The critical realist conception of open and closed systems

References

• Bigo, V. (2006). Open and closed systems and the Cambridge School. Review of Social Economy, 64, 493–514.10.1080/00346760601024468
   Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, R. (1978). A realist theory of science. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. (2014). Critical realism in social research: Approach with caution. Work, Employment and Society, 28, 112–123.10.1177/0950017013500114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright, N. (2007). Hunting causes and using them: Approaches in philosophy and economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511618758
   Google Scholar
• Chick, V., & Dow, S. (2005). The meaning of open systems. Journal of Economic Methodology, 12, 363–381.10.1080/13501780500223585
   Google Scholar
• Cottrell, A. (1998). Realism, regularities and prediction. Review of Social Economy, 56, 347–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow, S. (2004). Reorienting economics: Some epistemological issues. Journal of Economic Methodology, 11, 307–312.10.1080/1350178042000258563
   Google Scholar
• Downward, P. (2015). Regression analysis: A review. In F. Lee & B. Cronin (Eds.), Handbook of research methods and applications in heterodox economics (pp. 210–221). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Fleetwood, S. (2001). Causal laws, functional relations and tendencies. Review of Political Economy, 13, 201–220.10.1080/09538250120036646
   Google Scholar
• Fleetwood, S. (2005). The ontology of organisation and management studies: A critical realist approach. Organisation, 12, 197–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleetwood, S. (2009). The ontology of things, properties and powers. Journal of Critical Realism, 8, 343–366.10.1558/jocr.v8i3.343
   Google Scholar
• Fleetwood, S. (2011). Powers and tendencies revisited. Journal of Critical Realism, 10, 80–99.10.1558/jcr.v10i1.80
   Google Scholar
• Fleetwood, S. (2012). Laws and tendencies in Marxist political economy. Capital & Class, 36, 235–262.
   Google Scholar
• Fleetwood, S. (2014). Do labour supply and demand curves exist? Cambridge Journal of Economics, 38, 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleetwood, S. (2016). (Mis)understanding labour markets. In J. Murray (Ed.), Labour markets: Analysis, regulation and outcomes (pp. 1–66). New York, NY: Nova Science.
   Google Scholar
• Fleetwood, S., & Hesketh, A. (2010). Explaining the performance of human resource management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hamermesh, D. (1993). Labour demand. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hausman, D. (1992). The inexact and separate science of economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511752032
   Google Scholar
• Hindriks, F. (2013). Explanation, understanding, and unrealistic models. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 44, 523–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson, G. (2006). Economics in the shadows of darwin and marx: Essays on institutional and evolutionary themes. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781781007563
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson, J. (2011). People can not only open closed systems, they can also close open systems. Journal of Critical Realism, 10, 145–162.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, T. (1989). Abstraction, tendencies and stylised facts: A realist approach to economic analysis. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 13, 59–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, T. (1997). Economics and Reality. London: Routledge.10.4324/SE0085
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, T. (2003). Reorienting economics. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, T. (2009a). Triangulation and social research: Reply to downward and Mearman. In E. Fulbrook (Ed.), Ontology and economics: Tony Lawson and his critics (pp. 142–157). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, T. (2009b). On the nature and roles of formalism in economics: Reply to Hodgson. In E. Fulbrook (Ed.), Ontology and economics: Tony Lawson and his critics (pp. 189–231). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, T. (2015). Abstraction and varieties of theoretical isolation in modern economics. In S. Pratten (Ed.), Social ontology and modern economics (pp. 315–337). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Laing, D. (2011). Labor economics: Introduction to classic and new labor economics. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, F. (2006). Critical realism in economics and open systems ontology: A critique. Retrieved from http://cas.umkc.edu/econ/economics/faculty/Lee/courses/.../methodology6.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, P., & Runde, J. (1999). A critical realist perspective on Paul Davidson’s methodological writings on – And rhetorical strategy for – Post Keynesian economics. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 22, 35–56.10.1080/01603477.1999.11490226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey, R. (1981). An introduction to positive economics. London: Wedenfeld & Nicholson.
   Google Scholar
• Mäki, U. (1992). On the method of isolation in economics. Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and Humanities, 26, 319–354.
   Google Scholar
• Mäki, U. (2009). Realistic realism about unrealistic models. In D. Ross & H. Kincaid (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of philosophy of economics (pp. 68–98). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mearman, A. (2006). Critical realism in economics and open-systems ontology: A critique. Review of Social Economy, 64, 47–75.10.1080/00346760500529955
   Google Scholar
• Mingers, J. (2011). The contribution of systemic thought to critical realism. Journal of Critical Realism, 10, 303–330.10.1558/jcr.v10i3.303
   Google Scholar
• Mohun, S., & Veneziani, R. (2012). Reorienting economics? Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 42, 126–145.10.1177/0048393110376218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, M. (2012). The world in the model: How economists work and think. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nash, S. (2004). On closure in economics. Journal of Economic Methodology, 11, 75–89.10.1080/1350178042000178012
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, W., & Morgan, J. (2005). A critical epistemology of analytical statistics: Addressing the sceptical realist. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 35, 255–284.10.1111/jtsb.2005.35.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratten, S. (2007). Realism, closed systems and abstraction. Journal of Economic Methodology, 14, 473–497.10.1080/13501780701718748
   Google Scholar
• Sayer, A. (1998). Abstraction: A realist interpretation. In M. Archer, R. Bhaskar, A. Collier, T. Lawson, & A. Norrie (Eds.), Critical realism: Essential readings (pp. 120–142). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, J. (2000). Marshall’s tendencies: What can economists know? Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, M. (2005). Institutionalism, critical realism, and the critique of mainstream economics. Journal of Institutional Economics, 1, 217–231.10.1017/S1744137405000160
   Google Scholar