European Union agencies and their management boards: an assessment of accountability and demoi-cratic legitimacy

REFERENCES

• Besson, S. (2006) ‘Deliberative demoi-cracy in the European Union – towards the deterritorialization of democracy’, in S. Besson and J. Luis Martí (eds), Deliberative Democracy and its Discontents, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 181–214.
   Google Scholar
• Borras, S., Koutalakis, C. and Wendler, F. (2007) ‘European agencies and input legitimacy: EFSA, EMEA and EPO in the post-delegation phase’, European Integration 29(5): 583–600.
   Google Scholar
• Bovens, M. (2007) ‘Analysing and assessing accountability: a conceptual framework’, European Law Journal 13(4): 447–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovens, M., Curtin, D., and ’t Hart, P. (2010) ‘Studying the real world of EU accountability: framework and design’, in M. Bovens, D. Curtin and P. ’t Hart (eds), The Real World of EU Accountability: What Deficit?, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 31–62.
   Google Scholar
• Buess, M. (2011) ‘European Union agencies’ relationships with their national counterparts: domestic sources of accountability?’, Paper presented at the 6th ECPR General Conference, European Consortium for Politcal Research, Reykjavik, 25–27 August.
   Google Scholar
• Busuioc, M. (2009) ‘Accountability, control and independence: the case of European Agencies’, European Law Journal 15(5): 599–615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busuioc, M. (2010) ‘European agencies: pockets of accountability’, in M. Bovens, D. Curtin and P. ’t Hart (eds), The Real World of EU Accountability: What Deficit?, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 87–116.
   Google Scholar
• Busuioc, M. (2012) ‘European agencies and their boards: promises and pitfalls of accountability beyond design’, Journal of European Public Policy 19(5): 719–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheneval, F. (2008) ‘Multilateral democracy: the “original position”’, Journal of Social Philosophy 39: 42–61.
   Google Scholar
• Cheneval, F. (2011) The Government of the Peoples: On the Idea and Principles of Multilateral Democracy, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cheneval, F. and Schimmelfennig, F. (2013) ‘The case for demoi-cracy in the EU’, Journal of Common Market Studies 51(2): 334–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheneval, F., Lavenex, S. and Schimmelfennig, F. (2014) ‘Demoi-cracy in the European Union: principles, institutions, policies’, Journal of European Public Policy, doi: 10.1080/13501763.2014.886902.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, J.G. and Nielsen, V.L. (2010) ‘Administrative capacity, structural choice and the creation of EU Agencies’, Journal of European Public Policy 17(2): 176–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, T. and Laegreid, P. (2007) ‘Regulatory agencies – the challenges of balancing agency autonomy and political control’, Governance-An International Journal of Policy and Administration 20(3): 499–520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin, D. (2005) ‘Delegation to EU non-majoritarian agencies and emerging practices of public accountability’, in D. Geradin, R. Muñoz and N. Petit (eds), Regulation through Agencies in the EU: A New Paradigm of European Governance, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp, 88–119.
   Google Scholar
• Curtin, D. (2007) ‘Holding (quasi-)autonomous EU administrative actors to public account’, European Law Journal 13(4): 523–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin, D. (2009) Executive Power of the European Union: Law, Practices, and the Living Constitution, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eberlein, B. and Newman, A.L. (2008) ‘Escaping the international governance dilemma? Incorporated transgovernmental networks in the European Union’, Governance – An International Journal of Policy and Administration 21(1): 25–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeberg, M. (2003) ‘How bureaucratic structure matters: an organizational perspective’, in B.G. Peters and J. Pierre (eds), Handbook of Public Administration, London: Sage, pp. 116–26.
   Google Scholar
• Egeberg, M., Martens, M. and Trondal, J. (2009) Building Executive Power at the European Level: On the Role of EU-Level Agencies, Oslo: ARENA.
   Google Scholar
• Egeberg, M. and Trondal, J. (2009) ‘Political leadership and bureaucratic autonomy: effects of agencification’, Governance – An International Journal of Policy Administration and Institutions 22(4): 673–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeberg, M. and Trondal, J. (2011) ‘EU-level agencies: new executive centre formation or vehicles for national control?’, Journal of European Public Policy 18(6): 868–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follesdal, A. (2011) ‘The legitimacy challenges for new modes of governance: trustworthy responsiveness’, Government and Opposition 46(1): 81–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehring, T. and Krapohl, S. (2007) ‘Supranational regulatory agencies between independence and control: the EMEA and the authorization of pharmaceuticals in the European single market’, Journal of European Public Policy 14(2): 208–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geradin, D. (2005) ‘The development of European regulatory agencies: lessons from the American experience’, in D. Geradin, R. Muñoz and N. Petit (eds), Regulation through Agencies in the EU: A New Paradigm of European Governance, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 215–45.
   Google Scholar
• Geradin, D. and Petit, N. (2004) The Development of Agencies at EU and National Levels: Conceptual Analysis and Proposals for Reform, New York: The Jean Monnet Program.
   Google Scholar
• Gilardi, F. (2002) ‘Policy credibility and delegation to independent regulatory agencies: a comparative empirical analysis’, Journal of European Public Policy 9(6): 873–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilardi, F. (2008) Delegation in the Regulatory State: Independent Regulatory Agencies in Western Europe, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Groenleer, M. (2009) The Autonomy of European Agencies, Delft: Eburon.
   Google Scholar
• Hanretty, C. and Koop, C. (2012) ‘Measuring the formal independence of regulatory agencies’, Journal of European Public Policy 19(2): 198–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Héritier, A. and Lehmkuhl, D. (2008) ‘Introduction: the shadow of hierarchy and new modes of governance’, Journal of Public Policy 28(1): 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Héritier, A. and Lehmkuhl, D. (2011) ‘New modes of governance and democratic accountability’, Government and Opposition 46(1): 126–44.
   Google Scholar
• James, O. and van Thiel, S. (2011) ‘Structural devolution to agencies’, in T. Christensen and P. Lægreid (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion to New Public Management. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 209–22.
   Google Scholar
• Kassim, H. and Menon, A. (2003) ‘The principal–agent approach and the study of the European Union: promise unfulfilled?’, Journal of European Public Policy 10(1): 121–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelemen, R.D. (2002) ‘The politics of “Eurocratic” structure and the new European Agencies’, West European Politics 25(4): 93–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelemen, R.D. and Tarrant, A.D. (2011) ‘The political foundations of the Eurocracy’, West European Politics 34(5): 922–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krapohl, S. (2004). ‘Credible commitment in non-independent regulatory agencies: a comparative analysis of the European Agencies for pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs’, European Law Journal 10(5): 518–38.
   Google Scholar
• Lindgren, K.-O. and Persson, T. (2010) ‘Input and output legitimacy: synergy or trade-off? Empirical evidence from an EU survey’, Journal of European Public Policy 17(4): 449–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodge, M. (2008) ‘Regulation, the regulatory state and European politics’, West European Politics 31(1–2): 280–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnette, P., Lequesne, C., Jabko, N. and Costa, O. (2003) ‘Conclusion: diffuse democracy in the European Union: the pathologies of delegation’, Journal of European Public Policy 10(5): 834–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majone, G. (2002a) International Economic Integration, National Autonomy, Transnational Democracy: An Impossible Trinity?, Florence: European University Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Majone, G. (2002b) ‘Delegation of regulatory powers in a mixed polity’, European Law Journal 8(3): 319–39.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolaidis, K. (2004) ‘European demoi-cracy and its crisis’, Journal of Common Market Studies 51(2): 351–69.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolaidis, K. (2013) ‘“We, the peoples of Europe…”’, Foreign Affairs 83(6): 97–110.
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos, Y. (2007) ‘Problems of democratic accountability in network and multilevel governance’, European Law Journal 13(4): 469–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos, Y. (2010) ‘Accountability and multi-level governance: more accountability, less democracy?’, West European Politics 33(5): 1030–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollack, M.A. (1997) ‘Delegation, agency, and agenda setting in the European Community’, International Organization 51(1): 99–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollack, M.A. (2003) The Engines of European Integration: Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the EU, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pollak, J. and Puntscher-Riekmann, S. (2008) ‘European administration: centralisation and fragmentation as means of polity-building?’, West European Politics 31(4): 771–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollitt, C., Talbot, T., Caulfield, J. and Smullen, A. (2004) Agencies: How Governments Do Things through Semi-autonomous Organizations, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, M. (1997) ‘The problems of independent agencies in the United States and the European Union’, Journal of European Public Policy 4(2): 276–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher, M. (2002) ‘Regulation after delegation: independent regulatory agencies in Europe’, Journal of European Public Policy 9(6): 954–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher, M. (2005) ‘The third force? Independent regulatory agencies and elected politicians in Europe’, Governance – An International Journal of Policy and Administration 18(3): 347–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher, M. and Stone Sweet, A. (2002) ‘Theory and practice of delegation to non-majoritarian institutions’, West European Politics 25(1): 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trondal, J. (2010) Bureaucratic Structure and Administrative Behaviour: Lessons from International Bureaucracy, Oslo: ARENA.
   Google Scholar
• Vos, E. (2000) ‘Reforming the European Commission: what role to play for EU agencies?’, Common Market Law Review 37(5): 1113–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos, E. (2005) ‘Independence, accountability and transparency of European regulatory agencies’, in D. Geradin, R. Muñoz and N. Petit (eds), Regulation through Agencies in the EU: A New Paradigm of European Governance, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 120–40.
   Google Scholar
• Weale, A. (2011) ‘New modes of governance, political accountability and public reason’, Government and Opposition 46(1): 58–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wonka, A. and Rittberger, B. (2010) ‘Credibility, complexity and uncertainty: explaining the institutional independence of 29 EU agencies’, West European Politics 33(5): 730–52.
   Google Scholar
• Wonka, A. and Rittberger, B. (2011) ‘Perspectives on EU governance: an empirical assessment of the political attitudes of EU agency professionals’, Journal of European Public Policy 18(6): 888–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwart, T. and Verhey, L.F.M. (2003) Agencies in European and Comparative Perspective, Antwerp: Intersentia.
   Google Scholar