Incorporating personal experience in free-choice environmental learning: lessons from a zoological theme park

References

• Ballantyne, R., and J. Packer. 2009. “Future Directions for Research in Free-Choice Environmental Learning.” In Free-Choice Learning and the Environment, edited by J. H. Falk, J. E. Heimlich, and S. Foutz, 157–170. Lanham, MD: Alta Mira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, R., and J. Packer. 2011. “Using Tourism Free-choice Learning Experiences to Promote Environmental Sustainable Behaviour: The Role of Post-visit ‘Action Resources.” Environmental Education Research 17 (2): 201–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, R., J. Packer, and K. Hughes. 2008. “Environmental Awareness, Interests and Motives of Botanic Gardens Visitors: Implications for Interpretive Practice.” Tourism Management 29 (3): 439–444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, R., J. Packer, and K. Hughes. 2009. “Tourists’ Support for Conservation Messages and Sustainable Management Practices in Wildlife Tourism Experiences.” Tourism Management 30 (5): 658–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, R., J. Packer, K. Hughes, and L. Dierking. 2007. “Conservation Learning in Wildlife Tourism Settings: Lessons from Research in Zoos and Aquariums.” Environmental Education Research 13 (3): 367–383.
   Google Scholar
• Bamberger, Y., and T. Tal. 2007. “Learning in a Personal Context: Levels of Choice in a Free Choice Learning Environment in Science and Natural History Museums.” Science Education 91 (1): 75–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barongi, R., F. A. Fisken, M. Parker, and M. Gusset. 2015. Committing to Conservation: The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy. Gland, Switzerland: WAZA Executive Office.
   Google Scholar
• Birenboim, A., S. Anton-Clavé, A. P. Russo, and N. Shoval. 2013. “Temporal Activity Patterns of Theme Park Visitors.” Tourism Geographies 15 (4): 601–619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birenboim, A., K. H. Reinau, N. Shoval, and H. Harder. 2015. “High-Resolution Measurement and Analysis of Visitor Experiences in Time and Space: The Case of Aalborg Zoo in Denmark.” The Professional Geographer 67 (4): 620–629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bueddefeld, J. N. H., and C. M. Van Winkle. 2017. “Exploring the Effect of Zoo Post-Visit Action Resources on Sustainable Behavior Change.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25 (9): 1205–1221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, S., J. Fraser, and C. D. Saunders. 2009. “Zoo Experiences: Conversations, Connections, and Concern for Animals.” Zoo Biology 28 (5): 377–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousins, J. A. 2007. “The Role of UK-based Conservation Tourism Operators.” Tourism Management 28 (4): 1020–1030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driml, S., R. Ballantyne, and J. Packer. 2017. “How Long Does an Economic Impact Last? Tracking the Impact of a New Giant Panda Attraction at an Australian Zoo.” Journal of Travel Research 56 (5): 613–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk, J. H. 2005. “Free-Choice Environmental Learning: Framing the Discussion.” Environmental Education Research 11 (3): 265–280.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, J. H. 2006. “An Identity-centered Approach to Understanding Museum Learning.” Curator: The Museum Journal 49 (2): 151–166.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, J. H. 2011. “Contextualizing Falk’s Identity-Related Visitor Motivation Model.” Visitor Studies 14 (2): 141–157.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, J. H., and L. M. Adelman. 2003. “Investigating the Impacts of Prior Knowledge and Interest on Aquarium Visitor Learning.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching 40 (2): 163–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk, J. H., and L. D. Dierking. 2000. Learning from Museums: Visitor Experience and the Making of Meaning. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, J. H., and M. Storksdieck. 2005. “Using the Contextual Model of Learning to Understand Visitor Learning from a Science Center Exhibition.” Science Education 89 (5): 744–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gusset, M., and G. Dick. 2011. “The Global Reach of Zoos and Aquariums in Visitor Numbers and Conservation Expenditures.” Zoo Biology 30 (5): 566–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallo, J. C., J. A. Beeco, C. Goetcheus, J. McGee, N. G. McGehee, and W. C. Norman. 2012. “GPS as a Method for Assessing Spatial and Temporal Use Distributions of Nature-Based Tourists.” Journal of Travel Research 51 (5): 591–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, K. 2013. “Measuring the Impact of Wildlife Viewing: Do Positive Intentions Equate to Long-term Changes in Conservation Behaviour?” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21 (1): 42–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo, B. P. Y. 2012. The E-Society. New York: Nova Science.
   Google Scholar
• Loo, B. P. Y., and K. L. Tsui. 2016. “Contributory Factors to Critically Wrong Road-Crossing Judgements among Older People: An Integrated Research Study.” Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 23 (1): 13–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, E. 2015. “Quantifying the Impact of Wellington Zoo's Persuasive Communication Campaign on Post-Visit Behavior.” Zoo Biology 34 (2): 163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann-Lang, J. B., R. Ballantyne, and J. Packer. 2016. “Does More Education Means Less Fun? A Comparison of Two Animal Presentations.” International Zoo Yearbook 50 (1): 155–164.
   Google Scholar
• Mann-Lang, J. B., R. Ballantyne, and J. Packer. 2017. “Penguin Promises: Encouraging Aquarium Visitors to Take Conservation Action.” Environmental Education Research 24 (6): 859–874. doi: 10.1080/13504622.2017.1365355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maple, T. L., and V. D. Segura. 2015. “Advancing Behavior Analysis in Zoos and Aquariums.” The Behavior Analyst 38 (1): 77–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason. P. 2000. “Zoo Tourism: The Need for More Research.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8 (4): 333–339. doi: 10.1080/09669580008667368.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, J. M., and M. Hodgkinson. 1999. “The Motivation and Social Orientation of Visitors Attending a Contemporary Zoological Park.” Environment and Behavior 31 (2): 227–239. doi: 10.1177/00139169921972074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orams, M. 2002. “Feeding Wildlife as a Tourism Attraction: A Review of Issues and Impacts.” Tourism Management 23 (3): 281–293. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00080-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packer, J. 2006. “Learning for Fun: The Unique Contribution of Educational Leisure Experience.” Curator: The Museum Journal 49 (3): 329–344.
   Google Scholar
• Packer, J., and R. Ballantyne. 2004. “Is Education Leisure a Contradiction in Terms? Exploring the Synergy of Education and Entertainment.” Annals of Leisure Research 7 (1): 54–71. doi: 10.1080/11745398.2004.10600939.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, P. G., and S. Caplow. 2018. “Identifying the Foci of Mission Statements of the Zoo and Aquarium Community.” Museum Management and Curatorship 33 (2): 120–135. doi: 10.1080/09647775.2018.1438205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick, P. G., C. E. Matthews, D. F. Ayers, and S. D. Tunnicliffe. 2007. “Conservation and Education: Prominent Themes in Zoo Mission Statements.” The Journal of Environmental Education 38 (3): 53–60. doi: 10.3200/JOEE.38.3.53-60.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, E. L., J. Dorrian, and C. A. Litchfield. 2013. “Measuring Zoo Visitor Learning and Understanding about Orangutans: Evaluation to Enhance Learning Outcomes and to Foster Conservation Action.” Environmental Education Research 19 (6): 823–843. doi: 10.1080/13504622.2012.763112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perdue, B. M., A. W. Clay, D. E. Gaalema, T. L. Maple, and T. S. Stoinski. 2012. “Technology at the Zoo: The Influence of a Touchscreen Computer on Orangutans and Zoo Visitors.” Zoo Biology 31 (1): 27–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, D. M., and E. V. W. Bullock. 2014. “Evaluation of Factors Affecting Emotional Responses in Zoo Visitors and the Impact of Emotion on Conservation Mindedness.” Anthrozoös 27 (3): 389–405. doi: 10.2752/175303714X13903827488042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., and S. H. Ham. 2008. “Can Ecotourism Interpretation Really Lead to Proconservation Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour? Evidence from the Galapagos Islands.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 16 (4): 467–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, A. J., E. S. Ampt, and A. H. Meyburg. 1995. Survey Methods for Transport Planning. Parkville, Australia: Eucalyptus Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, K., and A. McConney. 2015. “Do Zoo Visitors Come to Learn? An Internationally Comparative, Mixed-Methods Study.” Environmental Education Research 21 (6): 865–884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe, K., A. McConney, and C. F. Mansfield. 2014. “The Role of Zoos in Modern Society: A Comparison of Zoos' Reported Priorities and What Visitors Believe They Should Be.” Anthrozoös 27 (4): 529–541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, J. G. W., and S. Joordens. 2014. “The Effect of Visitor Motivation on the Success of Environmental Education at the Toronto Zoo.” Environmental Education Research 20 (6): 753–775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwan, S., A. Grajal, and D. Lewalter. 2014. “Understanding and Engagement in Places of Science Experience: Science Museums, Science Centers, Zoos and Aquariums.” Educational Psychologist 49 (2): 70–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, L., and S. Broad. 2008. “Comparing Zoos and the Media as Conservation Educators.” Visitor Studies 11 (1): 16–25.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, L., J. Curtis, J. Mair, and P. A. van Dijk. 2012. “Requests for Zoo Visitors to Undertake Pro-wildlife Behaviour: How Many is Too Many?” Tourism Management 33 (6): 1502–1510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tofield, S., R. K. Coll, B. Vyle, and R. Bolstad. 2003. “Zoos as a Source of Free Choice Learning.” Research in Science & Technological Education 21 (1): 67–99.
   Google Scholar
• WAZA. 2005. Building a Future for Wildlife: The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy. Bern, Switzerland: World Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, B., and G. Moscardo. 2003. “Enhancing Wildlife Education Through Mindfulness.” Australian Journal of Environmental Education 19: 97–108.
   Google Scholar