The decline of Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora trees in coastal forests from the mega-tsunami following the Great East Japan Earthquake

References

• The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group. 2011-2019. Results of tsunami surveys. [accessed 2020 Mar 31]. https://coastal.jp/tsunami2011/index.php?Field%20survey%20results.
   Google Scholar
• Aikawa T, Kanzaki N, Kikuchi T. 2010. A simple diagnostic tool of pine wilt disease using the DNA of pinewood nematode “Bursaphelenchus xylophilus detection kit”. For Pests. 59:60–67. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Akbulut S, StampsWT. 2012. Insect vectors of the pinewood nematode: a review of the biology and ecology of Monochamus species. For Pathol. 42:89–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00733.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forest Conservation Departmental Meeting of Tohoku Forestry Research Institute Liaison Council. 2014. Changes in the distributions of pine wilt disease and the vector beetle Monochamus alternatus in the Tohoku region of northern Japan between 2007 and 2011. Bull of FFPRI. 13(4):335–343. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Futai K. 2008. Pine wilt in Japan: from first incidence to the present. In: ZhaoBG, FutaiK, SutherlandJR, TakeuchiY, editors. Pine wilt disease. Tokyo: Springer Japan; p. 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Hashimoto R, Asaka M, Nonaka M, Akiyama A, Shirahata M, Nakakita O. 2016. Death of trees in the salty wind protection forest of Pinus thunbergii Parl. remaining after the tsunami in Tarou District of Miyako City. Tohoku J For Sci. 21(2):71–77. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Honda S. 1919. A textbook for silviculture volume 1: conifers. Tokyo: Miura Syoten. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Horie Y. 1966. Tolerance to salt water of several plants (2). Bull Gov For Exp Sta. 186:113–133. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Hoshino D. 2012. Costal forest and town damage in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, following the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami. J Jpn For Soc. 94:243–246. Japanese. doi:https://doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.94.243.
   Google Scholar
• Kikuchi T, Aikawa T, Oeda Y, Karim N, Kanzaki N. 2009. Arapid and precise diagnostic method for detecting the Pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Phytopathol. 99(12):1365–1369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-99-12-1365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura K. 2014. Mass mortality of Japanese black pine trees in coastal forests along the Pacific Ocean in Aomori Prefecture. Jpn J For Environ. 56:27–35. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Kiyohara T, TokushigeY. 1971. Inoculation experiments of a nematode, Bursaphelenchus sp. onto pine trees. J Jpn For Soc. 53:210–218. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Konta F. 2013. Why is it Japanese black pine? The disaster prevention of the coastal forest in Japan. J Jpn Soc Coastal For. 12(2):23–28. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Kubota T. 2017. Relationship between drainage conditions in a coastal forest and salt damage of Pinus thunbergii. Tohoku J For Sci. 22(1):9–14. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Mamiya Y. 1983. Pathology of the pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Ann Rev Phytopathol. 21:201–220. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.21.090183.001221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murai H, Ishikawa M, Endo J, Tadaki R. 1992. The coastal forest in Japan: its multiple functions and use. Tokyo: Soft Science. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Nakagoshi N. 1995. Pine forests in east Asia. In: BoxEO, PeetRK, MasuzawaT, YamadaI, FujiharaK, MaycockPF, editors. Vegetation science in forestry. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; p. 85–104.
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura K, Kodani E, Ono K. 2012. Debilitation and death of trees in tsunami-affected coastal forests. Shinrin-kagaku. 66:7–12. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Noguchi S, Niiyama K, Tamura H, Tanaka S, Kubota T, Yasuda Y. 2014. Variation of the ground water level in a coastal forest in Miyagino-ku, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. J Jpn For Soc. 96:150–154. Japanese. doi:https://doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.96.150.
   Google Scholar
• Oda T. 1991. Tolerance of Pinus thunbergii seedlings to inundation by salt- and freshwater. Chisan. 36(6):21–24. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Ono K, Hirai K. 2012. Needle discoloration of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) along the Pacific coastline of Sanriku, Japan, after the Heisei Sanriku Massive Tsunami with the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Bull of FFPRI. 11(2):33–42. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Ono K, Nakamura K, Hirai K. 2014. Fluctuations in the concentration of exchangeable cations in tsunami-hit forest soils on the northern Pacific coast. J Jpn For Soc. 96:301–307. Japanese. doi:https://doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.96.301.
   Google Scholar
• Ono K, Nakamura K, Tanaka N, Furusawa H, Hirai K. 2013. Soil conditions in coastal pine forests damaged by the Heisei-Sanriku mega-tsunami following Tohoku Earthquake along the eastern =9Pacific coast of Japan 2011. Bull of FFPRI. 12(1):49–66. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Sakamoto T. 2015. Regeneration of coastal forests affected by tsunami. Tsukuba: Forestry and Forest Research Institute. [accessed 2020 Mar 31]. https://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/pubs/chukiseika/documents/3rd-\\\chuukiseika29.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sakamoto T, Niiyama K, Nakamura K, Kodani E, Hirai K, Saito T, Kimura K, Kon J. 2012. Effectiveness of the coastal forest in stopping drifts from entering the residential area. J Jpn Soc Coastal For. 11(2):65–70. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Sato K. 1961. Japanese pines volume 1: artificial afforestation. Tokyo: Zenrinkyo. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi K, Horie Y. 1965. Tolerance to salt water of several plants (1). Bull Gov For Exp Sta. 183:1132–1151. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Tamura H. 2012. Uprooting damages in coastal forests in the Sendai Plain. Shinrin-kagaku. 66:3–6. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Tateishi M, Maimaiti A, Tsuji M, Inoue M, Taniguchi T, Yamamoto F, Yamanaka N. 2014. Temporal changes in effects of sea water flooding on physiology of Machilus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii. J Jpn Soc Reveget Tech. 40(1):54–59. Japanese.doi: https://doi.org/10.7211/jjsrt.40.54.
   Google Scholar
• Togashi K. 2008. Vector-nematode relationships and epidemiology in pine wilt disease. In: ZhaoBG, FutaiK, SutherlandJR, TakeuchiY, editors. Pine wilt disease. Tokyo: Springer Japan; p. 162–183.
   Google Scholar
• Wainwright SJ. 1984. Adaptations of plants to flooding with salt water. In: Kozlowski TT, editor. Flooding and plant growth. Orland (FL): Academic Press; p. 295–343.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshioka K. 1948. Community types and their development of pine forests in Japan. Seitaigaku-kenkyu. 11:204–216. Japanese.
   Google Scholar