References
- Rapezzi C, Merlini G, Quarta CC, et al. Systemic cardiac amyloidoses: disease profiles and clinical courses of the 3 main types. Circulation. 2009;120(13):1203–1212.
- Pinney JH, Whelan CJ, Petrie A, et al. Senile systemic amyloidosis: clinical features at presentation and outcome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(2):e000098.
- Mohammed SF, Mirzoyev SA, Edwards WD, et al. Left ventricular amyloid deposition in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 2014;2(2):113–122.
- González-López E, Gallego-Delgado M, Guzzo-Merello G, et al. Wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis as a cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(38):2585–2594.
- Galat A, Guellich A, Bodez D, et al. Aortic stenosis and transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis: the chicken or the egg? Eur Heart J. 2016;37(47):3525–3531.
- Treibel TA, Fontana M, Gilbertson JA, et al. Occult transthyretin cardiac amyloid in severe calcific aortic stenosis: prevalence and prognosis in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(8):1–10.
- Sekijima Y, Uchiyama S, Tojo K, et al. High prevalence of wild-type transthyretin deposition in patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: a common cause of carpal tunnel syndrome in the elderly. Hum Pathol. 2011;42(11):1785–1791.
- Nakagawa M, Sekijima Y, Yazaki M, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a common initial symptom of systemic wild-type ATTR (ATTRwt) amyloidosis. Amyloid. 2016;23(1):58–63.
- Yanagisawa A, Ueda M, Sueyoshi T, et al. Amyloid deposits derived from transthyretin in the ligamentum flavum as related to lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Mod Pathol. 2015;28(2):201–207.
- Benson MD. The hereditary amyloidoses. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17(6):909–927.
- Rowczenio DM, Noor I, Gillmore JD, et al. Online registry for mutations in hereditary amyloidosis including nomenclature recommendations. Hum Mutat. 2014;35(9):2403–2412.
- Carr AS, Pelayo-Negro AL, Evans MRB, et al. A study of the neuropathy associated with transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) in the UK. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(6):620–627.
- Lane T, Fontana M, Martinez-Naharro A, et al. Natural history, quality of life, and outcome in cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis. Circulation. 2019;140(1):16–26.
- Jacobson DR, Pastore RD, Yaghoubian R, et al. Variant-sequence transthyretin (isoleucine 122) in late-onset cardiac amyloidosis in black Americans. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(7):466–473.
- Reilly MM, Staunton H, Harding AE. Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR ala 60) in North West Ireland: a clinical, genetic, and epidemiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59(1):45–49.
- Dungu JN, Anderson LJ, Whelan CJ, et al. Cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis. Heart. 2012;98(21):1546–1554.
- Hutt DF, Fontana M, Burniston M, et al. Prognostic utility of the perugini grading of 99mTc-DPD scintigraphy in transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis and its relationship with skeletal muscle and soft tissue amyloid. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18(12):1344–1350.
- Ericzon B-G, Wilczek HE, Larsson M, et al. Liver transplantation for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: after 20 years still the best therapeutic alternative? Transplantation. 2015;99(9):1847–1854.
- Sousa M, Monohan G, Rajagopalan N, et al. Heart transplantation in cardiac amyloidosis. Heart Fail Rev. 2017;22(3):317–327.
- Adams D, Gonzalez-Duarte A, O’Riordan WD, et al. Patisiran, an RNAi therapeutic, for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(1):11–21.
- Benson MD, Waddington-Cruz M, Berk JL, et al. Inotersen treatment for patients with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(1):22–31.
- Maurer MS, Schwartz JH, Gundapaneni B, et al. Tafamidis treatment for patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(11):1007–1016.
- Falk RH, Quarta CC, Dorbala S. How to image cardiac amyloidosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(3):552–562.
- Martinez-Naharro A, Baksi AJ, Hawkins PN, et al. Diagnostic imaging of cardiac amyloidosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(7):413–426.
- Maurer MS. Noninvasive identification of ATTRwt cardiac amyloid: the re-emergence of nuclear cardiology. Am J Med. 2015;128(12):1275–1280.
- Gillmore JD, Maurer MS, Falk RH, et al. Nonbiopsy diagnosis of cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis. Circulation. 2016;133(24):2404–2412.
- VanAntwerp JD, O'Mara RE, Pitt MJ, et al. Technetium-99m-diphosphonate accumulation in amyloid. J Nucl Med. 1975;16(3):238–240.
- Puille M, Altland K, Linke RP, et al. 99mTc-DPD scintigraphy in transthyretin-related familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Eur J Nucl Med. 2002;29(3):376–379.
- Hutt DF, Quigley A-M, Page J, et al. Utility and limitations of 3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid scintigraphy in systemic amyloidosis . Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15(11):1289–1298.
- Perugini E, Guidalotti PL, Salvi F, et al. Noninvasive etiologic diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis using 99mTc-3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid scintigraphy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(6):1076–1084.
- Rapezzi C, Quarta CC, Guidalotti PL, et al. Role of 99mTc-DPD scintigraphy in diagnosis and prognosis of hereditary transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(6):659–670.
- Bokhari S, Castaño A, Pozniakoff T, et al. 99mTc-Pyrophosphate scintigraphy for differentiating light-chain cardiac amyloidosis from the transthyretin-related familial and senile cardiac amyloidoses. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(2):195–201.
- Ross JC, Hutt DF, Burniston M, et al. Quantitation of 99mTc-DPD uptake in patients with transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis. Amyloid. 2018;25(3):203–210.
- Caobelli F, Braun M, Haaf P, et al. Quantitative 99mTc-DPD SPECT/CT in patients with suspected ATTR cardiac amyloidosis: feasibility and correlation with visual scores. J Nucl Cardiol. 2020;27:1456–1463.
- Ramsay SC, Cuscaden C. The current status of quantitative SPECT/CT in the assessment of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2020;27:1456–1463.[Internet].
- Small GR, Ruddy TD. Straightening out the wrinkles in technetium-99m-labeled bone scintigraphy tracer assessment of cardiac amyloidosis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2021;28:100–103.[Internet].
- Wollenweber T, Rettl R, Kretschmer-Chott E, et al. In vivo quantification of myocardial amyloid deposits in patients with suspected transthyretin-related amyloidosis (ATTR). J Clin Med. 2020;9(11):3446.
- Ross JC, Vilić D, Sanderson T, et al. Does quantification have a role to play in the future of bone SPECT? Eur J Hybrid Imaging. 2019;3(1):8.
- Gillmore JD, Damy T, Fontana M, et al. A new staging system for cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(30):2799–2806.
- Law S, Petrie A, Chacko L, et al. Disease progression in cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis is indicated by serial calculation of national amyloidosis centre transthyretin amyloidosis stage. ESC Hear Fail. 2020;7(6):3942–3949.
- Castaño A, Haq M, Narotsky DL, et al. Multicenter study of planar technetium 99m pyrophosphate cardiac imaging: predicting survival for patients with ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(8):880–889.
- Castaño A, Helmke S, Alvarez J, et al. Diflunisal for ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. Congest Heart Fail. 2012;18(6):315–319.
- Judge DP, Kristen AV, Grogan M, et al. Phase 3 multicenter study of revusiran in patients with hereditary transthyretin-mediated (hATTR) amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy (ENDEAVOUR). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2020;34(3):357–370.
- Löfbacka V, Axelsson J, Pilebro B, et al. Cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis 99mTc-DPD SPECT correlates with strain echocardiography and biomarkers. Eur Heart J. 2021;48(6):1822–1832.
- Castaño A, DeLuca A, Weinberg R, et al. Serial scanning with technetium pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) in advanced ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2016;23(6):1355–1363.
- Cuscaden C, Ramsay SC, Prasad S, et al. Estimation of prevalence of transthyretin (ATTR) cardiac amyloidosis in an australian subpopulation using bone scans with echocardiography and clinical correlation. J Nucl Cardiol. 2020.
- Buerger L, Braunstein H. Senile cardiac amyloidosis. Am J Med. 1960;28:357–367.
- Lie JT, Hammond PI. Pathology of the senescent heart: anatomic observations on 237 autopsy studies of patients 90 to 105 years old. Mayo Clin Proc. 1988;63(6):552–564.
- Tanskanen M, Peuralinna T, Polvikoski T, et al. Senile systemic amyloidosis affects 25% of the very aged and associates with genetic variation in alpha2-macroglobulin and tau: a population-based autopsy study. Ann Med. 2008;40(3):232–239.
- Sperry BW, Gonzalez MH, Brunken R, et al. Non-cardiac uptake of technetium-99m pyrophosphate in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2019;26(5):1630–1637.