Is populism a challenge to European energy and climate policy? Empirical evidence across varieties of populism

References

• Akkerman, T. (2012). Comparing radical right parties in government: Immigration and integration policies in nine countries (1996–2010). West European Politics, 35(3), 511–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2012.665738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANA. (2018). Committee on energy sets objectives of national energy strategy in first meeting.
   Google Scholar
• ANO. (2013). Resortní program. https://www.anobudelip.cz/cs/o-nas/program/volby-2013/resortni-program/.
   Google Scholar
• ANO. (2014). Náš program pro volby do Evropského parlamentu. https://www.anobudelip.cz/cs/o-nas/eurovolby/detailni-program/.
   Google Scholar
• ANO. (2017). Teď nebo nikdy. Ten jediný program, který potřebujete. Program hnutí ANO pro volby do Poslanecké sněmovny 2017. https://www.anobudelip.cz/cs/makame/aktuality/novinky/ted-nebo-nikdy-35720.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• BMNT & BMVIT. (2018). #mission2030. Austrian Climate and Energy Strategy. https://www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at/dam/jcr:903d5cf5-c3ac-47b6-871c-c83eae34b273/20_18_beilagen_nb.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bocquillon, P., & Maltby, T. (2020). EU energy policy integration as embedded intergovernmentalism: The case of energy Union governance. Journal of European Integration, 42(1), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1708339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzogány, A., & Ćetković, S. (2021). Fractionalized but ambitious? Voting on energy and climate policy in the European parliament. Journal of European Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1918220
   Google Scholar
• Castanho Silva, B., Vegetti, F., & Littvay, L. (2017). The elite is up to something: Exploring the relation between populism and belief in conspiracy theories. Swiss Political Science Review, 23(4), 423–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CCCA. (2019). Ref-NEKP & Bewertung Parteipositionen Sept 2019. https://ccca.ac.at/wissenstransfer/informationsdokumente/ref-nekp-bewertung-parteipositionen-sept-2019.
   Google Scholar
• Ćetković, S., & Buzogány, A. (2019). The political economy of EU climate and energy policies in central and eastern Europe revisited: Shifting coalitions and prospects for clean energy transitions. Politics and Governance, 7(1), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i1.1786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ćetković, S., & Hagemann, C. (2020). Changing climate for populists? Examining the influence of radical-right political parties on low-carbon energy transitions in Western Europe. Energy Research & Social Science, 66, 101571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• der Standard. (2015). FPÖ-Umweltsprecherin Winter nennt Klimawandel “Lügengebäude”. http://derstandard.at/2000018839122/FPOe-Umweltsprecherin-Winter-nennt-Klimawandel-Luegengebaeude
   Google Scholar
• EDEM. (2018, May 21). New Italian coalition set to support renewables expansion. European Daily Electricity Markets, Factiva.
   Google Scholar
• Eldiario.es. (2018). Unidos Podemos presenta una ley de cambio climático a la espera de la propuesta del Gobierno. https://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/Unidos-Podemos-climatico-propuesta-Gobierno_0_794421433.html.
   Google Scholar
• Euractiv. (2019). Five Star Movement unveils plan to form EU Parliament group. https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/five-star-movement-unveils-plan-to-form-eu-parliament-group/.
   Google Scholar
• Falkner, G., & Plattner, G. (2019). EU policies and populist radical right parties’ programmatic claims: Foreign policy, anti-discrimination and the single market. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 58(3), 723–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Font, N., Graziano, P., & Tsakatika, M. (2019). Varieties of inclusionary populism? SYRIZA, podemos and the five star movement. Government and Opposition, 56(1), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2019.17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forchtner, B., & Kølvraa, C. (2015). The nature of nationalism: Populist radical right parties on countryside and climate. Nature and Culture, 10(2), 199–224. https://doi.org/10.3167/nc.2015.100204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FPÖ. (2017). Österreicher verdienen Fairness. Freiheitliches Wahlprogramm zur Nationalratswahl 2017. FPÖ.
   Google Scholar
• FPÖ. (2019a). Mit Sicherheit für Österreich: Fair. Sozial. Heimattreu. https://www.fpoe.at/wahlprogramm-nrw-2019/mit-sicherheit-fuer-oesterreich-fair-sozial-heimattreu/.
   Google Scholar
• FPÖ. (2019b). FPÖ-Rauch: „Ständige Klimahysterie gefährdet tausende Jobs in Österreich“. https://www.fpoe.at/en/artikel/fpoe-rauch-staendige-klimahysterie-gefaehrdet-tausende-jobs-in-oesterreich/.
   Google Scholar
• Fraune, C., & Knodt, M. (2018). Sustainable energy transformations in an age of populism, post-truth politics, and local resistance. Energy Research & Social Science, 43, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.05.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Guardian. (2015). Greece: Syriza juggles coal, pipelines and climate ambitions. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jan/26/greece-syriza-juggles-coal-pipelines-and-climate-ambitions.
   Google Scholar
• Hanley, S., & Vachudova, M. A. (2018). Understanding the illiberal turn: Democratic backsliding in the Czech Republic. East European Politics, 34(3), 276–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2018.1493457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkin, J., & Blyth, M. (2019). The global economics of European populism: Growth regimes and party system change in Europe. Government and Opposition, 54(2), 193–225. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2018.43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, R. A. (2020). The role of populist attitudes in explaining climate change skepticism and support for environmental protection. Environmental Politics, 29(6), 959–982. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1708186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, R. A., Fesenfeld, L., & Bernauer, T. (2020). Political populism, responsiveness, and public support for climate mitigation. Climate Policy, 20(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1736490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, R. A., & Schimpf, C. H. (2017). On the distinct effects of left-wing and right-wing populism on democratic quality. Politics and Governance, 5(4), 146–165. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i4.919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahn, D. (2021). Populist parties in government and greenhouse gas emissions: Deepening social division in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1918215
   Google Scholar
• Kathimerini. (2019). Greece to adopt national policy on climate change, PM tells UN. http://www.ekathimerini.com/244839/article/ekathimerini/news/greece-to-adopt-national-policy-on-climate-change-pm-tells-un.
   Google Scholar
• Kopeček, L. (2016). “I’m paying, so I decide”: Czech ANO as an extreme form of a business-firm party. East European Politics and Societies, 30(4), 725–749. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325416650254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurier. (2017). Strache und der Klimawandel: Alles verhandelbar. https://kurier.at/politik/inland/strache-und-der-klimawandel-alles-verhandelbar/284.924.906.
   Google Scholar
• Lockwood, M. (2018). Right-wing populism and the climate change agenda: Exploring the linkages. Environmental Politics, 27(4), 712–732. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2018.1458411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M5S. (2013). Programma. https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu//down/originals/32956_2013.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• M5S. (2018a). Energy programme [Energia program]. https://www.movimento5stelle.it/programma/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Energia.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• M5S. (2018b). Environment programme [Ambiente program]. https://www.movimento5stelle.it/programma/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Ambiente.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• M5S. (2018c). EU programme [Unione Europea program]. https://www.movimento5stelle.it/programma/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Unione-Europea.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• M5S. (2018d). Programma Affari Costituzionali [Constitutional Affairs programme]. https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu//down/originals/2019-1/32956_2018.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• March, L. (2017). Left and right populism compared: The British case. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 19(2), 282–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117701753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonnell, D., & Werner, A. (2018). Respectable radicals: Why some radical right parties in the European Parliament forsake policy congruence. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(5), 747–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1298659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, T. M., & Miller, B. (2015). The niche party concept and its measurement. Party Politics, 21(2), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068812472582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Environment. (2017). The Climate Protection Policy of the Czech Republic. https://www.mzp.cz/C125750E003B698B/en/climate_protection_policy/$FILE/OEOK_CPPES_20180105.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mosca, L., & Tronconi, F. (2019). Beyond left and right: The eclectic populism of the five star movement. West European Politics, 42(6), 1258–1283. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1596691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2013). Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary populism: Comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government and Opposition, 48(2), 147–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2012.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, W. C., Bodlos, A., Dolezal, M., Eder, N., Ennser-Jedenastik, L., Kaltenegger, M., Meyer, T. M., Praprotnik, K., & Winkler, A. K. (2017). AUTNES Content Analysis of Party Manifestos 2013 (ZA6877 Data file Version 1.1.0). GESIS Data Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Neumayer, E. (2004). The environment, left-wing political orientation and ecological economics. Ecological Economics, 51(3–4), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novinky.cz. (2019). Babiš: Není možné dostat klima do pozice náboženství, že se nesmí létat letadly’. https://www.novinky.cz/domaci/clanek/babis-neni-mozne-dostat-klima-do-pozice-nabozenstvi-ze-se-nesmi-letat-letadly-40296782.
   Google Scholar
• Oberthür, S., & Dupont, C. (2021). The European Union’s international climate leadership: Towards a grand climate strategy? Journal of European Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1918218
   Google Scholar
• ORF. (2018). Harter Schlagabtausch über Klimapolitik. https://orf.at/stories/3068681/.
   Google Scholar
• Osička, J., & Černoch, F. (2017). Anatomy of a black sheep: The roots of the Czech Republic’s pro-nuclear energy policy. Energy Research & Social Science, 27, 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otjes, S., & Louwerse, T. (2015). Populists in Parliament: Comparing left-wing and right-wing populism in the Netherlands: Populists in Parliament. Political Studies, 63(1), 60–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PiS. (2014). Program Prawa i Sprawiedliwości. http://pis.org.pl/dokumenty.
   Google Scholar
• PiS. (2019). Polski Model Państwa Dobrobytu. Program prawa i Sprawiedliwości. http://pis.org.pl/dokumenty.
   Google Scholar
• Podemos. (2014). Programa electoral de Podemos para las Europeas 2014. https://www.eldiario.es/campa%C3%B1a/Programa-electoral-Podemos-Europeas_6_258334180.html.
   Google Scholar
• Podemos. (2015). Queremos, Sabemos, Podemos. Un Programa Para Cambiar, Nuestro, País. VEGAP.
   Google Scholar
• Podemos. (2019a). Programa de Podemos: Las razones siguen intactas. https://podemos.info/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Podemos_programa_generales_10N.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Podemos. (2019b). Programa de Podemos: Para una Europa con más democracia, derechos, justicia y future. https://podemos.info/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Programa_completo_europeas_Podemos.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Renewables Now. (2020). Poland to award 10.5 GW of offshore wind under revised draft law. https://renewablesnow.com/news/poland-to-award-105-gw-of-offshore-wind-under-revised-draft-law-705804/.
   Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M. (2018). What unites the voter bases of populist parties? Comparing the electorates of 15 populist parties. European Political Science Review, 10(3), 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773917000145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M., & Akkerman, T. (2017). Flank attacks: Populism and left-right radicalism in Western Europe. Party Politics, 23(3), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068815596514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M., Van Kessel, S., Frioi, C., Pirro, A., de Lange, S. L., Halikiopoulou, D., Lewis, P., Mudde, C., & Taggart, P. A. (2019). The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe. http://www.popu-list.org.
   Google Scholar
• Schaller, S., & Carius, A. (2019). Convenient truths. Mapping climate agendas of right-wing populist parties in Europe. adelphi consult GmbH.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, B. (2017). Populism in Central and Eastern Europe. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Populism (Vol. 1, pp. 140–160). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Syriza. (2015a). Draft Government Programme. https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/down/originals/2016-1/34212_201509.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Syriza. (2015b). Syriza Government Framework [Πλαισιο Κυβϵρνητικου Προγραμματοσ Του Συριζα]. https://www.syriza.gr/article/id/60146/PLAISIO-KYBERNHTIKOY-PROGRAMMATOS-TOY-SYRIZA.html.
   Google Scholar
• Syriza. (2019a). Now we decide for our life programmatic commitments 2019-2023 [ΤΩΡΑ ΑΠΟΦΑΣΙΖΟΥΜΕ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΖΩΗ ΜΑΣ Προγραμματικές δϵσμϵύσϵις 2019-2023]. https://www.syriza.gr/upload/81693_1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Syriza. (2019b). This is the Syriza Programme [Αυτό ϵίναι το πρόγραμμα του ΣΥΡΙΖΑ].
   Google Scholar
• Szulecka, J., & Szulecki, K. (2019). A Climate Sceptical Mitigation Policy? Explaining Poland’s carbon forestry two-level game’. Paper Presented at the ECPR General Conference 2019, University of Wroclaw.
   Google Scholar
• Szulecki, K. (2020). ‘Poland: Incumbent stability amid legislative volatility. In E. L. Boasson, M. D. Leiren, & J. Wettestad (Eds.), Comparative Renewables Policy. Political, Organizational and European Fields (pp. 126–148). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Szulecki, K., & Ancygier, A. (2015). The new Polish government’s energy policy: Expect more State, less market. Energy Post. https://energypost.eu/new-polish-governments-energy-policy-expect-state-less-market/.
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, P., & Szczerbiak, A. (2013). Coming in from the cold? Euroscepticism, government participation and party positions on Europe. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(1), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02298.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ČTK. (2019). Už 80 procent Čechů vnímá změny klimatu jako vážný problém. Nejvíc jim vadí málo vody. https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/80-procent-cechu-vnima-zmeny-klimatu-jako-vazny-problem-nejv/r~8ce999fae15511e9b259ac1f6b220ee8/.
   Google Scholar
• Van Rensburg, W. (2015). Climate change scepticism: A conceptual re-evaluation. SAGE Open, 5(2), 215824401557972. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015579723
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Homeyer, I., Oberthür, S., & Jordan, A. J. (2021). EU climate and energy governance in times of crisis: Towards a new agenda. Journal of European Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1918221
   Google Scholar
• Zuk, P., & Szulecki, K. (2020). Unpacking the right-populist threat to climate action: Poland’s pro-governmental media on energy transition and climate change. Energy Research & Social Science, 66, 101485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulianello, M. (2020). Varieties of populist parties and party systems in Europe: From state-of-the-art to the application of a novel classification scheme to 66 parties in 33 countries. Government and Opposition, 55(2), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2019.21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar