256
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

An instrumental investigation of the vowel inventory of China English

ORCID Icon
Pages 111-132 | Received 31 Dec 2021, Accepted 10 Dec 2022, Published online: 22 Dec 2022

References

  • Ao, R., & Low, E. L. (2012). Exploring pronunciation features of Yunnan English. English Today, 28(3), 27–33.
  • Ao, R., & Low, E. L. (2015). A description of the Yunnan English accent. World Englishes, 34(3), 336–354.
  • Baskaran, L. (2004). Malaysian English: Phonology. In E. W. Scheider, K. Burridge, B. Kortmann, R. Mesthrie, & C. Upton (Eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, Volume 1: Phonology (pp. 1034–1046). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Boersma, P. (2001). Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot International, 5(9/10), 341–345.
  • Bolton, K. (2003). Chinese English: A sociolinguistic history. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bolton, K., & Graddol, D. (2012). English in China today. English Today, 28(3), 3–10.
  • Bolton, K., & Kwok, H. (1990). The dynamics of the Hong Kong accent: Social identity and sociolinguistic description. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 1(1), 147–172.
  • Chang, J. (1987). Chinese speaker, Learner English: A teacher’s guide to interference and other problems (2nd ed., M. Swan & B. Smith, Eds.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chao, Y. R. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Chen, Y. (2006). Production of tense-lax contrast by Mandarin speakers of English. Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica, 58(4), 240–249.
  • Cheng, C. C. (1992). Chinese varieties of English. In B. B. Kachru (Ed.), The other tongue: English across cultures (2nd ed., pp. 162–177). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Chen, Y., Robb, M., Gilbert, H., & Lerman, J. (2001). Vowel production by Mandarin speakers of English. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 15(6), 427–440.
  • Deterding, D. (1990). Speaker normalisation for automatic speech recognition ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
  • Deterding, D. (1997). The formants of monophthong vowels in standard Southern British English Pronunciation. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 27(1–2), 47–55.
  • Deterding, D. (2003). An instrumental study of the monophthong vowels of Singapore English. English World-Wide, 24(1), 1–16.
  • Deterding, D. (2005). Emergent patterns in the vowels of Singapore English. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English, 26(2), 179–197.
  • Deterding, D. (2006). The pronunciation of English by speakers from China. English World-Wide, 27(2), 175–198.
  • Deterding, D. (2017). The pronunciation of English in Guangxi: Which features cause misunderstandings? In Z. Xu, D. He, & D. Deterding (Eds.), Researching Chinese English: The state of the art (pp. 17–31). Cham: Springer International Publishing AG.
  • Deterding, D., Wong, J., & Kirkpatrick, A. (2008). The pronunciation of Hong Kong English. English World-Wide, 29(2), 148–175.
  • Duanmu, S. (2007). The phonology of standard Chinese (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Graddol, D. (2006). English Next. Why global English may mean the end of ‘English as a Foreign Language’. London: British Council. Available for free from the website of the British Council.
  • Hansen Edwards, J. G. (2017). China English: Attitudes, legitimacy, and the native speaker construct: Is China English becoming accepted as a legitimate variety of English? English Today, 33(2), 38–45.
  • Hawkins, S., & Midgley, J. (2005). Formant frequencies of RP monophthongs in four age group of speakers. Journal of the International Phonetics Association, 35(2), 183–199.
  • He, D., & Li, D. S. C. (2009). Language attitudes and linguistic features in the ‘CE’ debate. World Englishes, 28(1), 70–89.
  • He, D., & Zhang, Q. (2010). Native speaker norms and China English: From the perspective of learners and teachers in China. TESOL Quarterly, 44, 769–789. doi:10.5054/tq.2010.235995
  • Hillenbrand, J., Getty, L. A., Clark, M. J., & Wheeler, K. (1995). Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97(5), 3099–3111.
  • Ho, L. (2003). Pronunciation problems of PRC students. In G. L. Lee, L. Ho, J. E. L. Meyer, C. Varaprasad, & C. Young (Eds.), Teaching English to students from China (pp. 138–157). Singapore: Singapore University Press.
  • Hu, X. Q. (2004). Why China English, should stand alongside British, American, and the other ‘world Englishes’. English Today, 20(2), 26–33.
  • Hung, T. N. (2000). Towards a phonology of Hong Kong English. World Englishes, 19(3), 337–356.
  • Hung, T. N. (2002, December). Phonological features of Chinese varieties of English. Paper presented at the 7th English in Southeast Asia Conference, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.
  • Jenkins, J. (2002). A sociolinguistically based, empirically researched pronunciation syllabus for English as an international language. Applied Linguistics, 3(1), 83–103.
  • Jenkins, J. (2009). World Englishes: A resource book for students (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
  • Jenkins, J. (2015). Global Englishes: A resource book for students (3rd ed.). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
  • Jiang, Y. (2002). China English: Issues, studies and features. Asian Englishes, 5(2), 4–23.
  • Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk & H. Widdowson (Eds.), English in the world, teaching and learning the language and literatures (pp. 11–30). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kent, R. D., & Read, C. (2002). Acoustic analysis of speech (2nd ed.). New York: Thomson Learning.
  • Kirkpatrick, A. (2007). World Englishes: Implications for international communication and english language teaching. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kirkpatrick, A., & Xu, Z. C. (2002). Chinese pragmatic norms and CE. World Englishes, 21(2), 260–279.
  • Ladefoged, P. (2005). A course in phonetics (5th ed.). Wadsworth: Tompson.
  • Liao, J. (2006). English vowel production of Mandarin speakers. (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). University of Texas at Austin.
  • Li, S., & Sewell, A. (2012). Phonological features of CE. Asian Englishes, 15(2), 80–101.
  • Low, E. L., & Brown, A. (2005). English in Singapore: An introduction. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
  • Peterson, G. E., & Lehiste, I. (1960). Duration of syllabic nuclei in English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 32(6), 693–703.
  • Pillai, S., Don, Z. M., Knowles, G., & Tang, J. (2010). Malaysian English: An instrumental analysis of vowel contrasts. World Englishes, 29(2), 159–172.
  • Raphael, L. J. (1975). The physiological control of durational differences between vowels preceding voiced and voiceless consonants in English. Journal of Phonetics, 3(1), 25–33.
  • Rau, D. V., Chang, H. H. A., & Tarone, E. E. (2009). Think or sink: Chinese learners’ acquisition of the English voiceless interdental fricative. Language Learning, 59(3), 581–621.
  • Roach, P. (2009). English phonetics and phonology: A practical course (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Salbrina, H. S. (2012). Revisiting the vowels of Brunei English. World Englishes, 31(2), 177–197.
  • Tupas, T. R. F. (2010). Which norms in everday practice: And why? In A. Kirkpatrick (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of world Englishes (pp. 567–579). London: Routledge.
  • Wang, R. (1991). Zhongguo yingyu shi keguan cunzai (China English is an objective reality). Jiefangjun Waiyu Xueyuan Xuebao (Journal of PLA Foreign Languages Institute), 1, 1–8.
  • Wang, X., & Munro, M. J. (1998). English vowel production by native speakers of Beijing Mandarin. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 103(5), 3089.
  • Xu, Z. (2006). Rectifying “Chinese English. In A. Hashim & N. Hassan (Eds.), Varieties of English in Southeast Asia and Beyond (pp. 283–291). Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.
  • Xu, Z. (2008). Analysis of syntactic features of Chinese English. Asian Englishes, 11(2), 4–31.
  • Xu, Z. (2010). Chinese English, features and implications. Hong Kong, China: Open University of Hong Kong Press.
  • Zhang, F., & Yin, P. (2009). A study of pronunciation problems of English learners in China. Asian Social Science, 5(6), 141–146.
  • Zwicker, E., & Ernst, T. (1980). Analytical expressions for critical-band rate and critical bandwidth as a function of frequency. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 29(5), 1523–1525.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.