in a work organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 580–590.10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 611–628.10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duignan, P. A., & Bhindi, N. (1997). Authenticity in leadership: An emerging perspective. Journal of Educational Administration, 35, 195–209.10.1108/09578239710170119
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500–507.10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., & Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 565–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 335–362.10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endrissat, N., Müller, W. R., & Kaudela-Baum, S. (2007). En route to an empirically-based understanding of authentic leadership. European Management Journal, 25, 207–220.10.1016/j.emj.2007.04.004
   Google Scholar
• Fields, D. L. (2007). Determinants of Follower Perceptions of a Leader’s Authenticity and Integrity. European Management Journal, 25, 195–206.10.1016/j.emj.2007.04.005
   Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50.10.2307/3151312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B. J., Luthans, F., May, D. R., & Walumbwa, F. (2005). Can you see the real me? A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. Leadership Quarterly, 16, 343–372.10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, W. L., Cogliser, C. C., Davis, K. M., & Dickens, M. P. (2011). Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 1120–1145.10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, W. L., Fischer, D., & Hunt, J. G. (2009). Emotional labor and leadership: A threat to authenticity? The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 466–482.10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, W. L., & Schermerhorn Jr., J. R. (2004). Unleashing individual potential: Performance gains through positive organizational behavior and authentic leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 33, 270–281.10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, W. (2003). Authentic leadership: Rediscovering the secrets to creating lasting value. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• George, W. (2007). Authentic Leaders. Leadership Excellence, 24, 16–17.
   Google Scholar
• Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity. American Sociological Review, 25, 161–178.10.2307/2092623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graen, G. B., & Scandura, T. A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. Research in Organizational Behavior, 9, 175–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, M. A., Patterson, M. G., & West, M. A. (2001). Job satisfaction and teamwork: The role of supervisor support. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 537–550.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 268–279.10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, P., Martinko, M. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2006). Promoting authentic behavior in organizations: An attributional perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 12, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. (2006). A primer on multilevel modeling. Human Communication Research, 32, 385–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel analysis. Techniques and applications (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ilies, R., Morgeson, F. P., & Nahrgang, J. (2005). Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader–follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 373–394.10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, S. M., & Luthans, F. (2006). Entrepreneurs as authentic leaders: Impact on employees’ attitudes. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27, 646–666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 376–407.10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692–724.10.2307/256287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, T., & Dansereau, F. (1995). Leadership and empowerment: A social exchange perspective. Human Relations, 48, 127–146.10.1177/001872679504800202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14(1), 1–26.10.1207/S15327965PLI1401_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konovsky, M. A., & Pugh, S. D. (1994). Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 656–669.10.2307/256704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladkin, D., & Taylor, S. S. (2010). Enacting the ‘true self’: Towards a theory of embodied authentic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 21, 64–74.10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawler, E. E., & Hall, D. T. (1970). Relationship of job characteristics to job involvement, satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 305–312.10.1037/h0029692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership: A positive developmental approach. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 241–261). San Francisco, CA: Barrett- Koehler.
   Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J., & Norman, S. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541–572.10.1111/peps.2007.60.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maric, M., Dimovski, V., Djuric, M., Cerne, M., & Djuric, N. (2013). Developing the supervisor’s authentic leadership measure. Technics Technologies Education Management, 8, 229–237.
   Google Scholar
• May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 11–37.10.1348/096317904322915892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, D. R., Hodges, T. D., Chan, A. W. L., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Developing the moral component of authentic leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 32, 247–260.10.1016/S0090-2616(03)00032-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazutis, D., & Slawinski, N. (2008). Leading organizational learning through authentic dialogue. Management Learning, 39, 437–456.10.1177/1350507608093713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novicevic, M., Harvey, M., Ronald, M., & Brown-Radford, J. (2006). Authentic leadership: A historical perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13, 64–76.
   Google Scholar
• Peterlin, J., Dimovski, V., Uhan, M., & Penger, S. (2011). Re.thinking the corporate social responsibility in Slovenia: Empirical evidence. Ekonomska istraživanja, 24, 125–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, S., & Luthans, F. (2003). The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24, 26–31.
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prajogo, D. I., & McDermott, C. M. (2005). The relationship between total quality management practices and organizational culture. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 25, 1101–1122.10.1108/01443570510626916
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rašković, M., Mörec, B. & Makovec Brenčič, M. (2012). Market orientation, business innovation and HRM in top Slovenian employers. Ekonomska istraživanja, Special Issue (2), 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293–315.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Settoon, R. P., Bennett, N., & Liden, R. C. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader–member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 219–227.10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamir, B., & Eilam, G. (2005). What’s your story? A life-stories approach to authentic leadership development. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 395–417.10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Škerlavaj, M., Štemberger, M. I., Škrinjar, R., & Dimovski, V. (2007). Organizational learning culture – The missing link between business process change and organizational performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 106, 346–367.10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel, M. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290–312). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 518–528.10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparrowe, R. T. (2005). Authentic leadership and the narrative self. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 419–439.10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzmuller, M., & Ilies, R. (2010). Do they [all] see my true self? Leader’s relational authenticity and followers’ assessments of transformational leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19, 304–332.10.1080/13594320902754040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toor, S., & Ofori, G. (2008). Leadership for future construction industry: Agenda for authentic leadership. International Journal of Project Management, 26, 620–630.10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.09.010
   Google Scholar
• Venkatraman, S. (1989). Endogenous diffusion of technology. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 7, 471–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. (2008). Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34, 89–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walumbwa, F. O., Wang, P., Wang, H., Schaubroeck, J., & Avolio, B. J. (2010). Psychological processes linking authentic leadership to follower behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 21, 901–914.10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.07.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader–member exchange: A social exchange perspective. The Academy of Management Journal, 40, 82–111.10.2307/257021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolley, L., Caza, A., & Levy, L. (2011). Authentic leadership and follower development psychological capital, positive work climate, and gender. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 18, 438–448.
   Google Scholar