The secret language of flowers: insights from an outdoor, arts-based intervention designed to connect primary school children to locally accessible nature

References

• Arbuthnott, K. D., and G. C. Sutter. 2019. “Songwriting for Nature: Increasing Nature Connection and Well-Being through Musical Creativity.” Environmental Education Research 25 (9): 1300–1318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2019.1608425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilton, H. 2002. Outdoor Play in the Early Years. London: David Fulton.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Brosterman, N. 1997. Inventing kindergarten. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc Cited in Manning, J.P. (2005). “Rediscovering Froebel: A Call to Rexamine His Life and Gifts.” Early Childhood Education Journal 32 (6):371–365 . doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-005-0004-82
   Google Scholar
• Bruce, T., ed. 2012. Early Childhood Practice: Froebel Today. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bruni, C. M., Winter, P. L., Schultz, P. W., Omoto, A. M., and Tabanico J. J. 2017. “Getting to Know Nature: Evaluatingthe Effects of the Get to know Program on Children’s Connectedness with Nature.” Environmental Educational Research 23 (1):43–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2015.1074659
   Google Scholar
• Chawla, L. 2015. “Benefits of Nature Contact for Children.” Journal of Planning Literature 30 (4): 433–452. vol doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department for Education (DfE). 2014. “The National Curriculum in England Key Stages 1 and 2 Framework Documents.” Accessed May 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-primary-curriculum.
   Google Scholar
• Department for Education and Skills (DfES). 2019. The Early Years Foundation Stage. Nottingham: DfES.
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson, E. 2013. “The Misdiagnosis: Rethinking “Nature-Deficit Disorder.” Environmental Communication 7 (3): 315–335. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2013.802704.
   Google Scholar
• Fjortoft, I. 2004. “Landscape as Playscape: The Effects of Natural Environments on Children’s Play and Motor Development.” Children, Youth and Environments 14 (2): 21–44.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R. 2017. “Connection with Nature is an Oxymoron: A Political Ecology of “Nature-Deficit Disorder.” The Journal of Environmental Education 48 (4): 226–233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2016.1139534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, C., A. Stein, K. Hand, and Y. van Heezik. 2015. Natural Neighbourhoods for City Children: Report on Research Findings. Dunedin: Department of Geography, University of Otago.
   Google Scholar
• Frith, H. and Gleeson, K. 2004. “Clothing and Embodiment: Men Managing Body Image and Appearance.” Psychology of Men and Masculinity 5(1): 40-48.
   Google Scholar
• Froebel, F. 1887. The Education of Man. Translated by W. N. Hailmann. New York: D. Appleton Century.
   Google Scholar
• Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, D. 2012. Visual Sociology. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Heng, T. 2017. Visual Methods in the Field: Photograph for the Social Sciences. Routledge: Oxford
   Google Scholar
• Hoskins, K., and S. Smedley. 2019. “Protecting and Extending Froebelian Principles in Practice: Exploring the Importance of Learning through Play.” Journal of Early Childhood Research 17 (2): 73–87. Volume: Issue: pp. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X18809114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ives, C. D., D. J. Abson, H. von Wehrden, C. Dorninger, K. Klaniecki, and J. Fischer. 2018. “Reconnecting with Nature for Sustainability.” Sustainability Science 13 (5): 1389–1397. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0542-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, S. 1995. “The Restorative Benefits of Nature: Toward an Integrative Framework.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 15 (3): 169–182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebschner, J. 1991. Foundations of Progressive Education: The History of the National Froebel Society. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press
   Google Scholar
• Lomax, H. 2019. “Consuming Images, Ethics, and Integrity in Visual Social Research.” In Handbook of Research Ethics and Scientific Integrity, edited by R. Iphofen, 1-18. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Louv, R. 2006, 2010. Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder. Revised and Updated. London: Atlantic.
   Google Scholar
• Lumber, Ryan, Miles Richardson, and David Sheffield. 2017. “Beyond Knowing Nature: Contact, Emotion, Compassion, Meaning, and Beauty Are Pathways to Nature Connection.” PloS ONE 12 (5): e0177186 doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKerron, G., and S. Mourato. 2013. “Happiness is Greater in Natural Environments.” Global Environmental Change 23 (5): 992–1000. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.03.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannay, D., J. Fink, and H. Lomax. 2019. “Visual Ethnography.” In SAGE Research Methods Foundations, edited by P. Atkinson, S. Delamont, M. A. Hardy, and M. Williams, 604-613. London: Sage,
   Google Scholar
• Marchant, E., Todd, C., Cooksey, R., Dredge. S., Jones. H., Reynolds, D., Stratton, G., Dwyer, R., Lyons, R., and S. Brophy. 2019. “Curriculum-Based Outdoor Learning for Children Aged 9-11: A Qualitative Analysis of Pupils’ and Teachers’ Views.” PLoS ONE 14(5): e0212242. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212242
   Google Scholar
• Martin, Leanne, Mathew P. White, Anne Hunt, Miles Richardson, Sabine Pahl, and Jim Burt. 2020. “Nature Contact, Nature Connectedness and Associations with Health, Wellbeing, and Pro-Environmental Behaviours.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 68: 101389. Vol . doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matz, C. J., D. M. Stieb, K. Davis, M. Egyed, A. Rose, B. Chou, and O. Brion. 2014. “Effects of Age, Season, Gender, and Urban Rural Status on Time Activity: Canadian Human Activity Pattern Survey 2 (CHAPS 2).” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11 (2): 2108–2124. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110202108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, T. 2007. Ecology without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muhr, M. 2020. “Beyond Words – The Potential of Arts-Based Research on Human-Nature Connectedness.” Ecosystems and People 16 (1): 249–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2020.1811379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natural England. 2020. “The People and Nature Survey for England: Children’s Survey.” October 14
   Google Scholar
• Natural England. 2020. “The People and Nature Survey: Children’s Survey (Experimental Statistics).” https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/people-and-nature-survey-for-england
   Google Scholar
• Olsson, D., and N. Gericke. 2016. “The Adolescent Dip in Students’ Sustainability Consciousness—Implications for Education for Sustainable Development.” The Journal of Environmental Education 47 (1): 35–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2015.1075464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouvry, M. 2003. Exercising Muscles and Minds: Outdoor Play and the Early Years Curriculum. London: National Early Years Network.
   Google Scholar
• Qiu, L., and X. Zhu. 2017. “Impacts of Housing and Community Environments on Children’s Independent Mobility: A Systematic Literature Review International Journal of Contemporary Architecture.” The New ARCH 4 (2): 1-32.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, M., A. Hunt, J. Hinds, R. Bragg, D. Fido, D. Petronzi, L. Barbett, T. Clitherow, and M. White. 2019. “A Measure of Nature Connectedness for Children and Adults: Validation Performance and Insights.” Sustainability 11 (12): 3250. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickinson, M., A. Hunt, J. Rogers, and J. Dillon. 2012. School Leader and Teacher Insights into Learning outside the Classroom in Natural Environments. Natural England
   Google Scholar
• Rivkin, M. 2000. Outdoor Experiences for Young Children. Educational Resources Information Center. (ERIC digest ED448013 2000‐12‐00). Accessed 30 August 2019. http://www.eric.ed.gov
   Google Scholar
• Rivkin, M. 1998. “Happy Play in Grassy Places: the Importance of the Outdoor Environment in Dewey’s Educational Ideal.” Early Childhood Education Journal 25(3): 199–202.
   Google Scholar
• Rosa, H. 2016. Resonanz: eine Soziologie der Weltbeziehung. 1st ed. Berlin, Germany: Suhrkamp . doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2020.1811379.
   Google Scholar
• Torrance, H. 2018. “The Return to Final Paper Examining in English National Curriculum Assessment and School Examinations: Issues of Validity and Politics.” British Journal of Educational Studies 66 (1): 3–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2017.1322683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tovey, H. 2010. “Playing on the Edge: Perceptions of Risk and Danger in Outdoor Play.” In Play and Learning in the Early Years: From Research to Practice, edited by P. Broadhead, J. Howard, and E. Wood. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich, R. S., R. F. Simons, B. D. Losito, E. Fiorito, M. A. Miles, and M. Zelson. 1991. “Stress Recovery during Exposure to Natural and Urban Environments.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 11 (3): 201–230. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulich, R. 1935. A Sequence of Educational Influences: Traced through Unpublished Writings of Pestalozzi, Froebel. Cambridge, MA: University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waite, S., B. Davies, and K. Brown. 2006. Five Stories of Outdoor Learning from Settings for 2–11 Year Olds in Devon. Plymouth: University of Plymouth.
   Google Scholar
• Wall, S. and Owen, K. 2021. “Play in the Great Outdoors.” In Play in the Early Years, edited by Owen, K., 75-94. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wiggins, K. D., and N. A. Smith. 1895. “Froebel’s Gifts. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin & Company. Cited in Manning, J.P. (2005). Rediscovering Froebel: A Call to Rexamine His Life and Gifts.” Early Childhood Education Journal 32 (6):371 - 376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-005-0004-8.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R. 1983. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Willig, C. 2009. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar