Changing the focus of attention: The interacting effect of valence and arousal

References

• Anderson , A. K. 2005 . Affective influences on the attentional dynamics supporting awareness . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 134 : 258 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquino , J. M. and Arnell , K. M. 2007 . Attention and the processing of emotional words: dissociating effects of arousal . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 14 ( 3 ) : 430 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnell , K. M. , Killman , K. V. and Fijavz , D. 2007 . Blinded by emotion: Target misses follow attention capture by arousing distractors in RSVP . Emotion , 7 ( 3 ) : 465 – 477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brefczynski , J. A. and DeYoe , E. A. 1999 . A physiological correlate of the “spotlight” of visual attention . Nature Neuroscience , 2 ( 4 ) : 370 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosch , T. , Sander , D. , Pourtois , G. and Scherer , K. R. 2008 . Beyond fear: Rapid spatial orienting toward positive emotional stimuli . Psychological Science , 19 : 392 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buodo , G. , Sarlo , M. and Palomba , D. 2002 . Attentional resources measured by reaction times highlight differences within pleasant and unpleasant, high arousing stimuli . Motivation and Emotion , 26 : 123 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson , S.-A. and Loftus , E. F. 1991 . Remembering emotional events: The fate of detailed information . Cognition and Emotion , 5 : 81 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson , S.-A. , Loftus , E. F. , Hoffman , H. and Loftus , G. R. 1991 . Eye fixations and memory for emotional events . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 17 ( 4 ) : 693 – 701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derryberry , D. and Tucker , D. M. 1994 . “ Motivating the focus of attention ” . In The heart's eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention , Edited by: Niedenthal , P. M. and Kitayama , S. 167 – 196 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Easterbrook , J. A. 1959 . The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior . Psychological Review , 66 ( 3 ) : 183 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastwood , J. D. , Smilek , D. and Merikle , P. M. 2001 . Differential attentional guidance by unattended faces expressing positive and negative emotion . Perception and Psychophysics , 63 : 1004 – 1013 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen , C. W. and St James , J. D. 1986 . Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model . Perception and Psychophysics , 40 ( 4 ) : 225 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen , C. W. and Yeh , Y. 1985 . Allocation of attention in the visual field . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 11 ( 5 ) : 583 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenske , M. J. and Eastwood , J. D. 2003 . Modulation of focused attention by faces expressing emotion: Evidence from flanker tasks . Emotion , 3 ( 4 ) : 327 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , E. , Russo , R. and Dutton , K. 2002 . Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces . Cognition and Emotion , 16 : 355 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , E. , Russo , R. and Georgiou , G. 2005 . Anxiety modulates the degree of attentive resources required to process emotional faces . Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience , 5 ( 4 ) : 396 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. 1998 . What good are positive emotions? . Review of General Psychology , 2 : 300 – 319 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. 2001 . The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions . American Psychology , 56 : 218 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. and Branigan , C. 2005 . Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires . Cognition and Emotion , 19 ( 3 ) : 313 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frischen , A. , Eastwood , J. D. and Smilek , D. 2008 . Visual search for faces with emotional expressions . Psychological Bulletin , 134 : 662 – 676 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gable , P. A. and Harmon-Jones , E. 2008 . Approach-motivated positive affect reduces breadth of attention . Psychological Science , 19 ( 5 ) : 476 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronau , N. , Cohen , A. and Ben-Shakhar , G. 2003 . Dissociations of personally significant and task-relevant distractors inside and outside the focus of attention: A combined behavioral and psychophysiological study . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 132 : 512 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , C. H. and Hansen , R. D. 1988 . Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 917 – 924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , W. 1950 . The principles of psychology . New York, NY : Dover Press . (Original work published 1890)
   Google Scholar
• Jefferies , L. N. , Smilek , D. , Eich , E. and Enns , J. T. 2008 . Emotional valence and arousal interact in attentional control . Psychological Science , 19 ( 3 ) : 290 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil , A. and Ihssen , N. 2004 . Identification facilitation for emotionally arousing verbs during the attentional blink . Emotion , 4 : 23 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster , E. H. , Crombez , G. , Verschuere , B. and de Houwer , J. 2004 . Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm: differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 42 ( 10 ) : 1183 – 1192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaBerge , D. 1983 . Spatial extent of attention to letters and words . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 9 ( 3 ) : 371 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , P. J. , Bradley , M. M. and Cuthbert , B. N. 2001 . International affective picture system (IAPS): Instruction manual and affective ratings (Tech. Rep. No. A-5) , Centre for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Lang , P. J. , Greenwald , M. K. , Bradley , M. M. and Hamm , A. 1993 . Looking at pictures: Evaluative, facial, visceral, and behavioral responses . Psychophysiology , 30 : 261 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , D. , & Ekman , P. 1988 . Japanese and Caucasian facial expressions of emotion (JACFEE) [Slides] . San Francisco, CA : Intercultural and Emotion Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University .
   Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. , Flykt , A. and Esteves , F. 2001 . Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 130 : 466 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhman , A. , Lundqvist , D. and Esteves , F. 2001 . The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 381 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. , Snyder , C. R. and Davidson , B. J. 1980 . Attention and the detection of signals . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 109 ( 2 ) : 160 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratto , F. and John , O. P. 1991 . Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 380 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell , D. G. , Stewart , A. L. and Skov , R. B. 1996 . It takes a confounded face to pop out of a crowd . Perception , 25 : 1091 – 1108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , G. , Hirsh , J. B. and Anderson , A. K. 2007 . Positive affect increase the breadth of attentional selection . PNAS , 104 ( 1 ) : 383 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 2001 . “ Appraisal considered as a process of multi-level sequential checking ” . In Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. , Schorr , A. and Johnstone , T. 92 – 120 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schimmack , U. 2005 . Attentional interference effects of emotional pictures: Threat, negativity, or arousal? . Emotion , 5 : 55 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz , T. W. , de Rosa , E. and Anderson , A. K. 2009 . Opposing influences of affective state valence on visual cortical encoding . Journal of Neurosciences , 29 ( 22 ) : 7199 – 7207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steblay , N. M. 1992 . A meta-analytic review of the weapon focus effect . Law and Human Behavior , 16 ( 4 ) : 413 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier , P. and Huang , Y.-M. 2009 . Emotional attention: Uncovering the mechanisms of affective biases in perception . Current Directions in Psychological Sciences , 18 : 148 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt , J. , de Houwer , J. , Koster , E. H. W. , van Damme , S. and Crombez , G. 2008 . Allocation of spatial attention to emotional stimuli depends upon arousal and not valence . Emotion , 8 ( 6 ) : 880 – 885 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadlinger , H. A. and Isaacowitz , D. M. 2006 . Positive mood broadens visual attention to positive stimuli . Motivation and Emotion , 30 : 89 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , D. and Clark , L. A. 1994 . The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form , Iowa City, IA : University of Iowa .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , J. M. G. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1988 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , J. M. G. , Watts , F. N. , MacLeod , C. and Mathews , A. 1997 . Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders , 2nd ed. , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar