0
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Environmental education in zoos: analysis of different scales to measure the impact of educational programs

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , , , , , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Received 23 Dec 2023, Accepted 26 Jul 2024, Published online: 04 Aug 2024

References

  • Ainley, M. 2017. “Interest: Knowns, Unknowns, and Basic Processes.” In The Science of Interest, edited by P. A. O’Keefe and J. M. Harackiewicz, 3–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55509-6_1.
  • Ballantyne, R., and J. Packer. 2016. “Visitors’ Perceptions of the Conservation Education Role of Zoos and Aquariums: Implications for the Provision of Learning Experiences” Visitor Studies 19 (2): 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10645578.2016.1220185.
  • Balvanera, P., A. Pfaff, A. Viña, E. Garcia Frapolli, S. A. Hussain, L. Merino, P. A. Minang, N. Nagabhatla, and A. Sidorovich. 2019. “Chapter 2.1 Status and Trends –Drivers of Change.” In Global Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, edited by E. S. Brondízio, J. Settele, S. Díaz, and H. T. Ngo. Bonn: IPBES secretariat. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3831881.
  • Barongi, R., F. A. Fisken, M. Parker, and M. Gusset, eds. 2015. Committing to Conservation: The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy. Gland: WAZA Executive Office.
  • Braun, T., and P. Dierkes. 2017. “Connecting Students to Nature – How Intensity of Nature Experience and Student Age Influence the Success of Outdoor Education Programs.” Environmental Education Research 23 (7): 937–949. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1214866.
  • Bruni, C. M., J. Fraser, and P. W. Schultz. 2008. “The Value of Zoo Experiences for Connecting People with Nature.” Visitor Studies 11 (2): 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/10645570802355489.
  • Capaldi, C. A., R. L. Dopko, and J. M. Zelenski. 2014. “The Relationship between Nature Connectedness and Happiness: A Meta-Analysis.” Frontiers in Psychology 5: 976. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976.
  • Cardinale, B. J., J. E. Duffy, A. Gonzalez, D. U. Hooper, C. Perrings, P. Venail, A. Narwani, et al. 2012. “Biodiversity Loss and Its Impact on Humanity.” Nature 486 (7401): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11148.
  • Caro, T., Z. Rowe, J. Berger, P. Wholey, and A. Dobson. 2022. “An Inconvenient Misconception: Climate Change is Not the Principal Driver of Biodiversity Loss.” Conservation Letters 15 (3): e12868. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12868.
  • Carr, N., and S. Cohen. 2011. “The Public Face of Zoos: Images of Entertainment, Education and Conservation.” Anthrozoös 24 (2): 175–189. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303711X12998632257620.
  • Ceballos, G., P. R. Ehrlich, A. D. Barnosky, A. García, R. M. Pringle, and T. M. Palmer. 2015. “Accelerated Modern Human–Induced Species Losses: Entering the Sixth Mass Extinction.” Science Advances 1 (5): E 1400253. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253.
  • Chapin, F. S., III, E. S. Zavaleta, V. T. Eviner, R. L. Naylor, P. M. Vitousek, H. L. Reynolds, D. U. Hooper, et al. 2000. “Consequences of Changing Biodiversity.” Nature 405 (6783): 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1038/35012241.
  • Christensen, R., and G. Knezek. 2015. “The Climate Change Attitude Survey: Measuring Middle School Student Beliefs and Intentions to Enact Positive Environmental Change.” International Journal of Environmental and Science Education 10 (5): 773–788.
  • Clayton, S., J. Fraser, and C. D. Saunders. 2009. “Zoo Experiences: Conversations, Connections, and Concern for Animals.” Zoo Biology 28 (5): 377–397. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20186.
  • Clayton, S., A.-C. Prévot, L. Germain, and M. Saint-Jalme. 2017. “Public Support for Biodiversity after a Zoo Visit: Environmental Concern, Conservation Knowledge, and Self-Efficacy.” Curator: The Museum Journal 60 (1): 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/cura.12188.
  • Coll, R. K., S. Tofield, B. Vyle, and R. Bolstad. 2003. Free-Choice Learning at a Metropolitan Zoo, Paper Presented at the annual meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, March 23-26, 2003, Philadelphia, PA.
  • Colléony, A., S. Clayton, M. Saint Jalme, and A. ‑C. Prevot. 2016. “Can Zoo Visit Link Nature Connectedness to Biodiversity Concern? Comparative Analysis Between Zoos and Parks in Paris, France. In Colléony, A. C. (2016) “Evaluating the Potential of Zoos in Reconnecting People with Nature and Conservation Issues (Publication No. tel-01570186v1).” Doctoral diss., Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle. HAL Open Science.
  • Consorte-McCrea, A., A. Bainbridge, A. Fernandez, D. Nigbur, S. McDonnell, A. Morin, and O. Grente. 2017. “Understanding Attitudes towards Native Wildlife and Biodiversity in the UK: The Role of Zoos.” In Sustainable Development Research at Universities in the United Kingdom, edited by W. Leal Filho, 295–311. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47883-8_17.
  • Costello, A. B., and J. Osborne. 2005. “Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most from Your Analysis.” Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation 10 (7): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.7275/JYJ1-4868.
  • Cruz, S. M., and B. Manata. 2020. “Measurement of Environmental Concern: A Review and Analysis.” Frontiers in Psychology 11: 363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00363.
  • Dohn, N. B. 2011. “Situational Interest of High School Students Who Visit an Aquarium.” Science & Education. 95 (2): 337–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20425.
  • De Dominicis, S., P. W. Schultz, and M. Bonaiuto. 2017. “Protecting the Environment for Self-Interested Reasons: Altruism is Not the Only Pathway to Sustainability.” Frontiers in Psychology 8: 1065. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01065.
  • European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. 2016. “EAZA Conservation Education Standards.”
  • European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. 2023. “EAZA Conservation Education Standards.”
  • Eylering, A., K. Neufeld, F. Kottmann, S. Holt, and F. Fiebelkorn. 2023. “Free Word Association Analysis of German Laypeople’s Perception of Biodiversity and Its Loss.” Frontiers in Psychology 14: 1112182. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1112182.
  • Field, A. 2018. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. 5th ed. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Frantz, C. M., and F. S. Mayer. 2014. “The Importance of Connection to Nature in Assessing Environmental Education Programs.” In: Studies in Educational Evaluation 41: 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2013.10.001.
  • Geng, L., J. Xu, L. Ye, W. Zhou, and K. Zhou. 2015. “Connections with Nature and Environmental Behaviors.” PloS One 10 (5): E0127247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127247.
  • Gifford, R., and R. Sussman. 2012. “Environmental Attitudes.” In The Oxford Handbook of Environmental and Conservation Psychology, edited by S. D. Clayton, 1st ed., 65–80. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733026.013.0004.
  • Hacker, C. E., and L. J. Miller. 2016. “Zoo Visitor Perceptions, Attitudes, and Conservation Intent after Viewing African Elephants at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park: Guest Response to Viewing Elephants.” Zoo Biology 35 (4): 355–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21303.
  • Hidi, S. 1990. “Interest and Its Contribution as a Mental Resource for Learning.” Review of Educational Research 60 (4): 549–571. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543060004549.
  • Hidi, S. 2006. “Interest: A Unique Motivational Variable.” Educational Research Review 1 (2): 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2006.09.001.
  • Hidi, S., and J. M. Harackiewicz. 2000. “Motivating the Academically Unmotivated: A Critical Issue for the 21st Century.” Review of Educational Research 70 (2): 151–179. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543070002151.
  • Hidi, S., and K. A. Renninger. 2006. “The Four-Phase Model of Interest Development.” Educational Psychologist 41 (2): 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4102_4.
  • Howell, A. J., R. L. Dopko, H.-A. Passmore, and K. Buro. 2011. “Nature Connectedness: Associations with Well-Being and Mindfulness.” Personality and Individual Differences 51 (2): 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.037.
  • Ives, C. D., D. J. Abson, H. von Wehrden, C. Dorninger, K. Klaniecki, and J. Fischer. 2018. “Reconnecting with Nature for Sustainability.” Sustainability Science 13 (5): 1389–1397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0542-9.
  • Jensen, E. A. 2014. “Evaluating Children’s Conservation Biology Learning at the Zoo: Conservation Learning at the Zoo.” Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 28 (4): 1004–1011. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12263.
  • Jensen, E. A., A. Moss, and M. Gusset. 2017. “Quantifying Long-Term Impact of Zoo and Aquarium Visits on Biodiversity-Related Learning Outcomes.” Zoo Biology 36 (4): 294–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21372.
  • Kaiser, H. F., and J. Rice. 1974. “Little Jiffy, Mark Iv.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 34 (1): 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447403400115.
  • Kleespies, M. W., T. Braun, P. W. Dierkes, and V. Wenzel. 2021. “Measuring Connection to Nature—A Illustrated Extension of the Inclusion of Nature in Self Scale.” Sustainability 13 (4): 1761. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041761.
  • Kleespies, M. W., L. Doderer, P. W. Dierkes, and V. Wenzel. 2021. “Nature Interest Scale—Development and Evaluation of a Measurement Instrument for Individual Interest in Nature.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: 774333. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774333.
  • Kleespies, M. W., V. Feucht, M. Becker, and P. W. Dierkes. 2022. “Environmental Education in Zoos—Exploring the Impact of Guided Zoo Tours on Connection to Nature and Attitudes towards Species Conservation.” Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 3 (1): 56–68. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3010005.
  • Kleespies, M. W., J. Gübert, A. Popp, N. Hartmann, C. Dietz, T. Spengler, M. Becker, and P. W. Dierkes. 2020. “Connecting High School Students with Nature—How Different Guided Tours in the Zoo Influence the Success of Extracurricular Educational Programs.” Frontiers in Psychology 11: 1804. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.018043.
  • Kleespies, M. W., N. Á. Montes, A. M. Bambach, E. Gricar, V. Wenzel, and P. W. Dierkes. 2021. “Identifying Factors Influencing Attitudes towards Species Conservation – A Transnational Study in the Context of Zoos.” Environmental Education Research 27 (10): 1421–1439. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2021.1927993.
  • Krapp, A. 1993. “The Construct of Interest: Characteristics of Individual Interests and Interest-Related Actions from the Perspective of a Person-Object-Theory.” Stud. Educ. Psychol 4: 1–18.
  • Krapp, A., S. Hidi, and K. A. Renninger. 1992. “Interest, Learning, and Development.” In The Role of Interest in Learning and Development, edited by K. A. Renninger, S. Hidi, and A. Krapp, 3–25. Oxford: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Leopold, A., and R. Finch. 1987. A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Liu, P., M. Teng, and C. Han. 2020. “How Does Environmental Knowledge Translate into Pro- Environmental Behaviors? The Mediating Role of Environmental Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions.” The Science of the Total Environment 728: 138126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138126.
  • Lukas, K. E., and S. R. Ross. 2005. “Zoo Visitor Knowledge and Attitudes toward Gorillas and Chimpanzees.” Journal of Environmental Education 36 (4): 16–33.
  • Martens, P., C. Hansart, and B. Su. 2019. “Attitudes of Young Adults toward Animals—The Case of High School Students in Belgium and The Netherlands.” Animals 9 (3): 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9030088.
  • Mayer, F. S., and C. M. Frantz. 2004. “The Connectedness to Nature Scale: A Measure of Individuals’ Feeling in Community with Nature.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 24 (4): 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001.
  • McIntyre, A., and T. L. Milfont. 2016. “Who Cares? Measuring Environmental Attitudes.” In Research Methods for Environmental Psychology, edited by R. Gifford, 1st ed., 93–114. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119162124.ch6.
  • Milfont, T. L., J. Duckitt, and L. D. Cameron. 2006. “A Cross-Cultural Study of Environmental Motive Concerns and Their Implications for Proenvironmental Behavior.” Environment and Behavior 38 (6): 745–767. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916505285933.
  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2003. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
  • Mirtagioglu, H., and M. Mendeş. 2022. “On Monotonic Relationships.” Biostatistics and Biometrics Open Access Journal 10 (4): 555795.
  • Moss, A., and M. Esson. 2010. “Visitor Interest in Zoo Animals and the Implications for Collection Planning and Zoo Education Programmes.” Zoo Biology 29 (6): 715–731. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20316.
  • Moss, A., and M. Esson. 2013. “The Educational Claims of Zoos: Where Do We Go from Here?” Zoo Biology 32 (1): 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21025.
  • Moss, A., E. Jensen, and M. Gusset. 2015. “Evaluating the Contribution of Zoos and Aquariums to Aichi Biodiversity Target 1: Educational Impacts of Zoo Visits.” Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 29 (2): 537–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12383.
  • Moss, A., and B. Pavitt. 2019. “Assessing the Effect of Zoo Exhibit Design on Visitor Engagement and Attitudes towards Conservation.” J. Zoo Aquar. Res 7 (4): 186–194. https://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v7i4.422.
  • Nisbet, E. K., and J. M. Zelenski. 2013. “The NR-6: A New Brief Measure of Nature Relatedness.” Frontiers in Psychology 4: 813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00813.
  • Nisbet, E. K., J. M. Zelenski, and S. A. Murphy. 2009. “The Nature Relatedness Scale.” Environment and Behavior 41 (5): 715–740. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508318748.
  • Packer, J., and R. Ballantyne. 2002. “Motivational Factors and the Visitor Experience: A Comparison of Three Sites.” Curator: The Museum Journal 45 (3): 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.2002.tb00055.x.
  • Packer, J., and R. Ballantyne. 2004. “Is Educational Leisure a Contradiction in Terms? Exploring the Synergy of Education and Entertainment.” Annals of Leisure Research 7 (1): 54–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2004.10600939.
  • Palmer, D., J. Dixon, and J. Archer. 2017. “Using Situational Interest to Enhance Individual Interest and Science-Related Behaviours.” Research in Science Education 47 (4): 731–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9526-x.
  • Patrick, P. G., C. E. Matthews, D. F. Ayers, and S. D. Tunnicliffe. 2007. “Conservation and Education: Prominent Themes in Zoo Mission Statements.” The Journal of Environmental Education 38 (3): 53–60. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.38.3.53-60.
  • Pereira, M., and P. Forster. 2015. “The Relationship between Connectedness to Nature, Environmental Values, and Pro-Environmental Behaviours.” Reinvention: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research 8 (2).
  • Peterson, R. A. 1994. “A Meta-Analysis of Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha.” Journal of Consumer Research 21 (2): 381. https://doi.org/10.1086/209405.
  • Puhakka, S., R. Pyky, T. Lankila, M. Kangas, J. Rusanen, T. M. Ikäheimo, H. Koivumaa-Honkanen, and R. Korpelainen. 2018. “Physical Activity, Residential Environment, and Nature Relatedness in Young Men—A Population-Based MOPO Study.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (10): 2322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102322.
  • Restall, B., and E. Conrad. 2015. “A Literature Review of Connectedness to Nature and Its Potential for Environmental Management.” Journal of Environmental Management 159: 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.022.
  • Richardson, M., I. Hamlin, C. W. Butler, R. Thomas, and A. Hunt. 2022. “Actively Noticing Nature (Not Just Time in Nature) Helps Promote Nature Connectedness.” Ecopsychology 14 (1): 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2021.0023.
  • Roe, K., A. McConney, and C. F. Mansfield. 2014. “The Role of Zoos in Modern Society—A Comparison of Zoos’ Reported Priorities and What Visitors Believe They Should Be.” Anthrozoös 27 (4): 529–541. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279314X14072268687808.
  • Rotgans, J. I., and H. G. Schmidt. 2017a. “Interest Development: Arousing Situational Interest Affects the Growth Trajectory of Individual Interest.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 49: 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.02.003.
  • Rotgans, J. I., and H. G. Schmidt. 2017b. “The Relation between Individual Interest and Knowledge Acquisition.” British Educational Research Journal 43 (2): 350–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3268.
  • Rotgans, J. I., and H. G. Schmidt. 2018. “How Individual Interest Influences Situational Interest and How Both Are Related to Knowledge Acquisition: A Microanalytical Investigation.” The Journal of Educational Research 111 (5): 530–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2017.1310710.
  • Sala, O. E., F. S. Chapin, J. J. Armesto, E. Berlow, J. Bloomfield, R. Dirzo, E. Huber-Sanwald, et al. 2000. “Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 287 (5459): 1770–1774. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1770.
  • Schiefele, U. 1991. “Interest, Learning, and Motivation.” Educational Psychologist 26 (3-4): 299–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.1991.9653136.
  • Schilbert, J., and A. Scheersoi. 2023. “Learning Outcomes Measured in Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Education.” Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 37 (1): e13891. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13891.
  • Schultz, P. W. 2000. “New Environmental Theories: Empathizing with Nature: The Effects of Perspective Taking on Concern for Environmental Issues.” Journal of Social Issues 56 (3): 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00174.
  • Schultz, P. W. 2001. “The Structure of Environmental Concern: Concern for Self, Other People, and the Biosphere.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 21 (4): 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0227.
  • Schultz, P. W. 2002. “Inclusion with Nature: The Psychology of Human-Nature Relations.” In Psychology of Sustainable Development, edited by P. Schmuck and P. W. Schultz, 61–78. Boston, MA, US: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0995-0_4.
  • Schultz, P. W., V. V. Gouveia, L. D. Cameron, G. Tankha, P. Schmuck, and M. Franěk. 2005. “Values and Their Relationship to Environmental Concern and Conservation Behavior.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36 (4): 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275962.
  • Schultz, P. W., C. Shriver, J. J. Tabanico, and A. M. Khazian. 2004. “Implicit Connections with Nature.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 24 (1): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00022-7.
  • Schultz, P. W., and J. Tabanico. 2007. “Self, Identity, and the Natural Environment: Exploring Implicit Connections with Nature.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 37 (6): 1219–1247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00210.x.
  • Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity & United Nations Environment Programme. 2019. “Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi Targets: Living in Harmony with Nature.”
  • Stern, P. C., and T. Dietz. 1994. “The Value Basis of Environmental Concern.” Journal of Social Issues 50 (3): 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02420.x.
  • Tavakol, M., and R. Dennick. 2011. “Making Sense of Cronbach’s Alpha.” International Journal of Medical Education 2: 53–55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd.
  • van de Wetering, J., P. Leijten, J. Spitzer, and S. Thomaes. 2022. “Does Environmental Education Benefit Environmental Outcomes in Children and Adolescents? A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 81: 101782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101782.
  • Varela-Candamio, L., I. Novo-Corti, and M. T. García-Álvarez. 2018. “The Importance of Environmental Education in the Determinants of Green Behavior: A Meta-Analysis Approach.” Journal of Cleaner Production 170: 1565–1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.214.
  • Wagoner, B., and E. Jensen. 2010. “Science Learning at the Zoo: Evaluating Children’s Developing Understanding of Animals and Their Habitats.” Psychology & Society 3 (1), University of Cambridge, Department of Social and Developmental Psychology.
  • Yocco, V. S., Bruskotter, J., Wilson, R., and Heimlich, J. E. 2015. “Why Should I Care? Exploring the Use of Environmental Concern as a Frame of Communication in Zoos.” The Journal of Environmental Education 46 (1): 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2014.973352.
  • Zylstra, M. J., A. T. Knight, K. J. Esler, and L. L. L. Le Grange. 2014. “Connectedness as a Core Conservation Concern: An Interdisciplinary Review of Theory and a Call for Practice.” Springer Science Reviews 2 (1-2): 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40362-014-0021-3.