675
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Architectural History and Theory

Stylistic hybridity in palatial architecture during the reign of King Rama V: a postcolonial reinterpretation on modern Siam

ORCID Icon
Pages 542-568 | Received 10 Apr 2023, Accepted 01 Aug 2023, Published online: 10 Aug 2023

References

  • Aasen, C. 1998. Architecture of Siam: A Cultural History Interpretation. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
  • Akcan, E. 2016. “Postcolonial Theories in Architecture.” In A Critical History of Contemporary Architecture, edited by E. G. Haddad and D. Rifkind, 143–164. London: Routledge.
  • Albrecht, M. 2020. Postcolonialism Cross-Examined: Multidirectional Perspectives on Imperial and Colonial Pasts and the Neocolonial Present. edited by. Albrecht, M., London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367222543.
  • Anderson, B. O. 1990. Language and Power: Exploiting Political Cultures in Indonesia. Inthaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Archives of Bang Pa-In Palace and Wat Niwet Thammaprawat Temple [in Thai]. 1994. Bangkok: H.R.H. Damrong Rajanubhab Foundation, M.J. Jong Chitthanom Diskul, in collaboration with the National Archives of Thailand, and Fine Arts Department.
  • Baker, K. M. 1990. Inventing the French Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bakker, J. I. (. 2019. “Grounded Theory Methodology and Grounded Theory Method: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Sociological Focus 52 (2): 91–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2019.1550592.
  • Battye, N. A. 1974. “The Military, government, and society in Siam, 1868–1910: Politics and military reform during the reign of king Chulalongkorn.” Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University.
  • Beamish, J., and J. Ferguson. 1989. A History of Singapore Architecture: The Making of a City. Singapore: Graham Brash.
  • Bentley, I. 1999. Urban Transformations: Power, People, and Urban Design. London: Routledge.
  • Bertacco, S., and N. Vallorani. 2021. The Relocation of Culture: Translations, Migrations, Borders. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Bhabha, H. K. 1990. “The Third Space: Interview with Homi Bhabha.” In Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, edited by J. Rutherford, 207–221. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
  • Bhabha, H. K. 1994. The Location of Culture. New York: Rowman and Littlefield International.
  • Bhanurangsri, P. H. R. H. 1996. COURT News Bulletin Composed by Eleven Members of the Royal Family. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. [in Thai]. Bangkok: Office of His Majesty’s Principal Private Secretary.
  • Boatcă, M., S. Farzin, and J. Go. 2023. “Postcolonialism and Sociology.” In Research Handbook on Public Sociology, edited by L. Bifulco and V. Borghi, 367–380. Northampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Bock, C. 1986. Temples and Elephants. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. Richardson, 241–258. New York: Greenwood.
  • Brevik-Zender, H. 2020. “Crypto-Colonialism, French Couture, and Thailand’s Queens: Fashioning the Body Politic, 1860–1960.” Nineteenth-Century Contexts an Interdisciplinary Journal 42 (1): 87–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2019.1652044.
  • Caddy, F. 1889. To Siam and Malaya in the Duke of Sutherland’s Yacht ‘Sans Peur.’. London: Hurst and Blackett.
  • Canclini, G. N. 1995. Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity, translated by C.L. Chiappari and S.L. Lopez. Minneapolis, Minnesota and London: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Chachavalpongpun, P. 2022. “Kingdom of Fear: Royal Governance Under Thailand’s King Vajiralongkorn.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 41 (3): 359–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034221111176.
  • Chakrabarty, D. 2000. Provincializing Europe Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Chang, J. H. 2017. “Before and Behind the Pioneers of Modern Architecture in Singapore.” Docomomo journal 57:56–63. https://doi.org/10.52200/57.A.0448WLR4.
  • Chang, J. H., and I. B. Tajudeen, Eds. 2019. Southeast Asia’s Modern Architecture: Questions in Translation, Epistemology and Power. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvf3w2w2.
  • Chenga, K., and P. Neischb. 2022. “A New Perspective on Eclectic Attributes in Architecture: Taking Eclectic Architecture in Beijing and Hong Kong as an Example.” Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2022.2074017.
  • Chia, J., and E. Parpart 2020. “Understanding the Formation of the Crown Property Bureau and Why It Matters to Protesters.” Thai Enquirer, November 25. Accessed June 6, 2023, from https://www.thaienquirer.com/21061/understanding-the-formation-of-the-crown-property-bureau-and-why-it-matters-to-protesters/.
  • Chibber, V. 2013. Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital. London: Verso.
  • Chittrabongs, D. M. J. 1992. Aunty Feeds the Children [in Thai]. 2nd ed. Bangkok: Wattanachai Kanpim).
  • Chulalongkorn, King of Siam. (1898). Bangkok Times, January 26 [in Thai].
  • Chulalongkorn, King of Siam. (1909). Letter of October 25 [in Thai].
  • Chulasai, B. 2005, October 17- 21. Chudadhuj Palace, Sichang Island: Conservation for Community [Paper Presentation]. The 15th ICOMOS General Assembly and International Symposium, Xi’an, China.
  • Chulasai, B., and P. Povatong. 2010. Historical Document on the Architecture of Phra Chudhadhuj Ratchathan, Sichang Island [In Thai]. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Printing House.
  • Chungsiriarak, S. 2010. Westernized Architecture in Siam: From the Reign of King Rama IV to 1937 [In Thai]. Bangkok: Faculty of Architecture, Silpakorn University.
  • Chungsiriarak, S. 2020. Modern Architecture for a Civilized Nation: A Comparative Study of the Searching Between Japan and Siam from the mid-19th Century to the mid-20th Century [In Thai]. Bangkok: Association of Siamese Architects under Royal Patronage.
  • Chunjandang, W. 2020. “Postcolonialism in the artworks of Maria Thereza Alves [in Thai].” M.A. thesis, Silpakorn University.
  • Connell, R. 2020. Southern Theory the Global Dynamics of Knowledge in Social Science. London: Routledge.
  • Coslett, D. E., edited by 2019. Neocolonialism and Built Heritage: Echoes of Empire in Africa, Asia, and Europe. London: Routledge.
  • Crawford, J. 1830. Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-General of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin-China: Exhibiting a View of the Actual State of Those Kingdoms. London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley.
  • De Boigne, C. 1907. Memoirs of the Comtesse de Boigne, II (1815-19), edited by C. Nicolland. London: Heinemann.
  • Dovey, K. 1999. Framing Places: Mediating Power in Built Forms. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203267639.
  • Eoseewong, N. 2019. Mestizaje Culture in Southeast Asia [In Thai]. Matichon Weekly, July 31. Accessed January 28, 2023, from https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article215382.
  • ETB (Educational Technique Bureau, Ministry of Education). 1992. Study Book: Preparing for the Experience of Life [In Thai]. Bangkok: Khurusapha.
  • Fanon, F. 1967. Black Skin, White Masks, translated by C. L. Markmann. London: Pluto Press.
  • Foucault, M. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge, translated by A.M. Sheridan Smith. London: Tavistock Publications.
  • Foucault, M. 1998. “Foucault.” In Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology: Essential Works of Foucault 1958–1984, edited by J. D. Faubion, 459–465. Vol. 2. New York: The New Press.
  • Goodman, N. 1968. Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols. Hackett, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
  • Guha, R. 1983. Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gupta, A., and J. Ferguson. 1992. “Beyond “Culture”: Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference.” Cultural Anthropology 7 (1): 6–23. Accessed June 1, 2023. from http://www.jstor.org/stable/656518.
  • Habermas, J. 1972. Knowledge and Human Interests, translated by J. Shapiro. London: Heinemann Educational Books.
  • Hamlin, T. 1952. “The Rise of Eclecticism in New York.” The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 11 (2): 3–8. https://doi.org/10.2307/987657.
  • Harrison, R. V., and P. A. Jackson. 2009. “Introduction: Siam’s/Thailand’s Constructions of Modernity Under the Influence of the Colonial West.” Southeast Asia Research 17 (3): 325–360. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000009789838486.
  • He, G. H. 2021. “Three Myths About Eclecticism.” Journal of Architecture 26 (8): 1146–1162. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2021.1980420.
  • Hernández, F. 2010. Bhabha for Architects. London: Routledge.
  • Herzfeld, M. 2002. “The Absent Presence: Discourses of Crypto-Colonialism.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 101 (4): 899–926. Accessed May 15, 2023. from https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/39112.
  • Horayangkura, V., Intharawijit, K., Chanthavilaswong, S., and Inpuntung, V. 1993. Conceptual and Stylistic Developments of Architectural Works: The Past, Present, and Future [In Thai]. Bangkok: Association of Siamese Architects under Royal Patronage.
  • Inscriptions from Wat Niwet Thammaprawat [in Thai]. 1968. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
  • Jackson, P. A. 2007. “Autonomy and Subordination in Thai History: The Case for Semicolonial Analysis.” Inter-Asia Cultural Study 8 (3): 329–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649370701393709.
  • Jackson, P. A. 2008. “Thai Semicolonial Hybridities: Bhabha and García Canclini in Dialogue on Power and Cultural Blending.” Asian Studies Review 32 (2): 147–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357820802061324.
  • Jackson, P. A. 2010. “Afterword.” In The Ambiguous Allure of the West: Traces of the Colonial in Thailand, edited by R. V. Harrison and P. A. Jackson, 187–205. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Jackson, P. A. 2020. “Beyond Hybridity and Syncretism: Kala-Thesa Contextual Sensitivity and Power in Thai Religious and Gender Cultures.” from Journal of Anthropology, Sirindhorn Anthropology Center 3 (1): 4–37. Accessed March 9, 2023. https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jasac/article/view/243148.
  • Jackson, P. A., and P. A. Jackson. 2010. “Introduction.” In The Ambiguous Allure of the West: Traces of the Colonial in Thailand, edited by R. V. Harrison, 1–36. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Jacobs, K. 2021. “Discourse Analysis.” In Methods in Urban Analysis, edited by S. Baum, 151–172. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
  • Jazeel, T. 2017. “Tropical Modernism/Environmental Nationalism: The Politics of Built Space in Postcolonial Sri Lanka.” Fabrications 27 (2): 134–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/10331867.2017.1301856.
  • Keesing, R. M. 1989. “Creating the Past: Custom and Identity in the Contemporary Pacific.” Contemporary Pacific 1 (1–2): 19–42.
  • Kitiarsa, P. 2005a. “Beyond Syncretism: Hybridisation of Popular Religion in Contemporary Thailand.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 36 (3): 461–487. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463405000251.
  • Kitiarsa, P. 2005b. Farangs as Siamese Occidentalism. Asia Research Institute Working Paper, 49. Accessed January 19, 2010, from http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps05_049.pdf.
  • Krippendorff, K. 2018. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781.
  • Kulkanchanachewin, P. 2020. “Royal residence in Chakri Maha Prasat complex during the early period of king Chulalongkorn (A.D. 1868–1875) [in Thai].” M.A. thesis, Silpakorn University.
  • Kulkanchanachewin, P. 2021. “The Early Developments of Royal Residences Prior to the Construction of Chakri Maha Prasat Complex, 1868–1875 [In Thai].” NAJUA: History of Architecture and Thai Architecture 17 (2): 238–269.
  • Kwanmuang, N. 2014. “The Pagoda-Hall: A New Form of Buddhist Architecture in the Reign of King Rama V [In Thai].” Journal of Thai Studies 9 (2): 41–71.
  • Laddawan, S. M. R. 1978. Throne Halls and Royal Mansions in the Grand Palace [In Thai]. Bangkok: Bureau of the Royal Household.
  • Lin, F. C. 2017. Architectural Theorisations and Phenomena in Asia: The Polychronotypic Jetztzeit. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58433-1.
  • Lin, F. C. 2022. The Postcolonial Condition of Architecture in Asia: A Lead from Display-Ness. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Lin, F. C. 2023a. “Ang Mo, Ah Beng and Rojak: Singapore’s Architectural Orientalism.” Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 22 (2): 896–913. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2022.2064474.
  • Lin, F. C. 2023b. “Unfolding the Form from Within: East and Southeast Urban Asia, Its Postcolonial Condition, and Its Ephemeral Architectural “Displayness.” Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 22 (2): 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2022.2046000.
  • Loos, T. 2006. Subject Siam: Family, Law, and Colonial Modernity in Thailand. Ithaca, New York, and London: Cornell University Press.
  • McLeod, J. 2010. Beginning Postcolonialism. Manchester, United Kingdom, and New York: Manchester University Press.
  • Ministry of Culture. 2012. The Ecclesiastical College at Niwet Thammaprawat Temple [In Thai]. Central Database on Culture Accessed February 18, 2023. from. http://m-culture.in.th/album/view/159214/.
  • Moonsin, W., edited by 2012. Compilation of Rama V’s Letters, 1874 – 1875 [In Thai]. Bangkok: Fine Arts Department.
  • Musgrave, C. 1970. Life in Brighton. London: Faber and Faber.
  • Mwale, K. P., and J. Lintonbon. 2020. “Heritage, Identity and the Politics of Representation in Tribal Spaces: An Examination of Architectural Approaches in Mochudi, Botswana, and Moruleng, South Africa.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 26 (3): 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2019.1621923.
  • Nana, K. 2009. Behind a Visit to Siam by the Russian Crown Prince: A New Political Dimension in the Reign of King Rama V [In Thai]. Bangkok: Matichon.
  • Nandy, A. 1983. The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • National Archives of Thailand. NA, R5 Contents of Special Accounts, M R5 Rl-Ps/2, June 3, 1878 (C.S. 1240), Chulalongkorn to Chaophraya Bhanuvongse Maha Kosathibodi (Tuam Bunnag) [In Thai].
  • National Archives of Thailand. NA, R5 MPW, k R5 YTh/19 YTh8.1/16, June 20, 1896 (R.S. 117), Phittayalab to Chulalongkorn [in Thai].
  • National Archives of Thailand. NA, R7 ME, (4) STh 2.1.2.1/5, January 21, 1926, Prajadhipok to Naris [in Thai].
  • National Archives of Thailand. NA, R7 MP, M R7 W/5 W8/3, January 22, 1926 [in Thai].
  • National Library of Thailand. NL, 1878, Chronicle of King Rama V, (Black Paper Folding Book), Bind 71, Number 4, Royal Donation of Property to Build Niwet Thammaprawat Temple J.S. 1240 [In Thai].
  • Neville, K. 2020. “The Theory and Practice of Eclecticism in Eighteenth-Century European Architecture.” The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 79 (2): 152–170. https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2020.79.2.152.
  • Nitschke, J. L., and M. Lorenzon. 2021. “Archaeology, Architecture, and the Postcolonial Critique.” In Postcolonialism, Heritage, and the Built Environment, edited by J. L. Nitschke and M. Lorenzon, 1–11. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60858-3_1.
  • Noobanjong, K. 2006. “Chakri Maha Prasat Throne Hall: A Colonial Discourse in Siamese Architecture.” Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies 4:71–88. https://doi.org/10.56261/jars.v4.169184.
  • Noobanjong, K. 2007. “The Democracy Monument: Ideology, Identity, and Power Manifested in Built Forms.” Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies 5 (3): 31–49. https://doi.org/10.56261/jars.v5i3.169069.
  • Noobanjong, K. 2013. The Aesthetics of Power: Architecture, Modernity, and Identity from Siam to Thailand. Bangkok: White Lotus Press.
  • O’Connor, R. A. 2003. “From ‘Fertility’ to ‘Order,’ Paternalism to Profit: The Thai City’s Impact on the Culture-Environment Interface.” In Founders’ Cults in Southeast Asia: Ancestors, Polity and Identity, edited by N. Tannenbaum and C. A. Kammerer, 250–268. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Southeast Asian Studies.
  • Pandya, S. 2020. “Architecture in National Identities: A Critical Review.” National Identities 22 (4): 381–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2020.1812825.
  • Panyamanee, P. 2022. “An Analytical Survey of Rethinking Postcolonialism in India and Thailand: Achievements and Failures in the Global South.” from Graduate Review of Political Science and Public Administration Journal 1 (1): 55–85. Accessed June 1, 2023. https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/GRPSPAJ/article/view/1096.
  • Panyaphet, C. 2014. “Thai contemporary art under postcolonialism in 1990s [in Thai].” M.A. thesis, Silpakorn University.
  • Patke, R. S., and P. Holden. 2010. The Routledge Concise History of Southeast Asian Writing in English. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203874035.
  • Peleggi, M. 2002. Lords of Things: The Fashioning of the Siamese Monarchy’s Modern Image. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Perry, L., and K. Livingstone. 2005. “Introduction: International Arts and Crafts.” In International Arts and Crafts, edited by K. Livingstone and L. Perry, 14–20. London: Victoria and Albert Museum Publications.
  • Piammettawat, P. edited by. (2000). King Chulalongkorn’s Journey to India, 1872 (K. Ritphairot, edited by. Bangkok: River Books.
  • Poshyananda, A. 1992. Modern Art in Thailand: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Povathong, P. 2005. Westerners in Siam: The Early Reign of King Chulalongkorn [In Thai]. Bangkok: Faculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University.
  • Povathong, P. 2011. “Building Siwilai: Transformation of architecture and architectural practice in Siam during the reign of Rama V, 1868–1910.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan.
  • Povathong, P., C. Sirithanawat, and M. Yaimeesak. 2010. The Architecture of King Chulalongkorn [In Thai]. Bangkok: Advanced Info Service Public Company Limited.
  • Prakash, G. 1994. “Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism.” The American Historical Review 99 (5): 1475–1490. https://doi.org/10.2307/2168385.
  • Rabbat, N. 2018. “The Hidden Hand: Edward Said’s Orientalism and Architectural History.” The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 77 (4): 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2018.77.4.388.
  • Rajanubhab, D. H. R. H. 1970. The Ancient Palaces [In Thai]. Bangkok: Fine Arts Department.
  • Rajchagool, C. 1984. “Social and state formation in Siam, 1855-1932.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Manchester.
  • Royal Thai Government Gazette RG 15, 38, December 18, 1898, Reception for His Royal Highness Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, Count of Turin, the Grandchild of King of Italy, 394–399 [In Thai].
  • Royal Thai Government Gazette RG 17, 24, September 9, 1900, The Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony of Vimanmek Mansion, 302–305 [In Thai].
  • Royal Thai Government Gazette RG 19, 9, June 1, 1902, Reception for His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia, 146–147 [In Thai].
  • Royal Thai Government Gazette RG 23, 49, March 3, 1906, The opening ceremony of Amphon Sathan Residence, 1241–1251 [in Thai].
  • Royal Thai Government Gazette RG 26, 0 ng, March 6, 1910, Reception for Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg, Regent of the Duchy of Brunswick. 2586–2603 [In Thai].
  • Royal Thai Government Gazette RG 7, 52. 1891. Reception for His Imperial Highness the Tsesarevich of Russia, 475–481. March 29.
  • Said, E. W. 2003. Orientalism. London: Penguin Books.
  • Saksi, N. M. R. 1996. Palace Architecture in Bangkok. London: Thames and Hudson.
  • Samniang, C. 2021. History of Phrae City: Traditional State to the Formation of Internal Colonialism Under Nation-State Discourse [In Thai]. Phitsanulok, Thailand: Faculty of Social Sciences, Naresuan University.
  • Saussure, F. D. 1966. Course in General Linguistics, C. Bally, A. Sechehaye, A. Reidlinger, and W. Baskin Eds., New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Sidhithanyakit, P. 2019. The Affection of King Chulalongkorn [In Thai]. Bangkok: Siamkhwamrou.
  • Simms, P., and S. Simms. 2001. The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History. London: Curzon Press.
  • Singhalampong, E. 2016. “From commissions to commemoration: The re-creation of king Chulalongkorn and his court, and the Thai monarchy through westernized art and western art collection.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Sussex.
  • Sirikiatikul, P. 2019. “The Reconstruction of Chakri Maha Prasat Throne Hall’s Roof Spires, 1926–1932.” In Domestic Architecture in Siam: The Reformation Period, edited by D. Wasiksiri, 66–106. Bangkok: Faculty of Architecture, Silpakorn University.
  • Smith, M. 1982. A Physician at the Court of Siam. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
  • Spivak, G. C. 1985. “Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography.” In Subaltern Studies Writing on South Asian History, and Society Vol. IV, edited by R. Guha, 330–336. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Spivak, G. C. 2000. “Deconstruction and cultural studies: Arguments for a deconstructive cultural studies.” In Deconstructions: A User’s Guide, edited by N. Royle, 4–43, New York: Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06095-2_2.
  • Spivak, G. C. 2013. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” In Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader, edited by P. Williams and L. Chrisman, 66–111. London: Routledge.
  • Subhamitr, J. C. 2008. “Vimanmek: Proposals for reinterpretation of a Thai royal palace.” Doctoral dissertation, Silpakorn University.
  • Sulistyani, H. 2022. “The Evolution of Railway Station Architecture in Java.” Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2022.2160214.
  • Suriyothin, P. 2021. “Landscape Luminaire Design for Part of the Conservation of Chudhadhuj Royal Residence, Sichang Island.” Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 20 (3): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.54028/NJ202120117.
  • Suwatthanavanich, P. 2004. “Postcolonial Concept and a Critique of Thai Literature [In Thai].” Manutsat Paritat: Journal of Humanities 26 (2): 53–63.
  • Svetozar, Z., and T. N. Giang. 2016. “Manifestation of “Indochinese style” in Hanoi’s Architecture in 1920-1950s.” Architecture and Engineering 1 (3): 33–40. https://doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2016-1-3-33-40.
  • Tambiah, S. J. 1976. World Conqueror and World Renouncer: A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand Against Historical Background. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Van Esterik, P. 2000. Materializing Thailand, Materializing Culture. Oxford: Berg.
  • Vanner, A. 2017. Gunboat Diplomacy: Franco-Siamese War of 1893. The Dawlish Chronicles. Accessed March 5, 2023, from https://dawlishchronicles.com/2017/05/06/franco-siamese-war-1893/.
  • Victoriana magazine. (1996–2015). “Discover the Royal Pavilion. Antiques and Collectibles.” Accessed January 16, 2023, from http://www.victoriana.com/Travel/royalpavilion.htm.
  • Wikieducator. (2008). “Subject Position and Subjectivization.” Cultural Studies Terms. Accessed May 30, 2023, from https://wikieducator.org/Cultural_Studies_Terms/Subject_Position_and_Subjectivization# :~:text=Foucault%20includes%20the%20subject%20in,its%20meanings%2C%20power%20and%20regulations.
  • Winichakul, T. 1994. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Winichakul, T. 2000a. “The Others Within: Travel and Ethno-Spatial Differentiation of Siamese Subjects 1885-1910.” In Civility and Savagery: Social Identity in Tai States, edited by T. Andrew, 38–62. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.
  • Winichakul, T. 2000b. “The Quest for “Siwilai”: A Geographical Discourse of Civilisation Thinking in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Siam.” Journal of Asian Studies 59 (3): 528–549. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911800014327.
  • Winichakul, T. 2011. “Siam’s Colonial Conditions and the Birth of Thai History.” In Unraveling Myths in Southeast Asian Historiography: Essays in Honour of Barend Jan Terwiel, edited by V. Grabowsky and B. J. Terwiel, 23–45. Bangkok: River Books.
  • Winichakul, T. 2014. “Foreword.” In Disturbing Conventions Decentering Thai Literary Cultures, edited by R. V. Harrison, xiii–xix. London and New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Wongchaturabhat, W. 2010. Architectural Drawing of Niwet Thammaprawat Temple [in Thai]. Bangkok: Fine Arts Department.
  • Woodhouse, L. A. 2012. “Concubines with Cameras: Royal Siamese Consorts Picturing Femininity and Ethnic Difference in Early 20th Century Siam.” Trans-Asia Photography Review 2(2). Accessed February 19, 2023. from http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.7977573.0002.202.
  • Wyatt, D. K. 1984. Thailand: A Short History. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.