Climate beliefs in an oil-dependent economy: Norwegian pre-service science teachers’ attitudes towards climate change

References

• Austgulen, Marthe H. 2012. Nordmenns holdninger til klimaendringer, medier og politikk [Norwegians’ Attitudes to Climate Changes, Media, and Politics], Vol. 4. Oslo: SIFO.
   Google Scholar
• Bissell, Stan. 2014. “An Inconvenient Topic: Teaching Climate Change in the Alberta Classroom.” Alberta Science Education Journal 43 (2): 21–25.
   Google Scholar
• Boon, Helen J. 2010. “Climate Change? Who Knows? A Comparison of Secondary Students and Pre-Service Teachers.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 35 (1): 104–120. doi:10.14221/ajte.2010v35n1.9.
   Google Scholar
• Borick, Christopher P., and Barry G. Rabe. 2010. “A Reason to Believe: Examining the Factors That Determine Individual Views on Global Warming.” Social Science Quarterly 91 (3): 777–800. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00719.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryce, Tom G. K., and Stephen P. Day. 2014. “Scepticism and Doubt in Science and Science Education: The Complexity of Global Warming as a Socio-Scientific Issue.” Cultural Studies of Science Education 9 (3): 599–632. doi:10.1007/s11422-013-9500-0.
   Google Scholar
• Capstick, Stuart, Lorraine Whitmarsh, Wouter Poortinga, Nick Pidgeon, and Paul Upham. 2015. “International Trends in Public Perceptions of Climate Change over the Past Quarter Century.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 6 (1): 35–61. doi:10.1002/wcc.343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal, Rudolf N., and Michael R. F. Aitken. 2013. ANOVA for the Behavioral Sciences Researcher. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, B. Elijah, and Jason Wiles. 2014. “Scientific Consensus and Social Controversy: Exploring Relationships between Students’ Conceptions of the Nature of Science, Biological Evolution, and Global Climate Change.” Evolution: Education and Outreach 7 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1186/s12052-014-0006-3.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers, Joan M. 2011. “Right Time, Wrong Place? Teaching about Climate Change in Alberta Schools.” Alberta Science Education Journal 42 (1): 4–12.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Geoffrey L. 2003. “Party Over Policy: The Dominating Impact of Group Influence on Political Beliefs.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (5): 808–822. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Geoffrey L., Joshua Aronson, and Claude M. Steele. 2000. “When Beliefs Yield to Evidence: Reducing Biased Evaluation by Affirming the Self.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (9): 1151–1164. doi:10.1177/01461672002611011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conover, William J., and Ronald L. Iman. 1981. “Rank Transformations as a Bridge between Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics.” The American Statistician 35 (3): 124–129. doi:10.1080/00031305.1981.10479327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, John, and Stephan Lewandowsky. 2016. “Rational Irrationality: Modeling Climate Change Belief Polarization Using Bayesian Networks.” Topics in Cognitive Science 8 (1): 160–179. doi:10.1111/tops.12186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, John, Naomi Oreskes, Peter T. Doran, William R. L. Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed W. Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton, et al. 2016. “Consensus on Consensus: A Synthesis of Consensus Estimates on Human-Caused Global Warming.” Environmental Research Letters 11 (4): 048002. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corner, Adam, George Marshall, and Jamie Clarke. 2016. “Communicating effectively with the centre-right about household energy-efficiency and renewable energy technologies.” Oxford: Climate Outreach.
   Google Scholar
• Corner, Adam, Olga Roberts, Sybille Chiari, Sonja Völler, Elisabeth S. Mayrhuber, Sylvia Mandl, and Kate Monson. 2015. “How Do Young People Engage with Climate Change? The Role of Knowledge, Values, Message Framing, and Trusted Communicators.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 6 (5): 523–534. doi:10.1002/wcc.353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson, Andrew. 2012. Green Political Thought. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dryzek, John S. 2013. The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ekeland, Anders. 2017. “Sysselsatte i petroleumsnaeringene og relaterte naeringer 2016. [English: Number of Emloyees in the Petroleum Industries and Related Industries 2016]” In Statistics Norway Reports, 40. Oslo, Norway: Statistics Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Ekholm, Sara. 2019. “Swedish Mothers’ and Fathers’ Worries about Climate Change: A Gendered Story.” Journal of Risk Research 1–9. doi:10.1080/13669877.2019.1569091.
   Google Scholar
• Feierabend, Timo, Sebastian Jokmin, and Ingo Eilks. 2011. “Chemistry Teachers’ Views on Teaching’climate Change’ – An Interview Case Study from Research-Oriented Learning in Teacher Education.” Chemistry Education Research and Practice 12 (1): 85–91. doi:10.1039/C1RP90011K.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fløttum, Kjersti, Trine Dahl, and Vegard Rivenes. 2016. “Young Norwegians and Their Views on Climate Change and the Future: Findings from a Climate Concerned and Oil-Rich Nation.” Journal of Youth Studies 19 (8): 1128–1143. doi:10.1080/13676261.2016.1145633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goebbert, Kevin, Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, Kim Klockow, Matthew C. Nowlin, and Carol L. Silva. 2012. “Weather, Climate, and Worldviews: The Sources and Consequences of Public Perceptions of Changes in Local Weather Patterns.” Weather, Climate, and Society 4 (2): 132–144. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-11-00044.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, Pål J. Kirkeby. 2010. “Knowledge about the Greenhouse Effect and the Effects of the Ozone Layer among Norwegian Pupils Finishing Compulsory Education in 1989, 1993, and 2005—What Now?” International Journal of Science Education 32 (3): 397–419. doi:10.1080/09500690802600787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, Benjamin C., Troy D. Sadler, Dana L. Zeidler, and Mark H. Newton. 2018. “A Socioscientific Issues Approach to Environmental Education.” In International Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Environmental Education: A Reader, 145–161. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hermans, Mikaela. 2014. “Geografilärares och niondeklassares syn på undervisningen om klimatförändringen [Climate Change Education: Geography Teachers’ and Ninth-Graders’ Views].” Nordic Studies in Science Education 10 (2): 176–194. doi:10.5617/nordina.811.
   Google Scholar
• Higham, James E. S., and Scott A. Cohen. 2011. “Canary in the Coalmine: Norwegian Attitudes towards Climate Change and Extreme Long-Haul Air Travel to Aotearoa/New Zealand.” Tourism Management 32 (1): 98–105. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.04.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, Andrew J. 2015. How Culture Shapes the Climate Change Debate. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hornsey, Matthew J., Emily A. Harris, Paul G. Bain, and Kelly S. Fielding. 2016. “Meta-Analyses of the Determinants and Outcomes of Belief in Climate Change.” Nature Climate Change 6 (6): 622–626. doi:10.1038/nclimate2943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, Lori M., Alison Hatch, and Aaron Johnson. 2004. “Cross-National Gender Variation in Environmental Behaviors.” Social Science Quarterly 85: 677–694. doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.00239.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by R. K. Pachauri and L. A. Meyer, 151. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2018. Global Warming of 1.5 °C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 °C above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty. Switzerland: IPCC.
   Google Scholar
• Kahan, Dan M., Donald Braman, John Gastil, Paul Slovic, and C. K. Mertz. 2007. “Culture and Identity‐Protective Cognition: Explaining the White‐Male Effect in Risk Perception.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 4 (3): 465–505. doi:10.1111/j.1740-1461.2007.00097.x.
   Google Scholar
• Kamenetz, Anya. 2019. “Most teachers don’t teach climate change; 4 in 5 parents wish they did.” NPR/Ipsos. Accessed 25 December 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/04/22/714262267/most-teachers-dont-teach-climate-change-4-in-5-parents-wish-they-did
   Google Scholar
• Krange, Olve, Bjørn P. Kaltenborn, and Martin Hultman. 2019. “Cool Dudes in Norway: Climate Change Denial among Conservative Norwegian Men.” Environmental Sociology 5 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1080/23251042.2018.1488516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkle, Kristen A., and Martha C. Monroe. 2019. “Cultural Cognition and Climate Change Education in the US: Why Consensus is Not Enough.” Environmental Education Research 25 (5): 633–655. doi:10.1080/13504622.2018.1465893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Tien Ming, Ezra M. Markowitz, Peter D. Howe, Chia-Ying Ko, and Anthony A. Leiserowitz. 2015. “Predictors of Public Climate Change Awareness and Risk Perception around the World.” Nature Climate Change 5 (11): 1014–1020. doi:10.1038/nclimate2728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Rosenthal, S., Kotcher, J., Bergquist, P., Ballew, M., Goldberg, M., and Gustafson, A. 2019. Climate change in the American mind: April 2019. Yale University and George Mason University. New Haven, CT: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/CJ2NS
   Google Scholar
• Lewandowsky, Stephan, Gilles E. Gignac, and Klaus Oberauer. 2013. “The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science.” PloS One 8 (10): e75637. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowsky, Stephan, and Klaus Oberauer. 2016. “Motivated Rejection of Science.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 25 (4): 217–222. doi:10.1177/0963721416654436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, John Chung-En. 2015. “Low Carbon Plot: Climate Change Skepticism with Chinese Characteristics.” Environmental Sociology 1 (4): 280–292. doi:10.1080/23251042.2015.1049811.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Shiyu, Gillian Roehrig, Devarati Bhattacharya, and Keisha Varma. 2015. “In-Service Teachers’ Attitudes, Knowledge and Classroom Teaching of Global Climate Change.” Science Educator 24 (1): 12–22.
   Google Scholar
• Lockwood, Matthew. 2018. “Right-Wing Populism and the Climate Change Agenda: Exploring the Linkages.” Environmental Politics 27 (4): 712–732. doi:10.1080/09644016.2018.1458411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, George. 2015. Don’t Even Think about It: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Ignore Climate Change. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• McCright, Aaron M., and Riley E. Dunlap. 2011. “The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American Public’s Views of Global Warming, 2001–2010.” The Sociological Quarterly 52 (2): 155–194. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01198.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCright, Aaron M., Riley E. Dunlap, and Sandra T. Marquart-Pyatt. 2016. “Political Ideology and Views about Climate Change in the European Union.” Environmental Politics 25 (2): 338–358. doi:10.1080/09644016.2015.1090371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe, Martha C., Richard R. Plate, Annie Oxarart, Alison Bowers, and Willandia A. Chaves. 2019. “Identifying Effective Climate Change Education Strategies: A Systematic Review of the Research.” Environmental Education Research 25 (6): 791–812. doi:10.1080/13504622.2017.1360842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, Douglas C. 2017. Design and Analysis of Experiments. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Norgaard, Kari Marie. 2011. Living in Denial: Climate Change, Emotions, and Everyday Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway. 2011. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Peel, Amanda, T. Sadler, A. Kinslow, Laura Zangori, and Patricia Friedrichsen. 2017. “Climate Change as an Issue for Socio-Scientific Issues Teaching and Learning.” In Teaching and Learning about Climate Change. A Framework for Educators, edited by Daniel P. Shepardson, Anita Roychoudhury, and Andrew S. Hirsch, 153–165. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Plutzer, Eric, Mark McCaffrey, A. Lee Hannah, Joshua Rosenau, Minda Berbeco, and Ann H. Reid. 2016. “Climate Confusion among US Teachers.” Science 351 (6274): 664–665. doi:10.1126/science.aab3907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poortinga, Wouter, Lorraine Whitmarsh, Linda Steg, Gisela Böhm, and Stephen Fisher. 2019. “Climate Change Perceptions and Their Individual-Level Determinants: A cross-European Analysis.” Global Environmental Change 55: 25–35. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.01.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulver, Simone. 2007. “Making Sense of Corporate Environmentalism: An Environmental Contestation Approach to Analyzing the Causes and Consequences of the Climate Change Policy Split in the Oil Industry.” Organization & Environment 20 (1): 44–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe, Mary, and Marcus Grace. 2003. Science Education for Citizenship: Teaching Socio-Scientific Issues. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill Education.
   Google Scholar
• Reardon, Sara. 2011. “Climate Change Sparks Battles in Classroom.” Science 333 (6043): 688–689. doi:10.1126/science.333.6043.688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, Alan. 2019. “Climate Change Education and Research: Possibilities and Potentials Versus Problems and Perils?” Environmental Education Research, 25 ( 6): 767–790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutjens, Bastiaan T., Steven J. Heine, Robbie Sutton, and Frenk van Harreveld. 2018. “Attitudes towards Science.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 57 (2): 125–165.
   Google Scholar
• Sadler, Troy D., William L. Romine, and Mustafa Sami Topçu. 2016. “Learning Science Content through Socio-Scientific Issues-Based Instruction: A Multi-Level Assessment Study.” International Journal of Science Education 38 (10): 1622–1635. doi:10.1080/09500693.2016.1204481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saether, Anne Karin. 2017. De beste intensjoner – Oljelandet i klimakampen [Translated to English: With the Best Intentions – The Oil Country in the Climate Battle]. Oslo: Cappelen-Damm.
   Google Scholar
• Schreiner, Camilla, Ellen K. Henriksen, and Pål J. Kirkeby Hansen. 2005. “Climate Education: Empowering Today’s Youth to Meet Tomorrow’s Challenges.” Studies in Science Education 41 (1): 3–49. doi:10.1080/03057260508560213.
   Google Scholar
• Sezen-Barrie, Asli, Nicole Shea, and Jenna Hope Borman. 2019. “Probing into the Sources of Ignorance: Science Teachers’ Practices of Constructing Arguments or Rebuttals to Denialism of Climate Change.” Environmental Education Research 25 (6): 846–866. doi:10.1080/13504622.2017.1330949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shealy, Tripp, Leidy Klotz, Allison Godwin, Zahra Hazari, Geoff Potvin, Nicole Barclay, and Jennifer Cribbs. 2019. “High School Experiences and Climate Change Beliefs of First Year College Students in the United States.” Environmental Education Research 25 (6): 925–935. doi:10.1080/13504622.2017.1293009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skjaerseth, Jon Birger, and Tora Skodvin. 2001. “Climate Change and the Oil Industry: Common Problems, Different Strategies.” Global Environmental Politics 1 (4): 43–64. doi:10.1162/152638001317146363.
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson, Kathryn T., M. Nils Peterson, and Amy Bradshaw. 2016. “How Climate Change Beliefs among US Teachers Do and Do Not Translate to Students.” PloS One 11 (9): e0161462. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoknes, Per Espen. 2015. What We Think about When We Try Not to Think about Global Warming: Toward a New Psychology of Climate Action.White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, Gail M., and Anthony R. Artino. Jr.2013. “Analyzing and Interpreting Data from Likert-Type Scales.” Journal of Graduate Medical Education 5 (4): 541–542. doi:10.4300/JGME-5-4-18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van den Hove, Sybille, Marc Le Menestrel, and Henri-Claude De Bettignies. 2002. “The Oil Industry and Climate Change: Strategies and Ethical Dilemmas.” Climate Policy 2 (1): 3–18. doi:10.3763/cpol.2002.0202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikle, Thomas A. 1995. “Geographical Patterns of Membership in US Environmental Organizations.” The Professional Geographer 47 (1): 41–48. doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1995.00041.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise, Sarah B. 2010. “Climate Change in the Classroom: Patterns, Motivations, and Barriers to Instruction among Colorado Science Teachers.” Journal of Geoscience Education 58 (5): 297–309. doi:10.5408/1.3559695.
   Google Scholar