References
- Aisch, G., Huang, J., & Kang, C. (2016). Dissecting the #PizzaGate conspiracy theories. The New York Times.
- Akerlof, G., & Shiller, R. J. (2009). Animal spirits: How human psychology drives the economy, and why it matters for global capitalism. Princeton University Press.
- Angwin, J., Larson, J., Mattu, S., & Kirchner, L. (2016). Machine bias. ProPublica.
- Bearson, D., Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2019). Measuring the impacts of labor in the platform economy: New work created, old work reorganized, and value creation reconfigured. Industrial and Corporate Change.
- Belam, M. (2021). Black Lives Matter movement nominated for Nobel peace prize. The Guardian.
- Black Lives Matter. (2021). BLM herstory.
- Broadbent, M. (2020). The digital services act, the digital markets act, and the new competition tool.
- Brundage, M., Avin, S., Clark, J., Toner, H., Eckersley, P., Garfinkel, B., Dafoe, A., Scharre, P., Zeitzoff, T., Filar, B., Anderson, H., Roff, H., Allen, G. C., Steinhardt, J., Flynn, C., Héigeartaigh, SÓ, Beard, S., Belfield, H., Farquhar, S., … Amodei, D. (2018). The malicious use of artificial intelligence: Forecasting, prevention, and mitigation. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.07228.pdf
- Büthe, T., Djeffal, C., Lütge, C., Maasen, S., & von Ingersleben-Seip, N. (2022, in press). Governing AI: Attempting to herd cats? Journal of European Public Policy, editors’ introduction to the special issue on ‘The Governance of Artificial Intelligence’.
- Cadwalladr, C. (2017). The great British Brexit robbery: How our democracy was hijacked. The Guardian.
- Christian, B. (2020). The alignment problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company.
- Cioffi, J., Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2022). Platform power and regulatory politics: Polanyi for the 21st century. New Political Economy. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2022.2027355. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10. 1080/13563467.2022.2027355
- Cohen, P. (2016). Harold Cohen and AARON. AI Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v37i4.2695
- Conger, K. (2020). Uber and Lyft drivers in California will remain contractors. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/04/technology/california-uber-lyft-prop-22.html
- Crain, M., & Nadler, A. (2019). Political manipulation and internet advertising infrastructure. Journal of Information Policy, 9(1), 370–410. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0370
- Cutolo, D., & Kenney, M. (2020). Platform-dependent entrepreneurs: Power asymmetries, risks, and strategies in the platform economy. Academy of Management Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2019.0103
- Dastin, J. (2018). Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women. Reuters.
- David, P. A. (1986). Narrow windows, blind giants, and angry orphans: The dynamics of systems rivalries and dilemmas of technology policy. Center for Economic Policy Research.
- Deutsch, M. (2016). Harry Potter: Written by artificial intelligence. Deep Writing. https://medium.com/deep-writing/harry-potter-written-by-artificial-intelligence-8a9431803da6
- Djeffal, C., Siewert, M., & Wurster, S. (2022, in press). The role of the state and responsibility in governing artificial intelligence: A comparative analysis of AI strategies. Journal of European Public Policy, special issue ‘The Governance of Artificial Intelligence’, edited by Büthe, T. et al.
- Eckersley, P., & Nasser, Y. (2017). AI progress measurement. Electronic Frontier Foundation AI Progress Measurement Project.
- Fleischmann, K. R., & Wallace, W. A. (2006). Ethical implications of values embedded in computational models: An exploratory study. American Society for Information Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1002/meet.14504301254
- Gardner, H. E. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. Basic Books.
- Global Disinformation Index. (2020). Why is ad tech paying US$25 million to COVID-19 disinfo sites? Retrieved July 8, 2020, form https://www.disinformationindex.org/blog/2020-7-8-why-is-ad-tech-paying-us25-million-to-covid-19-disinfo-sites/
- Groth, O., & Nitzberg, M. (2018). Solomon’s code: Humanity in a world of thinking machines. Pegasus Books.
- Hiar, C. (2021). Twitter bots are a major source of climate disinformation. Scientific American.
- High Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence. (2019). A definition of AI: Main capabilities and disciplines. https://www.aepd.es/sites/default/files/2019-12/ai-definition.pdf
- HolonIQ. (2020). Global AI strategy landscape. https://www.holoniq.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/HolonIQ-2020-AI-Strategy-Landscape.pdf
- Joshi, M., Choi, E., Weld, D. S., & Zettlemoyer, L. (2017). TriviaQA: A large scale distantly supervised challenge dataset for reading comprehension. Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 1601–1611. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P17-1147
- Karki, D. (2020). Can you guess how much data is generated every day? Takeo.
- Kaushal, A., Altman, R., & Langlotz, C. (2020). Health care AI systems are biased. Scientific American.
- Kenney, M., Bearson, D., & Zysman, J. (2019). The platform economy matures: Pervasive power, private regulation, and dependent entrepreneurs. Socio-Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3497974
- Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2016). The rise of the platform economy. Issues in Science and Technology, 32(3), 61.
- Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2019). Unicorns, Cheshire cats, and the new dilemmas of entrepreneurial finance. Venture Capital, 21(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691066.2018.1517430
- Khan, L. M. (2016). Amazon’s antitrust paradox. Yale Law Journal, 126(3), 710–805. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox
- Kissinger, H., Schmidt, E., & Huttenlacher, D. (2021). The age of AI and our human future. Hachette Group.
- Klein, A. (2020). Reducing bias in AI-based financial services. https://www.brookings.edu/research/reducing-bias-in-ai-based-financial-services/
- Knight, W. (2020). If AI’s so smart, why can’t it grasp cause and effect? WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/ai-smart-cant-grasp-cause-effect/
- Kravitz, N. (Host). (2020). Not so taxing: Intuit uses AI to make tax day easier (Episode 121). The AI Podcast.
- Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. (2012). Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Neural Information Processing Systems, 25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3065386
- Lessig, L. (1999). Code: And other laws of cyberspace. Basic Books.
- Manyika, J., Lund, S., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Woetzel, J., Batra, P., Ko, R., & Sanghvi, S. (2017). Jobs lost, jobs gained: Workforce transitions in a time of automation. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Public-and-Social-Sector/Our-Insights/What-the-future-of-work-will-mean-for-jobs-skills-and-wages/MGI-Jobs-Lost-Jobs-Gained-Executive-summary-December-6-2017.pdf
- Manyika, J., Madgavkar, A., Tacke, T., Smit, S., Woetzel, J., & Abdulaal, A. (2020). The social contract in the 21st century. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-social-contract-in-the-21st-century
- Marcus, G. (2020). The next decade in AI: Four steps towards robust artificial intelligence. ArXiv, abs/2002.0.
- Marcus, G., & Davis, E. (2019). Rebooting AI: Building artificial intelligence we can trust. Pantheon Books.
- Marr, B. (2018). How much data do we create every day? The mind-blowing stats everyone should read. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/05/21/how-much-data-do-we-create-every-day-the-mind-blowing-stats-everyone-should-read/?sh=40c666b460ba
- Marr, B. (2019). 13 mind-blowing things artificial intelligence can already do today. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2019/11/11/13-mind-blowing-things-artificial-intelligence-can-already-do-today/?sh=6709939b6502
- Mayer, F. W. (2014). Narrative politics: Stories and collective action. OUP.
- McCarthy, J. (2007). What is artificial intelligence?
- McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (1955). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence. AI Magazine, 12. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904
- McCulloch, W. S., & Pitts, W. (1943). A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 5(4), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02478259
- Minsky, M. (1968). Semantic information processing. The MIT Press.
- Mitchell, Y. S., & LaVecchia, O. (2016). Amazon’s stranglehold: How the company’s tightening grip is stifling competition, eroding jobs, and threatening communities. Institute for Local Self Reliance. https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ILSR_AmazonReport_final.pdf
- Mozur, P. (2018). A genocide incited on Facebook, with posts from Myanmar’s military. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html
- National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence. (2021). NSCAI final report. https://www.nscai.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Full-Report-Digital-1.pdf
- Nielsen, N. C., Murray, J., & Zysman, J. (2013). The services dilemma: Productivity sinkhole or commoditization? Verb Books.
- Nitzberg, M., & Carlton, C. (2021). Technology solutions for disinformation (BRIE working paper 2021-7). https://brie.berkeley.edu/publications/technology-solutions-disinformation
- Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science, 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342
- OECD. (2020). OECD employment outlook 2020: Worker security and the COVID-19 crisis. https://doi.org/10.1787/1686c758-en
- O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction. Crown Books.
- Putnam, R. D. (1988). Diplomacy and domestic politics: The logic of two-level games. International Organization, 42(3), 427–460. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027697
- Roberts, H., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., Wang, V., & Floridi, L. (2020). The Chinese approach to artificial intelligence: An analysis of policy, ethics, and regulation. AI & Society, 36(1), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-00992-2
- Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial intelligence. A modern approach. Pearson.
- Schmit, E. (2021). National security commission on AI. https://www.nscai.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Full-Report-Digital-1.pdf
- Shiller, R. J. (2019). Narrative economics: How stories go viral and drive major economic events. Princeton University Press.
- Tyson, L., & Zysman, J. (2022). Automation, AI, and work. Daedalus, 151(2), 256–271. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01914
- Wachsmuth, D., & Weisler, A. (2018). Airbnb and the rent gap: Gentrification through the sharing economy. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 50(6), 1147–1170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X18778038
- Wendling, M. (2016). The saga of “pizzagate”: The fake story that shows how conspiracy theories spread. BBC News.
- Wigglesworth, R. (2020). How big tech got even bigger in the Covid-19 era. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/d2e09235-b28e-438d-9b55-0e6bab7ac8ec
- Zervas, G., Proserpio, D., & Byers, J. W. (2017). The rise of the sharing economy: Estimating the impact of Airbnb on the hotel industry. Journal of Marketing Research, 54(5), 687–705. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.15.0204
- Zysman, J., Feldman, S., Kushida, K. E., Murray, J., & Nielsen, N. C. (2013). Services with everything: The ICT enabled transformation of services. In The third globalization: Can wealthy nations stay rich in the 21st century. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917822.001.0001
- Zysman, J., Kenney, M., & Tyson, L. D. (2019). Beyond hype and despair: Developing healthy communities in the era of intelligent tools (Innovation Policy White Paper Series 2019-01). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3414691
- Zysman, J., & Nitzberg, M. (2020). Governing AI: Understanding the limits, possibilities, and risks of AI in an era of intelligent tools and systems. Wilson Center. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/governing-ai-understanding-limits-possibilities-and-risks-ai-era-intelligent-tools-and