280
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Word frequency in fast priming: Evidence for immediate cognitive control of eye movements during reading

, , &
Pages 390-414 | Received 22 Nov 2013, Accepted 05 Feb 2014, Published online: 10 Mar 2014

REFERENCES

  • Abrams, R. A., & Jonides, J. (1988). Programming saccadic eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14(3), 428–443. 10.1037/0096-1523.14.3.428
  • Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
  • Bates, D., Maechler, M., & Bolker, B. (2013). lme4: Linear mixed-effect models using S4 classes. (Version 0.999999-2).
  • Becker, W., & Jürgens, R. (1979). An analysis of the saccadic system by means of double step stimuli. Vision Research, 19(9), 967–983. 10.1016/0042-6989(79)90222-0
  • Dambacher, M., & Kliegl, R. (2007). Synchronizing timelines: Relations between fixation durations and N400 amplitudes during sentence reading. Brain Research, 1155, 147–162. 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.027
  • Dambacher, M., Slattery, T. J., Yang, J., Kliegl, R., & Rayner, K. (2013). Evidence for direct control of eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39(5), 1468–1484. 10.1037/a0031647
  • Dimigen, O., Sommer, W., Hohlfeld, A., Jacobs, A. M., & Kliegl, R. (2011). Coregistration of eye movements and EEG in natural reading: Analyses and review. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(4), 552–572. 10.1037/a0023885
  • Engbert, R., Longtin, A., & Kliegl, R. (2002). A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing. Vision Research, 42(5), 621–636. 10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00301-7
  • Engbert, R., Nuthmann, A., Richter, E. M., & Kliegl, R. (2005). SWIFT: A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading. Psychological Review, 112(4), 777–813. 10.1037/0033-295X.112.4.777
  • Fournier, D. A., Skaug, H. J., Ancheta, J., Ianelli, J., Magnusson, A., Maunder, M. N., et al. (2011). AD Model Builder: Using automatic differentiation for statistical inference of highly parameterized complex nonlinear models. Optimization Methods and Software, 1–17.
  • Foxe, J. J., & Simpson, G. V. (2002). Flow of activation from V1 to frontal cortex in humans – A framework for defining “early” visual processing. Experimental Brain Research, 142(1), 139–150. 10.1007/s00221-001-0906-7
  • Frisson, S., Belanger, N. N., & Rayner, K. (2014). Phonological and orthographic overlap effects in fast and masked priming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, in press.
  • Howes, D. H., & Solomon, R. L. (1951). Visual duration threshold as a function of word probability. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41(6), 401–410. 10.1037/h0056020
  • Inhoff, A. W. (1984). Two stages of word processing during eye fixations in the reading of prose. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23(5), 612–624. 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90382-7
  • Inhoff, A. W., & Rayner, K. (1986). Parafoveal word-processing during eye fixations in reading – Effects of word-frequency. Perception & Psychophysics, 40(6), 431–439. 10.3758/BF03208203
  • Johnson, R. C., Thomson, C. W., & Frincke, G. (1960). Word values, word-frequency, and visual duration thresholds. Psychological Review, 67(5), 332–342. 10.1037/h0038869
  • Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading – From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87(4), 329–354. 10.1037/0033-295X.87.4.329
  • Kliegl, R., Ping, W., Dambacher, M., Yan, M., & Zhou, X. (2011). Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models: Estimating the relation of spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 12.
  • Lamme, V. A. F., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2000). The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing. Trends in Neurosciences, 23(11), 571–579. 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01657-X
  • Lee, H. W., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1999). The time course of phonological, semantic, and orthographic coding in reading: Evidence from the fast-priming technique. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6(4), 624–634. 10.3758/BF03212971
  • Lee, H. W., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2002). The processing of consonants and vowels in reading: Evidence from the fast priming paradigm. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(4), 766–772. 10.3758/BF03196333
  • Lee, Y. A., Binder, K. S., Kim, J. O., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1999). Activation of phonological codes during eye fixations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25(4), 948–964. 10.1037/0096-1523.25.4.948
  • Liversedge, S. P., Rayner, K., White, S. J., Vergilino-Perez, D., Findlay, J. M., & Kentridge, R. W. (2004). Eye movements when reading disappearing text: Is there a gap effect in reading? Vision Research, 44(10), 1013–1024. 10.1016/j.visres.2003.12.002
  • McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K. (1975). Span of effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 17(6), 578–586. 10.3758/BF03203972
  • Nakayama, M., Sears, C. R., & Lupker, S. J. (2010). Testing for lexical competition during reading: Fast priming with orthographic neighbors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(2), 477–492. 10.1037/a0016800
  • O'Regan, J. K. (1979). Saccade size control in reading: Evidence for the linguistic control hypothesis. Perception & Psychophysics, 25(6), 501–509. 10.3758/BF03213829
  • O'Regan, J. K. (1990). Eye movements and reading. Reviews of Oculomotor Research, 4, 395–453.
  • Poghosyan, V., & Ioannides, A. A. (2007). Precise mapping of early visual responses in space and time. Neuroimage, 35(2), 759–770. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.052
  • R Development Core Team (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (Version 3.0.0). R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, URL http://www.R-project.org; under the GNU General Public License, Version 2, June 1991.
  • Rayner, K. (1975). Perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 7(1), 65–81. 10.1016/0010-0285(75)90005-5
  • Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372–422. 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372
  • Rayner, K. (2009). The Thirty Fifth Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(8), 1457–1506. 10.1080/17470210902816461
  • Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. A. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading – Effects of word-frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity. Memory & Cognition, 14(3), 191–201. 10.3758/BF03197692
  • Rayner, K., Inhoff, A. W., Morrison, R. E., Slowiaczek, M. L., & Bertera, J. H. (1981). Masking of foveal and parafoveal vision during eye fixations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7(1), 167–179. 10.1037/0096-1523.7.1.167
  • Rayner, K., Liversedge, S. P., & White, S. J. (2006). Eye movements when reading disappearing text: The importance of the word to the right of fixation. Vision Research, 46(3), 310–323. 10.1016/j.visres.2005.06.018
  • Rayner, K., Liversedge, S. P., White, S. J., & Vergilino-Perez, D. (2003). Reading disappearing text: Cognitive control of eye movements. Psychological Science, 14(4), 385–388. 10.1111/1467-9280.24483
  • Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1981). Eye-movement control during reading – evidence for direct control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section AHuman Experimental Psychology, 33(Nov), 351–373.
  • Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., Lesch, M. F., & Pollatsek, A. (1995). Phonological codes are automatically activated during reading – evidence from an eye-movement priming paradigm. Psychological Science, 6(1), 26–32. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00300.x
  • Rayner, K., Slowiaczek, M. L., Clifton, C., & Bertera, J. H. (1983). Latency of sequential eye movements: Implications for reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9(6), 912–922. 10.1037/0096-1523.9.6.912
  • Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. L., & Rayner, K. (1998). Toward a model of eye movement control in reading. Psychological Review, 105(1), 125–157. 10.1037/0033-295X.105.1.125
  • Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2012). Using E-Z Reader to simulate eye movements in nonreading tasks: A unified framework for understanding the eye–mind link. Psychological Review, 119(1), 155–185. 10.1037/a0026473
  • Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2003). The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26(4), 445–526. 10.1017/S0140525X03000104
  • Reichle, E. D., & Reingold, E. M. (2013). Neurophysiological constraints on the eye–mind link. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 361. 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00361
  • Reilly, R. G., & O'Regan, J. K. (1998). Eye movement control during reading: A simulation of some word-targeting strategies. Vision Research, 38(2), 303–317. 10.1016/S0042-6989(97)87710-3
  • Reingold, E. M., Reichle, E. D., Glaholt, M. G., & Sheridan, H. (2012). Direct lexical control of eye movements in reading: Evidence from survival analysis of fixation durations. Cognitive Psychology, 65(2), 177–206. 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.03.001
  • Reingold, E. M., & Stampe, D. M. (2002). Saccadic inhibition in voluntary and reflexive saccades. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(3), 371–388. 10.1162/089892902317361903
  • Reingold, E. M., & Stampe, D. M. (2004). Saccadic inhibition in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30(1), 194–211. 10.1037/0096-1523.30.1.194
  • Risse, S., Hohenstein, S., Kliegl, R., & Engbert, R. (2014). A theoretical analysis of the perceptual span based on SWIFT simulations of the n + 2 boundary paradigm. Visual Cognition, 22(3), 283–308.
  • Risse, S., & Kliegl, R. (2012). Evidence for delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effects from word n + 2 in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(4), 1026–1042. 10.1037/a0027735
  • Risse, S., & Kliegl, R. (2014). Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in parafoveal processing of word n + 1 during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Advance online publication.
  • Schad, D. J., & Engbert, R. (2012). The zoom lens of attention: Simulating shuffled versus normal text reading using the SWIFT model. Visual Cognition, 20(4–5), 391. 10.1080/13506285.2012.670143
  • Schotter, E., Reichle, E., & Rayner, K. (2014). Re-thinking parafoveal processing in reading: Serial-attention models can explain semantic preview benefit and n + 2 preview effects. Visual Cognition, in press.
  • Sereno, S. C. (1995). Resolution of lexical ambiguity – evidence from an eye-movement priming paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 21(3), 582–595. 10.1037/0278-7393.21.3.582
  • Sereno, S. C., & Rayner, K. (1992). Fast priming during eye fixations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18(1), 173–184. 10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.173
  • Sereno, S. C., Rayner, K., & Posner, M. I. (1998). Establishing a time-line of word recognition: Evidence from eye movements and event-related potentials. Neuroreport, 9(10), 2195–2200. 10.1097/00001756-199807130-00009
  • Slattery, T. J., Angele, B., & Rayner, K. (2011). Eye movements and display change detection during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37, 1924–1938. 10.1037/a0024322
  • Staub, A. (2011). The effect of lexical predictability on distributions of eye fixation durations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(2), 371–376. 10.3758/s13423-010-0046-9
  • Staub, A., White, S. J., Drieghe, D., Hollway, E. C., & Rayner, K. (2010). Distributional effects of word frequency on eye fixation durations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(5), 1280–1293. 10.1037/a0016896
  • Trukenbrod, H. A., & Engbert, R. (2014). ICAT: A computational model for the adaptive control of fixation durations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, in press.
  • Volkmann, F. C., Schick, A. M. L., & Riggs, L. A. (1968). Time course of visual inhibition during voluntary saccades. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 58(4), 562–569. 10.1364/JOSA.58.000562
  • White, S. J., & Staub, A. (2011). The distribution of fixation durations during reading: Effects of stimulus quality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(3), 603–617. 10.1037/a0025338
  • Yang, S. N. (2006). An oculomotor-based model of eye movements in reading: The competition/interaction model. Cognitive Systems Research, 7(1), 56–69. 10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.07.005
  • Yang, S. N., & McConkie, G. W. (2001). Eye movements during reading: A theory of saccade initiation times. Vision Research, 41(25–26), 3567–3585. 10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00025-6

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.